| The use, and usefulness, of spatial conservation prioritizations | Conservation Letters | Sinclair, Samuel P.; Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Smith, Robert J.; McIntosh, Emma J.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Vercammen, Ans; Knight, Andrew T. | 2018 | 2018/09/07 | Spatial conservation prioritization is used globally to guide decision making with the aim of delivering the best conservation gain per unit investment. However, despite many publications on the topic, the extent to which this approach is used by decision makers has been unclear. To investigate the degree to which prioritization has been adopted by practitioners to guide conservation implementation, we conducted an online survey, collecting data on the approaches used to develop prioritizations and the reported extent of translation to on‐the‐ground action. Using a cluster analysis, we identified two categories of prioritizations, those developed to advance the field (42% of responses) and those intended for implementation (58% of responses). Respondents reported 74% of the prioritizations intended for implementation had translated to on‐the‐ground action. Additionally, we identified strong collaboration between academics and practitioners in prioritization development, suggesting a bridging of the theory‐practice gap. We recommend continued collaboration and research into the effectiveness of prioritizations in delivering conservation impacts. | decision making; land use planning; marine spatial planning; marxan; research-policy gap; science-policy interface; systematic conservation planning | |
| Valuing Protective Services of Mangroves in the Philippines - Technical Report | | Losada, I.J.; Beck, M.; Menendez, P.; Espejo, A.; Torres, S.; Diaz-Simal, P.; Fernandez, F.; Abad, S.; Ripoli, N.; Garcia, J.; Narayan, S.; Trespalacios, D. | 2017 | 2018/09/07 | Mangroves and other coastal ecosystems act as natural defenses that protect people and property from storms, floods, erosion, and other coastal hazards, reducing coastal risk. Mangroves protect coastlines by decreasing the risk of flooding and erosion. The roots of mangroves retain sediments and prevent erosion, while the prop roots, trunks and canopy reduce the force of incoming wind and waves and reduce flooding. The Philippines has lost hundreds of thousands of hectares of mangroves in the last century. When mangroves are degraded or destroyed, the coast line becomes more exposed to the destructive impacts of waves and storm surge, and coastal communities have greater risks from the impacts of storms, floods, and sea level rise. The Philippines is at high risk from coastal hazards and natural defenses can help reduce these risks. This Technical Report, and its accompanying Policy Brief, provide a social and economic valuation of the flood protection benefits from mangroves in the Philippines. This work aims to support decisions across development, aid, risk reduction and conservation sectors as they seek to identify sustainable and cost-effective approaches for risk reduction. This Technical Report applies the Expected Damage Function approach recommended by the World Bank to quantify the risk reduction benefits from mangroves in the Philippines. Using high-resolution flooding models, the Report examines the flooding that would occur with and without mangroves under different storm conditions throughout the Philippines, and estimates the annual expected benefits of mangroves for protecting people and property in social and economic terms. | | |
| Valuing the Protection Services of Mangroves in the Philippines - Policy Note | | Beck, M.W.; Losada, I.J.; Trespalacios, D.; Menendez, P.; Narayan, S. | 2017 | 2018/09/07 | Mangroves and other coastal ecosystems act as natural defenses to reduce the risks from flooding, erosion and natural disasters. Yet the value of these habitats is often not fully accounted for in policy and management decisions, and thus they continue to be lost at alarming rates. Using natural capital accounting, we can measure and value the services provided by these coastal ecosystems, and thus inform policies for sustainable development, disaster risk reduction, and environmental conservation. A new report measures and values the coastal protection benefits of mangroves in the Philippines. | | |
| The global value of mangroves for risk reduction - Technical Report | | Losada, I.J.; Menendez, P.; Espejo, A.; Torres, S.; Diaz-Simal, P.; Abad, S.; Beck, M.W.; Narayan, S.; Trespalacios, D.; Pfliegner, K.; Mucke, P.; Kirch, L. | 2018 | 2018/09/07 | Coastal development and climate change are significantly increasing the risks of flooding, erosion, and extreme weather events for millions
of vulnerable people, important infrastructure, and trade. Coastal ecosystems, particularly mangroves, reduce risk by protecting coastlines against erosion, flooding, and sea level rise and by providing ecosystem services that reduce communities’ vulnerability to hazards. Mangroves reduce exposure to coastal hazards by reducing wave heights and retaining sediments, decreasing the impacts of flooding and erosion and protecting coasts during storms. These natural defenses also provide a wide suite of ecosystem services- including food, livelihoods, carbon sequestration and climate regulation, that reduce the vulnerability of coastal communities to disasters and extreme events, thereby increasing coastal resilience.
Mangroves can be managed as natural coastal
infrastructure to reduce coastal risks. And unlike
most built coastal infrastructure, mangroves adapt
and keep pace with environmental change, and
they are substantially less costly to maintain.
But mangroves are being lost at an alarming rate, in
part because we have not adequately valued these
natural defenses. Conventional approaches to
measuring wealth focus only on built capital; many
critical goods and services, such as flood protection, which rely on keeping ecosystems intact, are
rarely valued. This lack of consideration encourages short-term over-exploitation and degradation. Better valuations of the protection services of coastal habitats can ensure that these services are accounted for in policy and management decisions, halting the loss of our natural capital and ensuring the provision of critical ecosystem services.
This report uses rigorous hydrodynamic and
economic models to value the coastal flood protection services of mangroves globally, and identifies
the places where mangroves provide the greatest
risk reduction benefits to people and property.
This work applies the Expected Damage Function approach, commonly used in engineering and insurance sectors and recommended for the
assessment of coastal protection services from
habitats, where the protection benefits provided
by mangroves are assessed as the flood damages
avoided by keeping mangroves in place. This work
combines findings on flood exposure reduction
from mangroves with vulnerability scores from the
WorldRiskReport and Index to produce a ranking
of countries that receive the greatest risk reduction
benefits from mangroves relative to their vulnerability. The results are presented in terms of the number of people and the value of property flooded with and without mangroves.
These results demonstrate that mangrove conservation and restoration can be an important part of the solution for reducing the risks of coastal communities. This valuation can inform strategies for adaptation, disaster risk reduction, and environmental management, and can help identify sustainable and cost-effective approaches for risk reduction. | | |
| Comparing the cost effectiveness of nature-based and coastal adaptation: A case study from the Gulf Coast of the United States | PLOS One | Reguero, Borja G.; Beck, Michael W.; Bresch, David N.; Calil, Juliano; Meliane, Imen | 2018 | 2018/09/07 | Coastal risks are increasing from both development and climate change. Interest is growing in the protective role that coastal nature-based measures (or green infrastructure), such as reefs and wetlands, can play in adapting to these risks. However, a lack of quantitative information on their relative costs and benefits is one principal factor limiting their use more broadly. Here, we apply a quantitative risk assessment framework to assess coastal flood risk (from climate change and economic exposure growth) across the United States Gulf of Mexico coast to compare the cost effectiveness of different adaptation measures. These include nature-based (e.g. oyster reef restoration), structural or grey (e.g., seawalls) and policy measures (e.g. home elevation). We first find that coastal development will be a critical driver of risk, particularly for major disasters, but climate change will cause more recurrent losses through changes in storms and relative sea level rise. By 2030, flooding will cost $134–176.6 billion (for different economic growth scenarios), but as the effects of climate change, land subsidence and concentration of assets in the coastal zone increase, annualized risk will more than double by 2050 with respect to 2030. However, from the portfolio we studied, the set of cost-effective adaptation measures (with benefit to cost ratios above 1) could prevent up to $57–101 billion in losses, which represents 42.8–57.2% of the total risk. Nature-based adaptation options could avert more than $50 billion of these costs, and do so cost effectively with average benefit to cost ratios above 3.5. Wetland and oyster reef restoration are found to be particularly cost-effective. This study demonstrates that the cost effectiveness of nature-based, grey and policy measures can be compared quantitatively with one another, and that the cost effectiveness of adaptation becomes more attractive as climate change and coastal development intensifies in the future. It also shows that investments in nature-based adaptation could meet multiple objectives for environmental restoration, adaptation and flood risk reduction. | climate change; flooding; economic growth; storms; wetlands; cost-effectiveness analysis; economics; reefs | |
| Coral reefs for coastal protection: A new methodological approach and engineering case study in Grenada | Journal of Environmental Management | Reguero, Borja G.; Beck, Michael W.; Agostini, Vera N.; Kramer, Philip; Hancock, Boze | 2018 | 2018/09/07 | Coastal communities in tropical environments are at increasing risk from both environmental degradation and climate change and require urgent local adaptation action. Evidences show coral reefs play a critical role in wave attenuation but relatively little direct connection has been drawn between these effects and impacts on shorelines. Reefs are rarely assessed for their coastal protection service and thus not managed for their infrastructure benefits, while widespread damage and degradation continues. This paper presents a systematic approach to assess the protective role of coral reefs and to examine solutions based on the reef's influence on wave propagation patterns. Portions of the shoreline of Grenville Bay, Grenada, have seen acute shoreline erosion and coastal flooding. This paper (i) analyzes the historical changes in the shoreline and the local marine, (ii) assess the role of coral reefs in shoreline positioning through a shoreline equilibrium model first applied to coral reef environments, and (iii) design and begin implementation of a reef-based solution to reduce erosion and flooding. Coastline changes in the bay over the past 6 decades are analyzed from bathymetry and benthic surveys, historical imagery, historical wave and sea level data and modeling of wave dynamics. The analysis shows that, at present, the healthy and well-developed coral reefs system in the southern bay keeps the shoreline in equilibrium and stable, whereas reef degradation in the northern bay is linked with severe coastal erosion. A comparison of wave energy modeling for past bathymetry indicates that degradation of the coral reefs better explains erosion than changes in climate and historical sea level rise. Using this knowledge on how reefs affect the hydrodynamics, a reef restoration solution is designed and studied to ameliorate the coastal erosion and flooding. A characteristic design provides a modular design that can meet specific engineering, ecological and implementation criteria. Four pilot units were implemented in 2015 and are currently being field-tested. This paper presents one of the few existing examples available to date of a reef restoration project designed and engineered to deliver risk reduction benefits. The case study shows how engineering and ecology can work together in community-based adaptation. Our findings are particularly important for Small Island States on the front lines of climate change, who have the most to gain from protecting and managing coral reefs as coastal infrastructure. | coral reef; coastal protection; reef degradation; ecosystem-based adaptaion; coastal risk; shoreline equilibrium | |
| Small-scale seagrass fisheries can reduce social vulnerability: a comparative case study | Ocean and Coastal Management | Quiros, T.E. Angela L.; Beck, Michael W.; Araw, Alexis; Croll, Donald A.; Tershy, Bernie | 2018 | 2018/09/07 | Small-scale fisheries are in decline, negatively impacting sources of food and employment for coastal communities. Therefore, we need to assess how biological and socio-economic conditions influence vulnerability, or a community's susceptibility to loss and consequent ability to adapt. We characterized two Philippine fishing communities, Gulod and Buagsong with similar seagrass and fish species composition, and compared their social vulnerability, or pre-existing conditions likely to influence their response to changes in the fishing resource. Using a place-based model of vulnerability, we used household, fisher, landing and underwater surveys to compare their sensitivity and adaptive capacity.
Depending on the scale assessed, each community and group within the community differed in their social vulnerability. The Buagsong community was less socially vulnerable, or less sensitive to pertubations to the seagrass resource because it was closer to a major urban center that provided salaried income. When we assessed seagrass fishers as a group within each community, we found that Gulod fishers had greater adaptive capacity than Buagsong fishers because they diversified their catch, gear types, and income sources. We found catch that comprised the greatest landing biomass did not have the highest market value, and fishers continued to capture high value items at low biomass levels. A third of intertidal gleaners were women, and their participation in the fishery enhanced household adaptive capacity by providing additional food and income, in an otherwise male-dominated fishery.
Our research indicates that community context is not the only determinant of social vulnerability, because groups within the community may decrease their sensitivity, enhance their adaptive capabilities, and ultimately reduce social vulnerability by diversifying income sources, seagrass based catches, and workforces to include women. | small scale fisheries; seagrass; social vulnerability; ecosystem services; philippines; | |
| Regional and local controls on historical fire regimes of dry forests and woodlands in the Rogue River Basin, Oregon, USA | Forest Ecology and Management | Metlen, Kerry L.; Skinner, Carl N.;Olson, Derek R.; Nichols, Clint; Borgias, Darren | 2018 | 2018/09/07 | Fire regimes structure plant communities worldwide with regional and local factors, including anthropogenic fire management, influencing fire frequency and severity. Forests of the Rogue River Basin in Oregon, USA, are both productive and fire-prone due to ample winter precipitation and summer drought; yet management in this region is strongly influenced by forest practices that depend on fire exclusion. Regionally, climate change is increasing fire frequency, elevating the importance of understanding historically frequent-fire regimes.
We use cross-dated fire-scars to characterize historical fire return intervals, seasonality, and relationships with climate beginning in 1650 CE for 13 sites representative of southwestern Oregon dry forests. Using systematic literature review, we link our local fire histories to a regional dataset and evaluate our data relative to more intensively studied conifer/hardwood forest types in California.
Fire-scars show that fires in the Rogue Basin were frequent and regular until disrupted in the 1850s through 1910s, corresponding with forced displacement of Native Americans and Euro-American settlement. Median historical fire return intervals were 8 years at the stand-scale ( | | |
| Natural Hazard Susceptibility Assessment for Road Planning Using Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis | Environmental Management | Karlsson, Caroline S.J.; Kalantari, Zahra; Mortberg, Ulla; Olofsson, Bo; Lyon, Steve W. | 2017 | 2018/09/06 | Inadequate infrastructural networks can be detrimental to society if transport between locations becomes hindered or delayed, especially due to natural hazards which are difficult to control. Thus determining natural hazard susceptible areas and incorporating them in the initial planning process, may reduce infrastructural damages in the long run. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of expert judgments for assessing natural hazard susceptibility through a spatial multi-criteria analysis approach using hydrological, geological, and land use factors. To utilize spatial multi-criteria analysis for decision support, an analytic hierarchy process was adopted where expert judgments were evaluated individually and in an aggregated manner. The estimates of susceptible areas were then compared with the methods weighted linear combination using equal weights and factor interaction method. Results showed that inundation received the highest susceptibility. Using expert judgment showed to perform almost the same as equal weighting where the difference in susceptibility between the two for inundation was around 4%. The results also showed that downscaling could negatively affect the susceptibility assessment and be highly misleading. Susceptibility assessment through spatial multi-criteria analysis is useful for decision support in early road planning despite its limitation to the selection and use of decision rules and criteria. A natural hazard spatial multi-criteria analysis could be used to indicate areas where more investigations need to be undertaken from a natural hazard point of view, and to identify areas thought to have higher susceptibility along existing roads where mitigation measures could be targeted after in-situ investigations. | expert judgment; Analytic Hierarchy Process; transportation planning; decision support; SMCA | |
| Wetlands as large-scale nature-based solutions: Status and challenges for research, engineering and management | Ecological Engineering | Thorslund, Josefin; Jarsjo, Jerker; Jaramillo, Fernando; Jawitz, James W.; Manzoni, Stefano; Basu, Nandita B.; Chalov, Sergey R.; Cohen, Matthew J.; Creed, Irena F.; Goldenberg, Romain; Hylin, Anna; Kalantari, Zahra; Koussis, Antonis D.; Lyon, Steve W.; Mazi, Katerina; Mard, Johanna; Persson, Klas; Pietro, Jan; Prieto, Quin, Andrew; Van Meter, Kimberly; Destouni, Georgia | 2017 | 2018/09/06 | Wetlands are often considered as nature-based solutions that can provide a multitude of services of great social, economic and environmental value to humankind. Changes in land-use, water-use and climate can all impact wetland functions and services. These changes occur at scales extending well beyond the local scale of an individual wetland. However, in practical applications, engineering and management decisions usually focus on individual wetland projects and local site conditions. Here, we systematically investigate if and to what extent research has addressed the large-scale dynamics of landscape systems with multiple wetlands, hereafter referred to as wetlandscapes, which are likely to be relevant for understanding impacts of regional to global change. Although knowledge in many cases is still limited, evidence suggests that the aggregated effects of multiple wetlands in the landscape can differ considerably from the functions observed at individual wetland scales. This applies to provisioning of ecosystem services such as coastal protection, biodiversity support, groundwater level and soil moisture regulation, flood regulation and contaminant retention. We show that parallel and circular flow-paths, through which wetlands are interconnected in the landscape, may largely control such scale-function differences. We suggest ways forward for addressing the mismatch between the scales at which changes take place and the scale at which observations and implementation are currently made. These suggestions can help bridge gaps between researchers and engineers, which is critical for improving wetland function-effect predictability and management. | wetland ecosystems; flow-path; ecosystem services; large-scale; change driver; ecological engineering | |
| Flood seasonality across Scandinavia—Evidence of a shifting hydrograph? | Hydrological Processes | Matti, Bettina; Dahlke, Helen E.; Dieppois, Bastien; Lawler, Damian M.; Lyon, Steve W. | 2017 | 2018/09/06 |
Fluvial flood events have substantial impacts on humans, both socially and economically, as well as on ecosystems (e.g., hydroecology and pollutant transport). Concurrent with climate change, the seasonality of flooding in cold environments is expected to shift from a snowmelt‐dominated to a rainfall‐dominated flow regime. This would have profound impacts on water management strategies, that is, flood risk mitigation, drinking water supply, and hydro power. In addition, cold climate hydrological systems exhibit complex interactions with catchment properties and large‐scale climate fluctuations making the manifestation of changes difficult to detect and predict. Understanding a possible change in flood seasonality and defining related key drivers therefore is essential to mitigate risk and to keep management strategies viable under a changing climate.
This study explores changes in flood seasonality across near‐natural catchments in Scandinavia using circular statistics and trend tests. Results indicate strong seasonality in flooding for snowmelt‐dominated catchments with a single peak occurring in spring and early summer (March through June), whereas flood peaks are more equally distributed throughout the year for catchments located close to the Atlantic coast and in the south of the study area. Flood seasonality has changed over the past century seen as decreasing trends in summer maximum daily flows and increasing winter and spring maximum daily flows with 5–35% of the catchments showing significant changes at the 5% significance level. Seasonal mean daily flows corroborate those findings with higher percentages (5–60%) of the catchments showing statistically significant changes. Alterations in annual flood occurrence also point towards a shift in flow regime from snowmelt‐dominated to rainfall‐dominated with consistent changes towards earlier timing of the flood peak (significant for 25% of the catchments). Regionally consistent patterns suggest a first‐order climate control as well as a local second‐order catchment control, which causes inter‐seasonal variability in the streamflow response. | circular statistics; flood seasonality; Mann-Kendall test; Scandinavia; trend analysis | |
| Utilization of Global Precipitation Datasets in Data Limited Regions: A Case Study of Kilombero Valley, Tanzania | Atmosphere | Koutsouris, Alexander J.; Seibert, Jan; Lyon, Steve W. | 2017 | 2018/09/05 | This study explored the potential for bias correction of global precipitation datasets (GPD) to support streamflow simulation for water resource management in data limited regions. Two catchments, 580 km2 and 2530 km2, in the Kilombero Valley of central Tanzania were considered as case studies to explore three GPD bias correction methods: quantile mapping (QM), daily percentages (DP) and a model based (ModB) bias correction. The GPDs considered included two satellite rainfall products, three reanalysis products and three interpolated observed data products. The rainfall-runoff model HBV was used to simulate streamflow in the two catchments using (1) observed rain gauge data; (2) the original GPDs and (3) the bias-corrected GPDs as input. Results showed that applying QM to bias correction based on limited observed data tends to aggravate streamflow simulations relative to not bias correcting GPDs. This is likely due to a potential lack of representativeness of a single rain gauge observation at the scale of a hydrological catchment for these catchments. The results also indicate that there may be potential benefits in combining streamflow and rain gauge data to bias correct GPDs during the model calibration process within a hydrological modeling framework. | bias correction; quantile mapping; satellite; reanalysis; interpolated; precipitation; HBV; Kilombero; Tanzania; Eastern Africa | |
| Estimating Aquifer Transmissivity Using the Recession-Curve-Displacement Method in Tanzania’s Kilombero Valley | Water | Senkondo, William; Tuwa, Jamila; Koutsouris, Alexander; Tumbo, Madaka; Lyon, Seve W. | 2017 | 2018/09/05 | Information on aquifer processes and characteristics across scales has long been a cornerstone for understanding water resources. However, point measurements are often limited in extent and representativeness. Techniques that increase the support scale (footprint) of measurements or leverage existing observations in novel ways can thus be useful. In this study, we used a recession-curve-displacement method to estimate regional-scale aquifer transmissivity (T) from streamflow records across the Kilombero Valley of Tanzania. We compare these estimates to local-scale estimates made from pumping tests across the Kilombero Valley. The median T from the pumping tests was 0.18 m2/min. This was quite similar to the median T estimated from the recession-curve-displacement method applied during the wet season for the entire basin (0.14 m2/min) and for one of the two sub-basins tested (0.16 m2/min). On the basis of our findings, there appears to be reasonable potential to inform water resource management and hydrologic model development through streamflow-derived transmissivity estimates, which is promising for data-limited environments facing rapid development, such as the Kilombero Valley. | aquifer transmissivity; streamflow-derived transmissivity; recession-curve-displacement method; recharge event | |
| It's time to listen: there is much to be learned from the sounds of tropical ecosystems | BioTropica | Deichmann, Jessica L.; Acevedo-Charry, Orlando; Barclay, Leah; Burivalova, Zuzana; Campos-Cerqueira, Marconi; d'Horta, Fernando; Game, Edward T.; Gottesman, Benjamin L.; Hart, Patrick J.; Kalan, Ammie K.; Linke, Simon; Nascimento, Leandro Do; Pijanowski, Bryan; Staaterman, Erica; Aide, T. Mitchell | 2018 | 2018/09/28 | Knowledge that can be gained from acoustic data collection in tropical ecosystems is low‐hanging fruit. There is every reason to record and with every day, there are fewer excuses not to do it. In recent years, the cost of acoustic recorders has decreased substantially (some can be purchased for under US$50, e.g., Hill et al. 2018) and the technology needed to store and analyze acoustic data is continuously improving (e.g., Corrada Bravo et al. 2017, Xie et al. 2017). Soundscape recordings provide a permanent record of a site at a given time and contain a wealth of invaluable and irreplaceable information. Although challenges remain, failure to collect acoustic data now in tropical ecosystems would represent a failure to future generations of tropical researchers and the citizens that benefit from ecological research. In this commentary, we (1) argue for the need to increase acoustic monitoring in tropical systems; (2) describe the types of research questions and conservation issues that can be addressed with passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) using both short‐ and long‐term data in terrestrial and freshwater habitats; and (3) present an initial plan for establishing a global repository of tropical recordings. | conservation technology; ecoacoustics; passive acoustic monitoring; soundscape | |
| Harnessing cross-border resources to confront climate change | Environmental Science & Policy | Aburto-Oropeza, Octavio; Johnson, Andrew F.; Agha, Mickey; Allen, Edith B.; Allen, Michael F.; Arellano Gonzalez, Jesus; Arenas Moreno, Diego M.; Beas-Luna, Rodrigo; Butterfield, Scott; Caetano, Gabriel; Caselle, Jennifer E.; Castaneda Gaytan, Gamaliel; Castorani, Max C.N.; Cat, Linh Anh; Cavanaugh, Kyle; Chambers, Jeffrey Q.; Cooper, Robert D.; Arafeh-Dalmau, Nur; Dawson, Todd; Diaz de la Vega Perez, Anibal; DiMento, Joseph F.C.; Dominguez Guerrero, Saul; Edwards, Matthew; Ennen, Joshua R.; Estrada-Medina, Hector; Fierro-Estrada, Natalia; Gadsden, Hector; Galina-Tessaro, Patricia; Gibbons, Paul M.; Goode, Eric V.; Gorris, Morgan E.; Harmon, Thomas; Hecht, Susanna; Heredia Fragoso, Marco Antonio; Hernandez-Solano, Alan; Hernandez-Cortes, Danae; Hernandez-Carmona, Gustavo; Hillard, Scott; Huey, Raymond B.; Hufford, Matthew B.; Jenerette, G. Darrel; Jimenez-Osornio, Juan; Lopez-Nava, Karla Joana; Lara Resendiz, Rafael A.; Leslie, Heather M.; Lopez-Feldman, Alejandro; Luja, Victor H.; Martinez Mendez, Norberto; Mautz, William J.; Medellin-Azuara, Josue; Melendez-Torres, Cristina; Mendez de la Cruz; Fausto R.; Micheli, Fiorenza; Miles, Donald B.; Montagner, Giovanna; Montano-Moctezuma, Gabriela; Muller, Johannes; Oliva, Paulina; Ortinez Alvarez, Jose Abraham; Ortiz-Partida, J. Pablo; Palleiro-Nayar, Julio; Paramo Figueroa, Victor Hugo; Parnell, P. Ed; Raimondi, Peter; Ramirez-Valdez, Arturo; Randerson, James T.; Reed, Daniel C.; Riquelme, Meritxell; Romero Torres, Teresita; Rosen, Philip C.; Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey; Sanchez-Cordero, Victor; Sandoval-Solis, Samuel; Santos, Juan Carlos; Sawers, Ruairidh; Sinervo, Barry; Sites Jr., Jack W.; Sosa-Nishizaki, Oscar; Stanton, Travis; Stapp, Jared R.; Stewart, Joseph A.E.; Torre, Jorge; Torres-Moye, Guillermo; Treseder, Kathleen K.; Valdez-Villavicencio, Jorge; Valle Jimenez, Fernando I.; Vaughn, Mercy; Welton, Luke; Westphal, Michael F.; Woolrich-Pina, Guillermo; Yunez-Naude, Antonio; Zertuche-Gonzalez, Jose A.; Taylor, J. Edward | 2018 | 2018/09/26 | The US and Mexico share a common history in many areas, including language and culture. They face ecological changes due to the increased frequency and severity of droughts and rising energy demands; trends that entail economic costs for both nations and major implications for human wellbeing. We describe an ongoing effort by the Environment Working Group (EWG), created by The University of California’s UC-Mexico initiative in 2015, to promote binational research, teaching, and outreach collaborations on the implications of climate change for Mexico and California. We synthesize current knowledge about the most pressing issues related to climate change in the US-Mexico border region and provide examples of cross-border discoveries and research initiatives, highlighting the need to move forward in six broad rubrics. This and similar binational cooperation efforts can lead to improved living standards, generate a collaborative mindset among participating universities, and create an international network to address urgent sustainability challenges affecting both countries. | US southwest; northern Mexico; binational collaborations; environmental innovations; cross-border transformation; research integration | |
| Large-scale assessment of the presence of Darwin’s fox across its newly discovered range | Mammalian Biology | Silva-Rodriguez, Eduardo A.; Ovando, Erwin; Gonzalez, Danilo; Zambrano, Brayan; Sepulveda, Maximiliano A.; Svensson, Gabriella L.; Cardenas, Rene; Contreras, Patricio; Farias, Ariel A. | 2018 | 2018/09/26 | The Darwin’s fox is one of the most threatened carnivores worldwide and was thought to occur in only two isolated areas. Recently this canid was found in the Valdivian Coastal Range, between the previously known populations, but other than their presence, little is known about these populations. Here we report the results of camera trap surveys conducted between 2012 and 2016 (18,872 camera days), including surveys in 30 different sites—distributed along c. 400 km—and monitoring in two contiguous protected areas. Darwin’s fox detection rate was higher when forest cover was higher or when domestic dog (Canis familiaris) detection rate was lower. Given confirmed presence, the detection rate was higher for sites in Chiloé Island, than in the mainland’s Coastal Range. In mainland, we found evidence of dogs’ presence in most of the sites we detected Darwin’s foxes. In the protected areas monitored, Darwin’s foxes were found to use 12% and 15% of the area sampled in 2015 and 2016 respectively, although there was high uncertainty in the 2016 estimates due to low probability of detection. We did not detect Darwin’s foxes in forestry plantations. Our findings provide support for a continuous distribution along the mainland’s Coastal Range and Chiloé Island but we hypothesize—based on the major differences observed in detection rates between these areas—that local densities are lower in mainland than in Chiloé Island. Finally, Darwin’s fox appears to be sensitive to human disturbance and these disturbances, especially dogs, are ubiquitous within its newly discovered range. | camera trapping; Lycalopex fulvipes; domestic dog; human disturbance; native forest; probability of detection | |
| High-resolution trade-off analysis and optimization of ecosystem services and disservices in agricultural landscapes | Environmental Modelling & Software | Nguyen, Trung H.; Cook, Maxwell; Field, John L.; Khuc, Quy V.; Paustian, Keith | 2018 | 2018/09/25 | Agricultural land management often involves trade-offs between ecosystem services (ES) and disservices (EDS). Balancing these trade-offs to achieve low-impact production of agricultural commodities requires rigorous approaches for quantifying and optimizing ES and EDS, reconciling biophysical constraints and different management objectives. In this study, we demonstrate a high-resolution spatially-explicit analysis of ES and EDS trade-offs for irrigated corn production systems in the South Platte River Basin, Colorado, USA, as a case study. The analysis integrated a biogeochemical model (DayCent) with optimization algorithms to assess trade-offs between multiple ES and EDS indicators, including net primary production, soil organic carbon, water use, nitrogen leaching, and greenhouse gas emissions. Our results show a large fraction of total potential system productivity (up to 21 Mg ha−1 year−1) can be realized at minimal ecosystem impacts through careful land management decisions. Our analysis also explores how different land management objectives imply different landscape configurations. | ecosystem services; environment impact assessment; ecosystem modeling; trade-off analysis; multi-objective optimization | |
| Linking Habitat Use and Trophic Ecology of Spotted Seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) on a Restored Oyster Reef in a Subtropical Estuary | Estuaries and Coasts | TinHan, Thomas C.; Mohan, John A.; Dumesnil, Mark; DeAngelis, Bryan M.; Wells, R.J. David | 2018 | 2018/09/25 | Predicting population- and ecosystem-level benefits of habitat restoration minimally requires an understanding of the link between the trophic ecology of a species and their use of a habitat. This study combined novel, non-lethal natural tracers of trophic ecology with acoustic tagging techniques to examine spatial and temporal patterns of habitat use of spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus on Half Moon Reef (HMR), a recently restored oyster reef in Matagorda Bay, Texas. Forty-one spotted seatrout (408 ± 25 mm total length) were captured at HMR, surgically implanted with acoustic transmitters, and monitored by an array of underwater listening stations from December 2015 to August 2016. Patterns of presence-absence on HMR were strongly influenced by water temperature, and to a lesser extent, salinity and tidal height. Overall, spotted seatrout residency to HMR was low, with fish being present on the reef 24% of days. When present, individual fish exhibited strong site-attachment to small portions of the reef. Residency to HMR increased significantly with size, while scale stable isotope analysis revealed fish exhibiting high residency to HMR occupied significantly smaller isotopic niches. If indeed smaller fish with decreased residency rely upon a wider range of prey items across multiple habitats than larger, more resident individuals, restored oyster reef habitat may be expected to primarily benefit larger spotted seatrout. | Gulf of Mexico; accoustic telemetry; stable isotope analysis; environmental drivers; residency | |
| Post-release fishing mortality of blue (Prionace glauca) and silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformes) from a Palauan-based commercial longline fishery | Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries | Musyl, Michael K.; Gilman, Eric L. | 2018 | 2018/09/24 | Accounting for components of fishing mortality, including post-release mortality (Fr), is necessary for robust assessments of the effects of fishing. Forty-eight blue (Prionace glauca) and 35 silky sharks (Carcharhinus falciformes) were tagged with pop-up satellite archival tags to monitor Fr rates from pelagic longline vessels in the western tropical Pacific Ocean. There is a paucity of Fr studies at low latitudes and identifying factors that significantly explain Fr is critical for understanding fishing mortality. Mean Fr rates were 0.17 [95% CI 0.09–0.30] for blue shark and 0.20 [95% CI 0.10–0.36] for silky shark. When it occurred, Fr was acute with 87% of mortalities within 2 days of release. Several prognostic operational, environmental, biological and handling variables were evaluated to assess their influence on survival outcomes. Using Kaplan–Meier survival curves, logistic regression, accelerated failure time and Cox proportional hazards models to screen variables, the only significant prognostic or risk variable was health condition at haulback. There was close correspondence (~ 83% accuracy) between condition at capture and survival outcomes. Reliable methods to classify at-vessel condition represent an inexpensive and simple metric for estimating both Fr and at-vessel (Fc) mortality rates. Examining Fc rates in detail in longline fisheries using capture information on depth, temperature and dissolved oxygen that may act in synergy with condition code and hooking duration is a research priority. Results suggest that a large proportion of shark survive following release and that Fr rates can be increased by improving the haulback condition of captured sharks. | bycatch; condition; discard; fishing mortality; pelagic sharks; prognostic variables; risk | |
| Migration Patterns, Timing, and Seasonal Destinations of Adult Ferruginous Hawks | Journal of Raptor Research | Watson, James W.; Banasch, Ursula; Byer, Timothy; Svingen, Daniel N.; McCready, Robert; Cruz, Miguel A.; Hanni, David; Lafon, Alberto; Gerhardt, Rick | 2018 | 2018/09/24 | The Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) is a keystone raptor in arid-land ecosystems in western North America that is experiencing population declines in some regions. Range-wide migration patterns, destinations, and chronology of adult hawks have not been described. Between 1999 and 2014, we captured 69 adult Ferruginous Hawks east and west of the Continental Divide and monitored them ≤6 yr with satellite telemetry to document their migration ecology. During a short time (x̄ = 30 d, SD = 23) before migrating, 22% of hawks made brief movements away from territories (x̄ = 211 km, SD = 133) and then returned. Migrating hawks (98% of 89 analyzed patterns) moved across broad fronts using five different strategies in three distinct periods: summer (July–August), fall (September–November), and spring (February–March). Breeding range longitude and latitude strongly influenced (r = 0.78) timing of summer migration that was directed to focal areas shared by breeding populations of hawks in the Northern Grasslands and Central Plains. Hawks nesting in grasslands from Canada to the Southern Plains demonstrated a strong pattern of southward migration to summer and winter ranges along the east front of the Rocky Mountains to central Mexico. Hawks from shrub-steppes in the Columbia Basin and Great Basin migrated eastward to summer ranges across the Continental Divide to grasslands, then to wintering areas in California and northern Mexico. On average, adult hawks spent 64% of the year away from breeding home ranges and migrated 2376 km (SD = 1165) annually, but differences in migration destinations, distance (P = 0.048), and duration (P < 0.0001) among populations potentially exposed them to variable levels and types of stressors. Accordingly, conservation of nonbreeding habitats used by Ferruginous Hawks is important for maintaining health of breeding populations; conservation efforts should emphasize protection of fossorial prey and habitats on shared summer ranges and winter ranges in the Mexican grasslands and Central Valley of California. | Ferruginous Hawk; Buteo regalis; dispersal; migration; satellite telemetry; winter ecology | |
| Is conservation right to go big? Protected area size and conservation return-on-investment | Biological Conservation | Armsworth, Paul R.; Jackson, Heather B.; Cho, Seong-Hoon; Clark, Melissa; Farigone, Joseph E.; Iacona, Gwenllian D.; Kim, Taeyoung; Larson, Eric R.; Minney, Thomas; Sutton, Nathan A. | 2018 | 2018/09/20 | Policy guidelines for creating new protected areas commonly recommend larger protected areas be favored. We examine whether these recommendations are justified, providing the first evaluation of this question to use return-on-investment (ROI) methods that account for how protected area size influences multiple ecological benefits and the economic costs of protection. We examine areas acquired to protect forested ecosystems in the eastern US that are rich in endemic species. ROI analyses often alter recommendations about protected area size from those obtained when considering only ecological benefits or only economic costs. Large protected areas offer a greater ecological return per dollar invested if the goal of protecting sites is to reduce forest fragmentation on the wider landscape, whereas smaller sites offer a higher ROI when prioritizing sites offering protection to more species. A portfolio of site sizes may need to be included in protected area networks when multiple objectives motivate conservation. | economies of scale; patch size; conservation planning; Aichi target; SLOSS; land trust | |
| A theory for ecological survey methods to map individual distributions | Theoretical Ecology | Takashina, Nao; Beger, Maria; Kusumoto, Buntarou; Rathnayake, Suren; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2017 | 2018/09/20 | Spatially explicit approaches are widely recommended for ecosystem management. The quality of the data, such as presence/absence or habitat maps, affects the management actions recommended and is, therefore, key to management success. However, available data are often biased and incomplete. Previous studies have advanced ways to resolve data bias and missing data, but questions remain about how we design ecological surveys to develop a dataset through field surveys. Ecological surveys may have multiple spatial scales, including the spatial extent of the target ecosystem (observation window), the resolution for mapping individual distributions (mapping unit), and the survey area within each mapping unit (sampling unit). We developed an ecological survey method for mapping individual distributions by applying spatially explicit stochastic models. We used spatial point processes to describe individual spatial placements using either random or clustering processes. We then designed ecological surveys with different spatial scales and individual detectability. We found that the choice of mapping unit affected the presence mapped fraction, and the fraction of the total individuals covered by the presence mapped patches. Tradeoffs were found between these quantities and the map resolution, associated with equivalent asymptotic behaviors for both metrics at sufficiently small and large mapping unit scales. Our approach enabled consideration of the effect of multiple spatial scales in surveys, and estimation of the survey outcomes such as the presence mapped fraction and the number of individuals situated in the presence detected units. The developed theory may facilitate management decision-making and inform the design of monitoring and data gathering. | ecological survey; presence/absence map; spatial distribution; spatial point processes | |
| Social perspectives on the use of reference conditions in restoration of fire‐adapted forest landscapes | Restoration Ecology | Urgenson, Lauren S.; Nelson, Cara R.; Haugo, Ryan D.; Halpern, Charles B.; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Ryan, Clare M.; Waltz, Amy E. M.; Belote, R. Travis; Alvarado, Ernesto | 2017 | 2018/09/19 | As approaches to ecological restoration become increasingly large scale and collaborative, there is a need to better understand social aspects of restoration and how they influence land management. In this article, we examine social perspectives that influence the determination of ecological reference conditions in restoration. Our analysis is based on in‐depth interviews with diverse stakeholders involved in collaborative restoration of fire‐adapted forest landscapes. We conducted interviews with 86 respondents from six forest collaboratives that are part of the U.S. Forest Service's Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program. Collaboratives use a variety of approaches to develop reference conditions, including historic, contemporary, and future scenarios. Historical conditions prior to European settlement (nineteenth century or “pre‐settlement” conditions), or prior to more recent grazing, logging, and exclusion of fire, were the predominant type of reference used in all sites. Stakeholders described benefits and limitations of reference conditions. Primary benefits include (1) providing a science‐based framework for bringing stakeholders together around a common vision; (2) gaining social understanding and acceptance of the underlying need for restoration; and (3) serving to neutralize otherwise value‐laden discussions about multiple, sometimes competing, resource objectives. Limitations stem from (1) concerns over social conflict when reference conditions are perceived to contradict other stakeholder values and interests, (2) differing interpretations of reference condition science, (3) inappropriate application or over‐generalization of reference information, and (4) limited relevance of historical references for current and future conditions in some ecosystems. At the same time, collaboratives are adopting innovative strategies to address conceptual and methodological limitations of reference conditions. | fire-prone forests; historical ecosystem; landscape restoration; pre-settlement; reference models; restoration goals; stakeholder collaboration | |
| Aging infrastructure creates opportunities for cost‐efficient restoration of aquatic ecosystem connectivity | Ecological Applications | Neeson, Thomas M.; Moody, Allison T.; O'Hanley, Jesse R.; Diebel, Matthew; Doran, Patrick J.; Ferris, Michael C.; Colling, Timothy; McIntyre, Peter B. | 2018 | 2018/09/19 | A hallmark of industrialization is the construction of dams for water management and roads for transportation, leading to fragmentation of aquatic ecosystems. Many nations are striving to address both maintenance backlogs and mitigation of environmental impacts as their infrastructure ages. Here, we test whether accounting for road repair needs could offer opportunities to boost conservation efficiency by piggybacking connectivity restoration projects on infrastructure maintenance. Using optimization models to align fish passage restoration sites with likely road repair priorities, we find potential increases in conservation return‐on‐investment ranging from 17% to 25%. Importantly, these gains occur without compromising infrastructure or conservation priorities; simply communicating openly about objectives and candidate sites enables greater accomplishment at current funding levels. Society embraces both reliable roads and thriving fisheries, so overcoming this coordination challenge should be feasible. Given deferred maintenance crises for many types of infrastructure, there could be widespread opportunities to enhance the cost effectiveness of conservation investments by coordinating with infrastructure renewal efforts. | infrastructure; connectivity; fragmentation; conservation; restoration; coordination; collaboration | |
| Efficiently enforcing artisanal fisheries to protect estuarine biodiversity | Ecological Applications | Duarte de Paula Costa, Micheli; Mills, Morena; Richardson, Anthony J.; Fuller, Richard A.; Muelbert, Jose H.; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2018 | 2018/09/19 | Artisanal fisheries support millions of livelihoods worldwide, yet ineffective enforcement can allow for continued environmental degradation due to overexploitation. Here, we use spatial planning to design an enforcement strategy for a pre‐existing spatial closure for artisanal fisheries considering climate variability, existing seasonal fishing closures, representative conservation targets and enforcement costs. We calculated enforcement cost in three ways, based on different assumptions about who could be responsible for monitoring the fishery. We applied this approach in the Patos Lagoon estuary (Brazil), where we found three important results. First, spatial priorities for enforcement were similar under different climate scenarios. Second, we found that the cost and percentage of area enforced varied among scenarios tested by the conservation planning analysis, with only a modest increase in budget needed to incorporate climate variability. Third, we found that spatial priorities for enforcement depend on whether enforcement is carried out by a central authority or by the community itself. Here, we demonstrated a method that can be used to efficiently design enforcement plans, resulting in the conservation of biodiversity and estuarine resources. Also, cost of enforcement can be potentially reduced when fishers are empowered to enforce management within their fishing grounds. | artisanal fisheries; climate variability; enforcement; ENSO events; estuaries; marine spatial planning; seasonal closures | |
| Spatially explicit approach to estimation of total population abundance in field surveys | Journal of Theoretical Biology | Takashina, Nao; Kusumoto, Buntarou; Beger, Maria; Rathnayake, Suren; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2018 | 2018/09/19 | Population abundance is fundamental in ecology and conservation biology, and provides essential information for predicting population dynamics and implementing conservation actions. While a range of approaches have been proposed to estimate population abundance based on existing data, data deficiency is ubiquitous. When information is deficient, a population estimation will rely on labor intensive field surveys. Typically, time is one of the critical constraints in conservation, and management decisions must often be made quickly under a data deficient situation. Hence, it is important to acquire a theoretical justification for survey methods to meet a required estimation precision. There is no such theory available in a spatially explicit context, while spatial considerations are critical to any field survey. Here, we develop a spatially explicit theory for population estimation that allows us to examine the estimation precision under different survey designs and individual distribution patterns (e.g. random/clustered sampling and individual distribution). We demonstrate that clustered sampling decreases the estimation precision when individuals form clusters, while sampling designs do not affect the estimation accuracy when individuals are distributed randomly. Regardless of individual distribution, the estimation precision becomes higher with increasing total population abundance and the sampled fraction. These insights provide theoretical bases for efficient field survey designs in information deficiency situations. | field survey; population estimation; random sampling; spatial point process | |
| Collaborative restoration effects on forest structure in ponderosa pine-dominated forests of Colorado | Forest Ecology and Management | Cannon, Jeffery B.; Barrett, Kevin J.; Gannon, Benjamin M.; Addington, Robert N.; Battaglia, Mike A.; Fornwalt, Paula J.; Aplet, Gregory H.; Cheng, Antony S.; Underhill, Jeffrey L.; Briggs, Jennifer S.; Brown, Peter M. | 2018 | 2018/09/19 | In response to large, severe wildfires in historically fire-adapted forests in the western US, policy initiatives, such as the USDA Forest Service’s Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program (CFLRP), seek to increase the pace and scale of ecological restoration. One required component of this program is collaborative adaptive management, in which monitoring data are used to iteratively evaluate and improve future management actions. Here, we assess the success of seven CFLRP treatments, implemented on 2,300 ha during the first three years of the Colorado Front Range Landscape Restoration Initiative (LRI) at achieving desired forest structure by comparing pre- and post-treatment conditions. We also compare post-treatment conditions with reconstructions of historical (ca. 1860) forest conditions to contextualize the magnitude of treatment effects. Restoration projects moved stands toward desired conditions by reducing basal area, tree density, and canopy cover and increasing average tree diameter, large gap cover, and abundance of small- to medium-sized tree groups. Post-treatment stands were similar to historical stands with respect to basal area of ponderosa pine; however, they had higher total tree density and fewer gaps than historical reference conditions, suggesting that restoration prescriptions may be improved with increased flexibility for density reduction of Douglas-fir and increased gap creation. This examination of early CFLRP treatment outcomes as they relate to desired conditions informs potential areas of adjustments to future treatments and provides baseline data to evaluate the evolution of treatments over the program’s lifespan. We also identify and discuss several scientific, social, and logistical constraints to large-scale restoration success and make several recommendations to improve restoration outcomes. | adaptive management; Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program (CFLRP); Colorado Front Range; ecological restoration; fuel hazart reduction; Pinus ponderosa; Douglas-fir; Pseudotsuga menziesii | |
| When are estimates of spawning stock biomass for small pelagic fishes improved by taking spatial structure into account? | Fisheries Research | Punt, Andre E.; Okamoto, Daniel K.; MacCall, Alec D.; Shelton, Andrew O.; Armitage, Derek R.; Cleary, Jaclyn S.; Davies, Ian P.; Dressel, Sherri C.; Francis, Tessa B.; Levin, Phillip S.; Jones, R. Russ; Kitka, Harvey; Lee, Lynn Chi; McIsaac, Jim A.; Poe, Melissa R.; Reifenstuhl, Steve; Silver, Jennifer J.; Schmidt, Jorn O.; Thornton, Thomas F.; Voss, Rudiger; Woodruff, John | 2018 | 2018/09/19 | A simulation-estimation approach is used to evaluate the efficacy of stock assessment methods that incorporate various levels of spatial complexity. The evaluated methods estimate historical and future biomass for a situation that roughly mimics Pacific herring Clupea pallasii at Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, Canada. The baseline operating model theorizes ten areas arranged such that there is post-recruitment dispersal among all areas. Simulated data (catches, catch age-composition, estimates of spawning stock biomass and its associated age structure) generated for each area are analyzed using estimation methods that range in complexity from ignoring spatial structure to explicitly modelling ten areas. Estimation methods that matched the operating model in terms of spatial structure performed best for hindcast performance and short-term forecasting, i.e., adding spatial structure to assessments improved estimation performance. Even with similar time trajectories among sub-stocks, accounting for spatial structure when conducting the assessment leads to improved estimates of spawning stock biomass. In contrast, assuming spatial variation in productivity when conducting assessments did not appreciably improve estimation performance, even when productivity actually varied spatially. Estimates of forecast biomass and of spawning stock biomass relative to the unfished level were poorer than estimates of biomass for years with data, i.e., hindcasts. Overall, the results of this study further support efforts to base stock assessments for small pelagic fishes on spatially-structured population dynamics models when there is a reasonable likelihood of identifying the sub-stocks that should form the basis for the assessment. | age-structured stock assessment methods; simulation; spatial structure; spawning stock biomass; time-varying natural mortality | |
| Quantifying the benefits of spatial fisheries management – An ecological-economic optimization approach | Ecological Modelling | Voss, Rudi; Quaas, Martin F.; Schmidt, Jorn O.; Stoeven, Max T.; Francis, Tessa B.; Levin, Phillip S.; Armitage, Derek R.; Cleary, Jaclyn S.; Jones, R. Russ; Lee, Lynn C.; Okamoto, Daniel K.; Silver, Jennifer J.; Thornton, Thomas F.; Dressel, Sherri C.; MacCall, Alec D.; Punt, Andre E. | 2018 | 2018/09/19 | Improving fisheries management is a key challenge in addressing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) and support Goals 1 (No Poverty) and 14 (Life Below Water). However, sustaining the ocean’s living resources has important dimensions beyond food security, such as cultural values, which might be of equal importance in some settings. Fisheries management faces special challenges when there is a mismatch between biological units and management units, e.g., when ecological spatial structures are not reflected in how catch limits are set. This might result in overexploitation and even the loss of sub-stocks. We use a spatially structured ecological-economic model parameterized for a pelagic schooling fish to examine how the benefits of implementing spatially differentiated fisheries management depend on biological parameters. We focus on a subset of socio-ecological variables, i.e., fisheries yield, present value of economic surplus, and loss of spawning sites (which might be linked to loss of cultural values) to demonstrate that, in theory, ideally differentiated spatial management can be implemented without exact information about recruitment behavior. For imperfectly differentiated spatial management, however, knowledge about recruitment behavior becomes key to avoiding economic losses and to sustaining stock structure, especially when there is large spatial heterogeneity in biological parameters. Knowledge about variability in site-specific productivity determines the expectation of achievable sustainable harvest levels. Further research on such ecological issues is therefore warranted, both for ecological as well as economic reasons. | ecological-economic model; spatial management; recruitment models; Pacific herring; precautionary approach; entrainment | |
| Phenotypic covariance at species’ borders | BMC Evolutionary Biology | Caley, M. Julian; Cripps, Edward; Game, Edward T. | 2013 | 2018/09/18 | Background
Understanding the evolution of species limits is important in ecology, evolution, and conservation biology. Despite its likely importance in the evolution of these limits, little is known about phenotypic covariance in geographically marginal populations, and the degree to which it constrains, or facilitates, responses to selection. We investigated phenotypic covariance in morphological traits at species’ borders by comparing phenotypic covariance matrices (P), including the degree of shared structure, the distribution of strengths of pair-wise correlations between traits, the degree of morphological integration of traits, and the ranks of matricies, between central and marginal populations of three species-pairs of coral reef fishes.
Results
Greater structural differences in P were observed between populations close to range margins and conspecific populations toward range centres, than between pairs of conspecific populations that were both more centrally located within their ranges. Approximately 80% of all pair-wise trait correlations within populations were greater in the north, but these differences were unrelated to the position of the sampled population with respect to the geographic range of the species.
Conclusions
Neither the degree of morphological integration, nor ranks of P, indicated greater evolutionary constraint at range edges. Characteristics of P observed here provide no support for constraint contributing to the formation of these species’ borders, but may instead reflect structural change in P caused by selection or drift, and their potential to evolve in the future. | reef fish; Great Barrier Reef; marginal population; pelagic larval duration; range margin | |
Does the gender composition of forest and
fishery management groups affect resource
governance and conservation outcomes: a systematic map protocol | Environmental Evidence | Leisher, Craig; Temsah, Gheda; Booker, Francesca; Day, Michael; Agarwal, Bina; Matthews, Elizabeth; Roe, Dilys; Russell, Diane; Samberg, Leah; Sunderland, Terry; Wilkie, David | 2015 | 2018/09/18 | Background
In the fields of environmental governance and biodiversity conservation, there is a growing awareness that gender has an influence on resource use and management. Several studies argue that empowering women in resource governance can lead to beneficial outcomes for resource sustainability and biodiversity conservation. Yet how robust is the evidence to support this claim? Here we focus on the forestry and fisheries sectors to answer the primary question: What is the evidence that the gender composition of forest and fishery management groups affects resource governance and conservation outcomes? Our objective is to produce a systematic map of the evidence highlighting, inter alia, the geographic distribution and quality of the evidence, the consistency and robustness of the findings, and where further research is needed.
Methods/design
This protocol provides the details of the methodology. The search terms used to identify relevant articles were developed in an iterative process using the phraseology of the primary question, Boolean operators, and a list of synonyms for each term. The search terms will be used to identify relevant articles in CAB Abstracts, Scopus, AGRIS, AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, and Google. A test library of 12 articles will ensure that the search captures the relevant literature. Searches will be in English but will not be restricted by publication date. The websites of 22 international organisations with a known interest in gender-related issues will be screened for relevant documents. The gender-focussed researchers at large conservation NGOs, the members of the Poverty and Conservation Learning Group, and the members of the Gender and Environment Working Group will be invited to submit relevant documents. The list of references of included articles will be screened to identify other relevant articles in a ‘backwards snowballing’ approach. The inclusion criteria are that an article refers to women or gender, forests or fisheries, a resource management group, a quantitative comparison, and an environmental governance or biodiversity conservation outcome in a non-OECD country. A data extraction template with 27 variables will be used to assess the included articles. The output will be a narrative report with descriptive statistics and an evidence-gap map. | citizen participation; conservation; equity; fishing; forests; gender impacts; livelihoods; sustainability | |
| The use of airborne laser scanning to develop a pixel-based stratification for a verified carbon offset project | Carbon Balance and Management | Golinkoff, Jordan; Hanus, Mark; Carah, Jennifer | 2011 | 2018/09/18 | Background
The voluntary carbon market is a new and growing market that is increasingly important to consider in managing forestland. Monitoring, reporting, and verifying carbon stocks and fluxes at a project level is the single largest direct cost of a forest carbon offset project. There are now many methods for estimating forest stocks with high accuracy that use both Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) and high-resolution optical remote sensing data. However, many of these methods are not appropriate for use under existing carbon offset standards and most have not been field tested.
Results
This paper presents a pixel-based forest stratification method that uses both ALS and optical remote sensing data to optimally partition the variability across an ~10,000 ha forest ownership in Mendocino County, CA, USA. This new stratification approach improved the accuracy of the forest inventory, reduced the cost of field-based inventory, and provides a powerful tool for future management planning. This approach also details a method of determining the optimum pixel size to best partition a forest.
Conclusions
The use of ALS and optical remote sensing data can help reduce the cost of field inventory and can help to locate areas that need the most intensive inventory effort. This pixel-based stratification method may provide a cost-effective approach to reducing inventory costs over larger areas when the remote sensing data acquisition costs can be kept low on a per acre basis. | forest carbon offsets; MRV; LiDAR; Airborne Laser Scanning; stratification; post-stratification; carbon project; carbon stock estimation | |
| Fairness and Transparency Are Required for the Inclusion of Privately Protected Areas in Publicly Accessible Conservation Databases | Land | Clements, Hayley S.; Selinske, Matthew J.; Archibald, Carla L.; Cooke, Benjamin; Fitzsimons, James A.; Groce, Julie E.; Torabi, Nooshin; Hardy, Mathew J. | 2018 | 2018/09/18 | There is a growing recognition of the contribution that privately-owned land makes to conservation efforts, and governments are increasingly counting privately protected areas (PPAs) towards their international conservation commitments. The public availability of spatial data on countries’ conservation estates is important for broad-scale conservation planning and monitoring and for evaluating progress towards targets. Yet there has been limited consideration of how PPA data is reported to national and international protected area databases, particularly whether such reporting is transparent and fair (i.e., equitable) to the landholders involved. Here we consider PPA reporting procedures from three countries with high numbers of PPAs—Australia, South Africa, and the United States—illustrating the diversity within and between countries regarding what data is reported and the transparency with which it is reported. Noting a potential tension between landholder preferences for privacy and security of their property information and the benefit of sharing this information for broader conservation efforts, we identify the need to consider equity in PPA reporting processes. Unpacking potential considerations and tensions into distributional, procedural, and recognitional dimensions of equity, we propose a series of broad principles to foster transparent and fair reporting. Our approach for navigating the complexity and context-dependency of equity considerations will help strengthen PPA reporting and facilitate the transparent integration of PPAs into broader conservation efforts. | Convention on Biological Diversity; Aichi Target 11; conservation planning; protected area reporting; equity framework; private land conservation; privacy | |
| Restoring the eastern oyster: how much progress has been made in 53 years? | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Bersoza Hernandez, Ada; Brumbaugh, Robert D.; Frederick, Peter; Grizzle, Raymond; Luckenbach, Mark W.; Peterson, Charles H.; Angelini, Christine | 2018 | 2018/09/18 | Coastal ecosystem restoration is accelerating globally as a means of enhancing shoreline protection, carbon storage, water quality, fisheries, and biodiversity. Among the most substantial of these efforts have been those focused on re‐establishing oyster reefs across the US Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Despite considerable investment, it is unclear how the scale of and approaches toward oyster restoration have evolved. A synthesis of 1768 projects undertaken since 1964 reveals that oyster substrate restoration efforts have primarily been concentrated in the Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf Coast, have been heavily reliant on oyster shell, and have re‐established 4.5% of the reef area that has been lost across all regions. By comparing costs to ecosystem service benefits, we discovered that the return‐on‐investment of oyster restoration varies widely, but generally increases with project size. To facilitate the recovery of coastal ecosystems and their services, scientists and resource managers must adopt a new restoration paradigm prioritizing investment in sites that maximize economic and ecological benefits and minimize construction costs. | | |
| What are the impacts of nature conservation interventions on human well-being: a systematic map protocol | Environmental Evidence | Bottrill, Madeleine; Cheng, Samantha; Garside, Ruth; Wongbusarakum, Supin; Roe, Dilys; Holland, Margaret B.; Edmond, Janet; Turner, Will R. | 2014 | 2018/09/18 | Background
International policy has sought to emphasize and strengthen the link between the conservation of natural ecosystems and human development. Furthermore, international conservation organizations have broadened their objectives beyond nature-based goals to recognize the contribution of conservation interventions in sustaining ecosystem services upon which human populations are dependent. While many indices have been developed to measure various human well-being domains, the strength of evidence to support the effects, both positive and negative, of conservation interventions on human well-being, is still unclear.
Methods/Design
This protocol describes the methodology for examining the research question: What are the impacts of nature conservation interventions on different domains of human well-being in developing countries? Using systematic mapping, this study will scope and identify studies that measure the impacts of nature conservation interventions on human well-being at local to regional scales. The primary objective of this study is to synthesize the state and distribution of the existing evidence base linking conservation and human well-being. In addition, a theory of change approach will be used to identify and characterize the causal linkages between conservation and human well-being, with attention on those studies that examine the role of ecosystem services. Key trends among the resulting studies will be synthesized and the range of studies organized and presented in a graphical matrix illustrating the relationships between types of interventions and types of outcomes. Results of the study are intended to help conservation and development practitioners and the academic community to improve research studies and conservation practices in developing countries in order to achieve both conservation and human well-being outcomes. | conservation; ecosystem services; human well-being; poverty | |
| Validation of a 30 m resolution flood hazard model of the conterminous United States | Water Resources Research | Wing, Oliver E.J.; Bates, Paul D.; Sampson, Christopher C.; Smith, Andrew M.; Johnson, Kris A.; Erickson, Tyler A. | 2017 | 2018/08/09 | This paper reports the development of a ∼30 m resolution two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model of the conterminous U.S. using only publicly available data. The model employs a highly efficient numerical solution of the local inertial form of the shallow water equations which simulates fluvial flooding in catchments down to 50 km2 and pluvial flooding in all catchments. Importantly, we use the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Elevation Dataset to determine topography; the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers National Levee Database to explicitly represent known flood defenses; and global regionalized flood frequency analysis to characterize return period flows and rainfalls. We validate these simulations against the complete catalogue of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) maps and detailed local hydraulic models developed by the USGS. Where the FEMA SFHAs are based on high‐quality local models, the continental‐scale model attains a hit rate of 86%. This correspondence improves in temperate areas and for basins above 400 km2. Against the higher quality USGS data, the average hit rate reaches 92% for the 1 in 100 year flood, and 90% for all flood return periods. Given typical hydraulic modeling uncertainties in the FEMA maps and USGS model outputs (e.g., errors in estimating return period flows), it is probable that the continental‐scale model can replicate both to within error. The results show that continental‐scale models may now offer sufficient rigor to inform some decision‐making needs with dramatically lower cost and greater coverage than approaches based on a patchwork of local studies. | flooding; USA; validation; large-scale modeling; hydraulic | |
| Landscape‐scale habitat assessment for an imperiled avian species | Animal Conservation | Burkhalter, C.; Holloran, M.J.; Fedy, B.C.; Copeland, H.E.; Crabtree, R.L.; Michel, N.L.; Jay, S.C.; Rutledge, B.A.; Holloran, A.G. | 2018 | 2018/08/09 | A comprehensive understanding of wildlife habitat suitability requires landscape‐scale assessments that provide the framework for subsequent integration with local‐scale relationships. To elucidate the functional role of habitat characteristics at large scales it is necessary to understand how abundance is related to important landscape characteristics. We estimated male greater sage‐grouse Centrocercus urophasianus abundance on leks relative to sagebrush availability, landscape connectivity and anthropogenic infrastructure densities within landscapes surrounding leks from 2006 to 2013 using binomial N‐mixture models. We focused on Wyoming, as the state will play a critical role in the long‐term persistence of greater sage‐grouse due to its relatively robust populations, widespread sagebrush habitats and innovative, large‐scale conservation approaches. Landscapes associated with higher abundance of males on leks were characterized as highly connected, sagebrush‐dominated areas with limited energy development. These modeled relationships were used to evaluate spatial and temporal changes in the landscape‐scale integrity of areas supporting the majority of the greater sage‐grouse populations in Wyoming (i.e. core areas). By assessing relative changes in abundance over time, our models indicated that most of the habitat within core areas (86%) exhibited landscape conditions conducive to supporting medium or large greater sage‐grouse populations that were stable or increasing through time. Larger populations were associated with larger, more centrally located core areas. Conversely, core areas supporting relatively small or declining populations were located along range margins in the eastern portion of the state. The landscape‐scale habitat relationships we developed can be used in combination with local‐scale assessments to generate a more complete picture of greater sage‐grouse habitat suitability. | sage-grouse; landscape; landscape characteristics; habitat selection; habitat suitability; Bayesian; species abundance | |
| Soil organic matter underlies crop nutritional quality and productivity in smallholder agriculture | Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment | Wood, Stephen A.; Baudron, Frédéric | 2018 | 2018/08/09 | Global crop yield gains have not be associated with increases in the many macro- and micro-nutrients needed for a balanced human diet. There is thus growing interest in improving agricultural practices to increase nutrient availability to people. Because nutrients in crops come from soil, soil management—such as building soil organic matter—could be a tool in managing agriculture to produce more nutritious food. To understand the relationship between soil organic matter and nutritional quality, we measured soil organic matter fractions, crop yield, and wheat nutrient composition on smallholder farms along a land-use and land-cover gradient in Ethiopia. We found that wheat yields and protein content were related to organic matter nitrogen, and zinc content was related to organic matter carbon. Increasing organic matter carbon by 1% was associated with an increase in zinc equivalent to the needs of 0.2 additional people per hectare; increasing organic matter nitrogen by 1% was associated with an increase in protein equivalent to the daily needs of 0.1 additional people per hectare. Soil organic matter—and its associated fractions—was greatest in soils closest to a state forest and in home gardens (as opposed to in wheat fields). Wheat fields closer to the forest had elevated soil organic matter fractions relative to wheat soils closest to the market town. Our results indicate that realistic gains in soil organic matter could make human-health-relevant increases in wheat nutrient content. Soil organic matter management can therefore be an additional tool for feeding the world well. | micronutrients; human nutrition; wheat; homegarden; organic matter fraction; soil carbon; soil health; biofortification; agriculture | |
| Life Cycle Cost and Return on Investment as complementary decision variables for urban flood risk management in developing countries | International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction | De Risi, Raffaele; De Paola, Francesco; Turpie, Jane; Kroeger, Timm | 2018 | 2018/08/31 | Herein we investigate Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Return on Investment (ROI) as potential decision variables for evaluating the economic performance (ROI) and financial feasibility (LCC) of a set of flood mitigation strategies over time. The main novelty of this work is the application of LCC and ROI analyses at the urban level to an asset portfolio of flood-prone buildings. Reduced flood damage is treated probabilistically as avoided costs (LCC analysis) and returns (ROI analysis), respectively. The proposed methodology is applied to the case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, which suffers severe riverine flooding on a sub-annual basis. Specifically, LCC and ROI of five mitigation scenarios that include large-scale catchment rehabilitation, settlement set-backs and waste management are compared with the current situation. The main result is that the highest-performing flood mitigation option includes both conventional interventions and ecosystem rehabilitation. | flood risk mitigation; sustainable urban drainage systems; green urban development; cost-effectiveness; natural infrastructure; Dar es Salaam | |
| Lessons learned from monitoring the stable water isotopic variability in precipitation and streamflow across a snow-dominated subarctic catchment | Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research | Lyon, Steve W.; Ploum, Stefan W.; van der Velde, Ype; Rocher-Ros, Gerard; Morth, Carl-Magnus; Giesler, Reiner | 2018 | 2018/08/30 | This empirical study explores shifts in stable water isotopic composition for a subarctic catchment located in northern Sweden as it transitions from spring freshet to summer low flows. Relative changes in the isotopic composition of streamflow across the main catchment and fifteen nested subcatchments are characterized in relation to the isotopic composition of precipitation. With our sampling campaign, we explore the variability in stream-water isotopic composition that originates from precipitation as the input shifts from snow to rain and as landscape flow pathways change across scales. The isotopic similarity of high-elevation snowpack water and early season rainfall water seen through our sampling scheme made it difficult to truly isolate the impact of seasonal precipitation phase change on stream-water isotopic response. This highlights the need to explicitly consider the complexity of arctic and alpine landscapes when designing sampling strategies to characterize hydrological variability via stable water isotopes. Results show a potential influence of evaporation and source water mixing both spatially (variations with elevation) and temporally (variations from post-freshet to summer flows) on the composition of stream water across Miellajokka. As such, the data collected in this empirical study allow for initial conceptualization of the relative importance of, for example, hydrological connectivity within this mountainous, subarctic landscape. | catchment hydrology; stable water isotopes; tracers; spring flood; freshet | |
| Food, money and lobsters: Valuing ecosystem services to align environmental management with Sustainable Development Goals | Ecosystem Services | Ward, Michelle; Possingham, Hugh; Rhodes, Jonathan R.; Mumby, Peter | 2017 | 2018/08/30 | With over 1 billion people currently relying on the services provided by marine ecosystems – e.g. food, fibre and coastal protection – governments, scientists and international bodies are searching for innovative research to support decision-makers in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Valuing past and present ecosystem services allows investigation into how different scenarios impact the SDGs, such as economic growth, sustainability, poverty and equity among stakeholders. This paper investigates the past and current value of the lobster fishery located in the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area. It then uses InVEST to highlight future changes under different scenarios. While we found a significant decline in fishery value over the next ten years under all three scenarios, the exclusion of large-scale fisheries from the marine protected area seems to yield the most positive results in regard to South Africa’s SDG commitments. This scenario has the potential to generate approximately 50% more revenue, while also producing the highest available protein to local communities, highest quantity of spawners and highest economic distribution to small-scale fisheries. It is clear through this research that valuing ecosystem services can enable a future of healthy economies, people and environments; the highly sought-after triple-bottom line. | ecosystem services; Sustainable Development Goals; InVEST; South Africa | |
| Advancing understanding in data-limited conditions: estimating contributions to streamflow across Tanzania’s rapidly developing Kilombero Valley | Hydrological Sciences Journal | Koutsouris, Alexander J.; Lyon, Steve W. | 2018 | 2018/08/30 | Large seasonal variability in precipitation patterns may help overcome data limitations and difficult conditions when characterizing hydrological flow pathways. We used a limited amount of weekly water chemistry as well as stable water isotope data to perform end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) in a generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) framework in a sub-catchment of the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. While there were considerable uncertainties related to the characterization and mixing of end-members, some robust estimates could be made on contributions to seasonal streamflow variability. For example, there is a low connectivity between the deep groundwater and the stream system throughout the year. Also, a considerable wetting-up period is required before overland flow occurs. Thus, in spite of large uncertainties, our results highlight how improved system understanding of hydrological flows can be obtained even when working in difficult environments. | end-member mixing analysis (EMMA); generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE); water resources; sustainable development; Kilombero Valley (KV); Tanzania; hydrology | |
| Benefit relevant indicators: Ecosystem services measures that link ecological and social outcomes | Ecological Indicators | Olander, Lydia P.; Johnston, Robert J.; Tallis, Heather; Kagan, James; Maguire, Lynn A.; Polasky, Stephen; Urban, Dean; Boyd, James; Wainger, Lisa; Palmer, Margaret | 2018 | 2018/08/03 | There is a growing movement in government, environmental non-governmental organizations and the private sector to include ecosystem services in decision making. Adding ecosystem services into assessments implies measuring how much a change in ecological conditions affects people, social benefit, or value to society. Despite consensus around the general merit of accounting for ecosystem services, systematic guidance on what to measure and how is lacking. Current ecosystem services assessments often resort to biophysical proxies (e.g., area of wetland in a floodplain) or even disregard services that seem difficult to measure. Valuation, an important tool for assessing trade-offs and comparing outcomes, is also frequently omitted due to lack of data on social preferences, lack of expertise with valuation methods, or mistrust of valuation methods for non-market services.
To address these shortcomings, we propose the use of a new type of indicator that explicitly reflects an ecosystem’s capacity to provide benefits to society, ensuring that ecosystem services assessments measure outcomes that are demonstrably and directly relevant to human welfare. We call these Benefit-relevant indicators (BRIs) and describe a process for developing them using causal chains that link management decisions through ecological responses to effects on human well-being. BRIs identify what is valued and by whom, but stop short of valuation. A BRI for the ability of wetlands to ameliorate flooding would connect measures of the quantity and quality of wetland in a floodplain, as affected by wetlands management decisions, to the number of people or properties downstream that are vulnerable to flooding. BRIs can support monetary or non-monetary valuation, but are particularly useful when valuation will not be conducted; in such cases they serve as stand-alone measures of “what is valued” by particular beneficiaries. BRIs are valid measures of ecosystem services in that they are directly linked to human well-being. Flexibility in the development of BRIs helps to ensure that they are broadly applicable across practitioner and stakeholder communities and decision contexts. | natural capital; environmental accounting; indicators; ecosystem service valuation; socio-ecological systems | |
| Pathways to Coastal Resiliency: The Adaptive Gradients Framework | Sustainability | Hamin, Elisabeth M.; Abunnasr, Yaser; Dilthey, Max Roman; Judge, Pamela K.; Kenney, Melissa A.; Kirshen, Paul; Sheahan, Thomas C.; DeGroot Don J.; Ryan, Robert L.; McAdoo, Brian G.; Nurse, Leonard; Buxton, Jane A.; Sutton-Grier, Ariana E.; Albright, Elizabeth A.; Marin, Marielos Arlen; Fricke, Rebecca | 2018 | 2018/08/29 | Current and future climate-related coastal impacts such as catastrophic and repetitive flooding, hurricane intensity, and sea level rise necessitate a new approach to developing and managing coastal infrastructure. Traditional “hard” or “grey” engineering solutions are proving both expensive and inflexible in the face of a rapidly changing coastal environment. Hybrid solutions that incorporate natural, nature-based, structural, and non-structural features may better achieve a broad set of goals such as ecological enhancement, long-term adaptation, and social benefits, but broad consideration and uptake of these approaches has been slow. One barrier to the widespread implementation of hybrid solutions is the lack of a relatively quick but holistic evaluation framework that places these broader environmental and societal goals on equal footing with the more traditional goal of exposure reduction. To respond to this need, the Adaptive Gradients Framework was developed and pilot-tested as a qualitative, flexible, and collaborative process guide for organizations to understand, evaluate, and potentially select more diverse kinds of infrastructural responses. These responses would ideally include natural, nature-based, and regulatory/cultural approaches, as well as hybrid designs combining multiple approaches. It enables rapid expert review of project designs based on eight metrics called “gradients”, which include exposure reduction, cost efficiency, institutional capacity, ecological enhancement, adaptation over time, greenhouse gas reduction, participatory process, and social benefits. The framework was conceptualized and developed in three phases: relevant factors and barriers were collected from practitioners and experts by survey; these factors were ranked by importance and used to develop the initial framework; several case studies were iteratively evaluated using this technique; and the framework was finalized for implementation. The article presents the framework and a pilot test of its application, along with resources that would enable wider application of the framework by practitioners and theorists. | green infrastructure; coastal resilience; coastal restoration; social-ecological systems;co-benefits; climate adaptation | |
| Short-Term Control of an Invasive C4 Grass With Late-Summer Fire | Rangeland Ecology & Management | Reemts, Charlotte M.; McCaw, W. Matt; Greene, Thomas A.; Simmons, Mark T. | 2018 | 2018/08/29 | Yellow bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum [L.] Keng var. songarica [Rupr. ex Fisch & C.A. Mey] Celarier & Harlan) is a non-native, invasive C4 grass common in southern Great Plains rangelands. We measured the effects of a single late-summer (September 2006) fire on yellow bluestem at two sites in central Texas (Fort Hood and Onion Creek). At Fort Hood, relative frequency of yellow bluestem in burned plots decreased from 74 ± 4% (preburn; mean ± standard error) to 9 ± 2% (2007) and remained significantly lower compared with unburned plots through 2009 (burned: 14 ± 2%; unburned: 70 ± 14%). At Onion Creek, yellow bluestem initially decreased from 74 ± 5% (2006) to 32 ± 7% (2007). Yellow bluestem recovered substantially by 2009 (67 ± 10%) but was still significantly lower than in unburned transects (96 ± 1%). Relative frequency of other graminoids increased significantly in burned plots (compared with preburn values) at Fort Hood (preburn: 11 ± 4%; 2009: 29 ± 7%) but not at Onion Creek (preburn: 24 ± 6%; 2009: 22 ± 7%). Frequency of forbs increased dramatically in the first growing season after fire (Fort Hood: 15 ± 2% to 76 ± 3%; Onion Creek: 2 ± 2% to 45 ± 5%), then decreased through the third growing season (Fort Hood: 57 ± 6%; Onion Creek: 11 ± 4%). Key differences between the sites include much higher biomass at Fort Hood than at Onion Creek (8 130 kg ⋅ ha-1 vs. 2 873 kg ⋅ ha-1), more recent grazing at Onion Creek (ending in 2000 vs. before 1996 at Fort Hood), and higher rainfall after the Onion Creek burn (214 mm in 20 days vs. 14 mm). Late-summer fire can temporarily decrease yellow bluestem frequency, but effects vary with site conditions and precipitation. Restoring dominance by native grasses may require additional management. | King Ranch bluestem; KR bluestem; Old World bluestem; summer fire | |
| The Second Warning to Humanity – Providing a Context for Wetland Management and Policy | Wetlands | Finlayson, C.M.; Davies, Gillian T.; Moomaw, William R.; Chmura, G.L.; Natali, Susan M.; Perry, J.E.; Roulet, N.; Sutton-Grier, Ariana E. | 2018 | 2018/08/29 | The Second Warning to Humanity provides a clarion call for wetland researchers and practitioners given the loss and degradation of wetlands, the declining availability of fresh water, and the likely consequences of climate change. A coordinated response and approach to policies has the potential to prevent further degradation and support resilient wetlands that can provide a range of ecosystem services, including buffering wetlands from climate impacts, and avoiding major climate amplification from temperature-induced release of additional carbon dioxide and methane while addressing the causes and consequences of global climate change. The Warning to Humanity also provides an opportunity for organisations such as the Society of Wetland Scientists to raise the profile of wetlands and to initiate a discussion on how to respond and change direction from the destructive development trajectory that led to wetland loss and degradation. It also provides a signal for a reappraisal of the effectiveness of the implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands as an international mechanism for ensuring the sustainability of wetlands. | climate change; Ramsar convention; wetlands; second warning to humanity | |
| Evidence of a shared value for nature | Ecological Economics | Wainger, Lisa A.; Helcoski, Ryan; Farge, Kevin W.; Espinola, Brandy A.; Green, Gary T. | 2018 | 2018/08/29 | Ecosystem service analysis aims to expand the accounting of human values for nature, yet frequently ignores or obfuscates a category of human values with potentially large magnitude, namely nonuse or passive use values. These values represent the satisfaction derived from the protection or restoration of species, habitats and wilderness areas, even if people never use them in any tangible way. The shunting of nonuse values to the background of ecosystem service analysis appears, in part, to be an attempt to avoid the perceived elitism of environmental values. To examine whether such values are the purview of the elite, we explore three types of evidence of who holds nonuse values. We find that when people are asked to 1) commit money via stated preference instruments, 2) respond to tweets, or 3) express opinions via surveys they demonstrate a significant willingness to protect and restore natural resources, regardless of their own use of those resources. Such values are represented in all socio-demographic groups that encompass race, ethnicity, immigration status, income, political affiliation, geographic location, age or gender, although the magnitude can vary among groups. The implications are that omitting nonuse values in ecosystem service analysis will tend to underestimate values, particularly for remote sites with limited use, and fail to represent important tradeoffs. | nonuse value; passive use value; ecosystem services; socio-demographic variability; social media | |
| Adapting the bioblitz to meet conservation needs | Conservation Biology | Parker, Sophie S.; Pauly, Gregory B.; Moore, James; Fraga, Naomi S.; Knapp, John J.; Principe, Zachary; Brown, Brian V.; Randall, John M.; Cohen, Brian S.; Wake, Thomas A. | 2018 | 2018/08/23 | When conservation strategies require new, field‐based information, practitioners must find the best ways to rapidly deliver high‐quality survey data. To address this challenge, several rapid‐assessment approaches have been developed since the early 1990s. These typically involve large areas, take many months to complete, and are not appropriate when conservation‐relevant survey data are urgently needed for a specific locale. In contrast, bioblitzes are designed for quick collection of site‐specific survey data. Although bioblitzes are commonly used to achieve educational or public‐engagement goals, conservation practitioners are increasingly using a modified bioblitz approach to generate conservation‐relevant data while simultaneously enhancing research capacity and building working partnerships focused on conservation concerns. We term these modified events expert bioblitzes. Several expert bioblitzes have taken place on lands of conservation concern in Southern California and have involved collaborative efforts of government agencies, nonprofit organizations, botanic gardens, museums, and universities. The results of expert bioblitzes directly informed on‐the‐ground conservation and decision‐making; increased capacity for rapid deployment of expert bioblitzes in the future; and fostered collaboration and communication among taxonomically and institutionally diverse experts. As research and conservation funding becomes increasingly scarce, expert bioblitzes can play an increasingly important role in biodiversity conservation. | archaelogy; botanical garden; bureau of land management; citizen science; museum; rapid assessment; resource management | |
| Ecological spillover dynamics of organisms from urban to natural landscapes | Journal of Urban Ecology | Spear, Jill E.; Grijalva, Erik K.; Michaels, Julia S.; Parker, Sophie S. | 2018 | 2018/08/23 | Urbanization and anthropogenic development have fundamentally altered ecosystem dynamics on a global scale. Conservation and management of comparatively less modified landscapes adjacent to highly modified landscapes requires careful consideration of interactions between landscape types. Restoration or conservation of habitat within a developed matrix is generally thought to have beneficial effects on landscape-level ecological processes. We propose an ecological spillover framework to critically assess how restoring or conserving species populations within anthropogenically modified landscapes may affect adjacent wildland populations. Within the framework, the spillover process is divided into seven interconnected ‘nodes’, which identify points at which potential cause-effect relationships may exist between urban and wildland populations. The framework is useful for a wide range of project-specific ecological relationships, and can help scientists and managers identify knowledge gaps and weigh risk in conservation decision-making. We queried the conservation literature to identify research focused on the impacts of urban species populations on regional wildland populations. Our search revealed seven ecological processes that have the potential to be affected by urban to wildland spillover and we found relatively few studies that explicitly analyze spillover effects from urban to wildland areas. Organisms living in urban areas within restored or remnant habitats located in an urban matrix, or within the built environment have largely unknown effects on landscape-level ecological processes. We conclude with a discussion on the critical gaps in research linking these habitats to larger landscape-level ecological understanding, and provide recommendations for research priorities that might illuminate this important aspect of 21st century conservation planning. | urban; spillover; cities; conservation | |
| Global Demand for Natural Resources Eliminated More Than 100,000 Bornean Orangutans | Current Biology | Voigt, Maria; Wich, Serge A.; Ancrenaz, Marc; Meijaard, Erik; Abram, Nicola; Banes, Graham L.; Campbell-Smith, Gail; d'Arcy, Laura J.; Delgado, Roberto A.; Erman, Andi; Gaveau, David; Goossens, Benoit; Heinicke, Stefanie; Houghton, Max; Husson, Simon J.; Leiman, Ashley; Llano Sanchez, Karmele; Makinuddin, Niel; Marshall, Andrew J.; Meididit, Ari; Miettinen, Jukka; Mundry, Roger; Musnanda; Nardiyono; Nurcahyo, Anton; Odom, Kisasr; Panda, Adventus; Prasetyo, Didik; Priadjati, Aldrianto; Purnomo; Rafiastanto, Andjar; Russon, Anne E.; Santika, Truly; Sihite, Jamartin; Spehar, Stephanie; Struebig, Matthew; Sulbaran-Romero, Enrique; Tjiu, Albertus; Wells, Jessie; Wilson, Kerrie A.; Kuhl, Hjalmar S. | 2018 | 2018/08/23 | Unsustainable exploitation of natural resources is increasingly affecting the highly biodiverse tropics [1, 2]. Although rapid developments in remote sensing technology have permitted more precise estimates of land-cover change over large spatial scales [3-5], our knowledge about the effects of these changes on wildlife is much more sparse [6, 7]. Here we use field survey data, predictive density distribution modeling, and remote sensing to investigate the impact of resource use and land-use changes on the density distribution of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Our models indicate that between 1999 and 2015, half of the orangutan population was affected by logging, deforestation, or industrialized plantations. Although land clearance caused the most dramatic rates of decline, it accounted for only a small proportion of the total loss. A much larger number of orangutans were lost in selectively logged and primary forests, where rates of decline were less precipitous, but where far more orangutans are found. This suggests that further drivers, independent of land-use change, contribute to orangutan loss. This finding is consistent with studies reporting hunting as a major cause in orangutan decline [8-10]. Our predictions of orangutan abundance loss across Borneo suggest that the population decreased by more than 100,000 individuals, corroborating recent estimates of decline [11]. Practical solutions to prevent future orangutan decline can only be realized by addressing its complex causes in a holistic manner across political and societal sectors, such as in land-use planning, resource exploitation, infrastructure development, and education, and by increasing long-term sustainability [12]. | Pongo pygmaeus; conflict killing; decline; density distribution modeling; hunting; industrial agriculture; land-use change; logging; oil palm; resource use; | |
| 3D spatial conservation prioritisation: Accounting for depth in marine environments | Methods in Ecology and Evolution | Venegas-Li, Ruben; Levin, Noam; Possingham, Hugh; Kark, Salit | 2017 | 2018/08/14 | While marine environments are three‐dimensional (3D) in nature, current approaches and tools for planning and prioritising actions in the ocean are predominantly two dimensional. Here, we develop a novel 3D marine spatial conservation prioritisation approach, which explicitly accounts for the inherent vertical heterogeneity of the ocean. This enables both vertical and horizontal spatial prioritisation to be performed simultaneously. To our knowledge, this is the first endeavour to develop prioritisation of conservation actions in 3D.
We applied the 3D spatial conservation prioritisation approach to the Mediterranean Sea as a case study. We first subdivided the Mediterranean Sea into 3D planning units by assigning them a z coordinate (representing depth). We further partitioned these 3D planning units vertically into three depth layers; this allowed us to quantify biodiversity (1,011 species and 19 geomorphic features) and the cost of conservation actions at different depths. We adapted the prioritisation software Marxan to identify 3D networks of sites where biodiversity conservation targets are achieved for the minimum cost.
Using the 3D approach presented here, we identified networks of sites where conservation targets for all biodiversity features were achieved. Importantly, these networks included areas of the ocean where only particular depth layers along the water column were identified as priorities for conservation. The 3D approach also proved to be more cost‐efficient than the traditional 2D approach. Spatial priorities within the networks of sites selected were considerably different when comparing the 2D and 3D approaches.
Prioritising in 3D allows conservation and marine spatial planners to target specific threats to specific conservation features, at specific depths in the ocean. This provides a platform to further integrate systematic conservation planning into the wider ongoing and future marine spatial planning and ocean zoning processes.
| 3D planning; biodiversity; marine conservation; Marxan; systematic conservation planning; vertical; zoning | |
| Increased sediment loads cause non-linear decreases in seagrass suitable habitat extent | PLOS One | Saunders, Megan Irene; Atkinson, Scott; Klein, Carissa Joy; Weber, Tony; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2017 | 2018/08/10 | Land-based activities, including deforestation, agriculture, and urbanisation, cause increased erosion, reduced inland and coastal water quality, and subsequent loss or degradation of downstream coastal marine ecosystems. Quantitative approaches to link sediment loads from catchments to metrics of downstream marine ecosystem state are required to calculate the cost effectiveness of taking conservation actions on land to benefits accrued in the ocean. Here we quantify the relationship between sediment loads derived from landscapes to habitat suitability of seagrass meadows in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. We use the following approach: (1) a catchment hydrological model generates sediment loads; (2) a statistical model links sediment loads to water clarity at monthly time-steps; (3) a species distribution model (SDM) factors in water clarity, bathymetry, wave height, and substrate suitability to predict seagrass habitat suitability at monthly time-steps; and (4) a statistical model quantifies the effect of sediment loads on area of seagrass suitable habitat in a given year. The relationship between sediment loads and seagrass suitable habitat is non-linear: large increases in sediment have a disproportionately large negative impact on availability of seagrass suitable habitat. Varying the temporal scale of analysis (monthly vs. yearly), or varying the threshold value used to delineate predicted seagrass presence vs. absence, both affect the magnitude, but not the overall shape, of the relationship between sediment loads and seagrass suitable habitat area. Quantifying the link between sediment produced from catchments and extent of downstream marine ecosystems allows assessment of the relative costs and benefits of taking conservation actions on land or in the ocean, respectively, to marine ecosystems. | sediment; surface water; marine ecosystems; oceans; habitats; marine conservation; rivers; land use | |
| A 2018 Horizon Scan of Emerging Issues for Global Conservation and Biological Diversity | Trends in Ecology & Evolution | Sutherland, William J.; Butchart, Stuart H.M.; Connor, Ben; Culshaw, Caroline; Dicks, Lynn V.; Dinsdale, Jason; Doran, Helen; Entwistle, Abigail C.; Fleishman, Erica; Gibbons, David W.; Jiang, Zhigang; Keim, Brandon; Le Roux, Xavier; Lickorish, Fiona A.; Markillie, Paul; Monk, Kathryn A.; Mortimer, Diana; Pearce-Higgins, James W.; Peck, Lloyd S.; Pretty, Jules; Seymour, Colleen L.; Spalding, Mark D.; Tonneijck, Femke H.; Gleave, Rosalind A. | 2017 | 2018/08/10 | This is our ninth annual horizon scan to identify emerging issues that we believe could affect global biological diversity, natural capital and ecosystem services, and conservation efforts. Our diverse and international team, with expertise in horizon scanning, science communication, as well as conservation science, practice, and policy, reviewed 117 potential issues. We identified the 15 that may have the greatest positive or negative effects but are not yet well recognised by the global conservation community. Themes among these topics include new mechanisms driving the emergence and geographic expansion of diseases, innovative biotechnologies, reassessments of global change, and the development of strategic infrastructure to facilitate global economic priorities. | futures; novel issues; predictions; environment; climate change; emerging disease; biotechnology | |
| Linear infrastructure impacts on landscape hydrology | Journal of Environmental Management | Raiter, Keren G.; Prober, Suzanne M.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Westcott, Fiona; Hobbs, Richard J. | 2018 | 2018/07/31 | The extent of roads and other forms of linear infrastructure is burgeoning worldwide, but their impacts are inadequately understood and thus poorly mitigated. Previous studies have identified many potential impacts, including alterations to the hydrological functions and soil processes upon which ecosystems depend. However, these impacts have seldom been quantified at a regional level, particularly in arid and semi-arid systems where the gap in knowledge is the greatest, and impacts potentially the most severe.
To explore the effects of extensive track, road, and rail networks on surface hydrology at a regional level we assessed over 1000 km of linear infrastructure, including approx. 300 locations where ephemeral streams crossed linear infrastructure, in the largely intact landscapes of Australia's Great Western Woodlands. We found a high level of association between linear infrastructure and altered surface hydrology, with erosion and pooling 5 and 6 times as likely to occur on-road than off-road on average (1.06 erosional and 0.69 pooling features km−1 on vehicle tracks, compared with 0.22 and 0.12 km−1, off-road, respectively). Erosion severity was greater in the presence of tracks, and 98% of crossings of ephemeral streamlines showed some evidence of impact on water movement (flow impedance (62%); diversion of flows (73%); flow concentration (76%); and/or channel initiation (31%)). Infrastructure type, pastoral land use, culvert presence, soil clay content and erodibility, mean annual rainfall, rainfall erosivity, topography and bare soil cover influenced the frequency and severity of these impacts.
We conclude that linear infrastructure frequently affects ephemeral stream flows and intercepts natural overland and near-surface flows, artificially changing site-scale moisture regimes, with some parts of the landscape becoming abnormally wet and other parts becoming water-starved. In addition, linear infrastructure frequently triggers or exacerbates erosion, leading to soil loss and degradation. Where linear infrastructure densities are high, their impacts on ecological processes are likely to be considerable. Linear infrastructure is widespread across much of this relatively intact region, but there remain areas with very low infrastructure densities that need to be protected from further impacts. There is substantial scope for mitigating the impacts of existing and planned infrastructure developments. | surface hydrology; road ecology; road impacts; soil erosion; semi-arid; Great Western Woodlands | |
| Lines in the sand: quantifying the cumulative development footprint in the world’s largest remaining temperate woodland | Landscape Ecology | Raiter, Keren G.; Prober, Suzanne M.; Hobbs, Richard J.; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2017 | 2018/07/31 | Context
The acceleration of infrastructure development presents many challenges for the mitigation of ecological impacts. The type, extent, and cumulative effects of multiple developments must be quantified to enable mitigation.
Objectives
We quantified anthropogenic development footprints in a globally significant and relatively intact region. We identified the proportion accounted for by linear infrastructure (e.g. roads) including infrastructure that is currently unmapped; investigated the importance of key landscape drivers; and explored potential ramifications of offsite impacts (edge effects).
Methods
We quantified direct development footprints of linear and ‘hub’ infrastructure in the Great Western Woodlands (GWW) in south-western Australia, using digitisation and extrapolation from a stratified random sample of aerial imagery. We used spatial datasets and literature resources to identify predictors of development footprint extent and calculate hypothetical ‘edge effect zones’.
Results
Unmapped linear infrastructure, only detectable through manual digitisation, accounts for the greatest proportion of the direct development footprint. Across the 160,000 km2 GWW, the estimated development footprint is 690 km2, of which 67% consists of linear infrastructure and the remainder is ‘hub’ infrastructure. An estimated 150,000 km of linear infrastructure exists in the study area, equating to an average of ~1 km per km2. Beyond the direct footprint, a further 4000–55,000 km2 (3–35% of the region) lies within edge effect zones.
Conclusions
This study highlights the pervasiveness of linear infrastructure and hence the importance of managing its cumulative impacts as a key component of landscape conservation. Our methodology can be applied to other relatively intact landscapes worldwide. | GIS; road ecology; Great Western Woodlands; linear infrastructure; ecological impact assessment; development footprint; cumulative impacts; offsite impacts; indirect impacts | |
| Trends and values of ‘Land for Wildlife’ programs for private land conservation | Ecological Management & Restoration | Prado, Joshua A.; Puszka, Helena; Forman, Alexander; Cooke, Benjamin; Fitzsimons, James A. | 2018 | 2018/07/30 | The Land for Wildlife program started in Victoria in 1981 as a voluntary program with the broad aim of supporting landholders in providing habitat for wildlife on their property. The program has since spread across Australia and is implemented in a range of guises, through a variety of governance approaches. This research collected qualitative and quantitative data on Land for Wildlife programs across Australia to conduct the first national review. Data were gathered on changes in program membership to assess different participation trends. In addition, phone interviews with Land for Wildlife coordinators throughout Australia were conducted to explore how the programs are positioned in delivering biodiversity outcomes in a range of different regions. Over 14,000 properties covering 2.3 million ha are currently registered under Land for Wildlife programs. with at least 500,000 ha of habitat managed for conservation. Limited resources present a large challenge faced by a number of programs, with generally low funding and staffing resulting in restricted biodiversity focus and conservation outcomes. We suggest options to enhance the programs and propose future research directions. | conservation programs; Land for Wildlife; landholders; private land conservation; stewardship | |
| Biophysical drivers of coral trophic depth zonation | Marine Biology | Williams, Gareth J.; Sandin, Stuart A.; Zgliczynski, Brian J.; Fox, Michael D.; Grove, Jamison M.; Rogers, Justin S.; Furby, Kathryn A.; Hartmann, Aaron C.; Caldwell, Zachary R.; Price, Nichole N.; Smith, Jennifer E. | 2018 | 2018/07/30 | Depth is used often as a proxy for gradients in energetic resources on coral reefs and for predicting patterns of community energy use. With increasing depth, loss of light can lead to a reduced reliance on autotrophy and an increased reliance on heterotrophy by mixotrophic corals. However, the generality of such trophic zonation varies across contexts. By combining high-resolution oceanographic measurements with isotopic analyses (δ13C, δ15N) of multiple producer and consumer levels across depths (10–30 m) at a central Pacific oceanic atoll, we show trophic zonation in mixotrophic corals can be both present and absent within the same reef system. Deep-water internal waves that deliver cool particulate-rich waters to shallow reefs occurred across all sites (2.5–5.6 events week−1 at 30 m) but the majority of events remained depth-restricted (4.3–9.7% recorded at 30 m propagated to 10 m). In the absence of other particulate delivery, mixotrophs increased their relative degree of heterotrophy with increasing depth. However, where relatively long-lasting downwelling events (1.4–3.3 times the duration of any other site) occurred simultaneously, mixotrophs displayed elevated and consistent degrees of heterotrophy regardless of depth. Importantly, these long-lasting surface pulses were of a lagoonal origin, an area of rich heterotrophic resource supply. Under such circumstances, we hypothesize heterotrophic resource abundance loses its direct linkage with depth and, with resources readily available at all depths, trophic zonation is no longer present. Our results show that fine-scale intra-island hydrographic regimes and hydrodynamic connectivity between reef habitats contribute to explaining the context specific nature of coral trophic depth zonation in shallow reef ecosystems. | | |
| Where the people are: Current trends and future potential targeted investments in urban trees for PM10 and temperature mitigation in 27 U.S. Cities | Landscape and Urban Planning | Kroeger, Timm; McDonald, Robert I.; Boucher, Timothy; Zhang, Ping; Wang, Longzhu | 2018 | 2018/07/30 | Urban trees reduce respirable particulate matter (PM10) concentrations and maximum daytime summer temperatures. While most cities are losing tree cover, some are considering ambitious planting efforts. Maximizing PM10 and heat mitigation for people from such efforts requires cost-effective targeting. We adapt published methods to estimate the impact of a decade (2004–2014) of tree cover change on city-level PM10 and heat mitigation in 27 U.S. cities and present a new methodology for estimating local-level PM10 and heat mitigation by street trees and tree patches. We map potential tree planting sites in the 27 cities and use our local-level PM10 and heat mitigation methods to assess the population-weighted return on investment (ROI) of each site for PM10 and heat abatement for nearby populations. Twenty-three of the 27 cities lost canopy cover during 2004–2014, reducing estimated city-level PM10 removal by 6% (168 tons) and increasing city-level average maximum daily summer temperature by 0.1 °C on average across cities. We find large potential for urban reforestation to increase PM10 and heat abatement. Intra-city variation in planting site ROI – driven primarily by differences in population density around planting sites – exceeds four orders of magnitude, indicating large scope for targeting to increase PM10 and heat abatement from reforestation. Reforesting each city’s top 20% ROI sites could lower average annual PM10 concentrations by >2 μg/m3 for 3.4–11.4 million people and average maximum daily summer temperatures by >2 °C for 1.7–12.7 million – effects large enough to provide meaningful health benefits – at a combined annual cost of $102 million. | urban forest; particulate matter; urban heat; return on investment; targeting; ecosytem services | |
| The global flood protection savings provided by coral reefs | Nature Communications | Beck, Michael W.; Iñigo, J. Losada; Menéndez, Pelayo; Reguero, Borja G.; Díaz-Simal, Pedro; Fernández, Felipe | 2018 | 2018/07/30 | Coral reefs can provide significant coastal protection benefits to people and property. Here we show that the annual expected damages from flooding would double, and costs from frequent storms would triple without reefs. For 100-year storm events, flood damages would increase by 91% to $US 272 billion without reefs. The countries with the most to gain from reef management are Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Mexico, and Cuba; annual expected flood savings exceed $400 M for each of these nations. Sea-level rise will increase flood risk, but substantial impacts could happen from reef loss alone without better near-term management. We provide a global, process-based valuation of an ecosystem service across an entire marine biome at (sub)national levels. These spatially explicit benefits inform critical risk and environmental management decisions, and the expected benefits can be directly considered by governments (e.g., national accounts, recovery plans) and businesses (e.g., insurance). | engineering; natural hazards; ocean sciences | |
| Contribution of individual rivers to Great Barrier Reef nitrogen exposure with implications for management prioritization | Marine Pollution Bulletin | Wolff, Nicholas H.; da Silva, Eduardo Teixeira; Devlin, Michelle; Anthony, Kenneth R.N.; Lewis, Stephen; Tonin, Hemmerson; Brinkman, Richard; Mumby, Peter J. | 2018 | 2018/07/30 | Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) runoff from Great Barrier Reef (GBR) catchments is a threat to coral reef health. Several initiatives address this threat, including the Australian Government's Reef 2050 Plan. However, environmental decision makers face an unsolved prioritization challenge: determining the exposure of reefs to DIN from individual rivers. Here, we use virtual river tracers embedded within a GBR-wide hydrodynamic model to resolve the spatial and temporal dynamics of 16 individual river plumes during three wet seasons (2011−2013). We then used in-situ DIN observations to calibrate tracer values, allowing us to estimate the contribution of each river to reef-scale DIN exposure during each season. Results indicate that the Burdekin, Fitzroy, Tully and Daintree rivers pose the greatest DIN exposure risk to coral reefs during the three seasons examined. Results were used to demonstrate a decision support framework that combines reef exposure risk with river dominance (threat diversity). | water quality; river pollution; nutrients; coral health; decision support; prioritization | |
| Integrated Measures of Indigenous Land and Sea Management Effectiveness: Challenges and Opportunities for Improved Conservation Partnerships in Australia | Conservation & Society | Austin, Beau J.; Robinson, Catherine J.; Fitzsimons, James A.; Sandford, Marcus; Ens, Emilie J.; Macdonald, Jennifer M.; Hockings, Marc; Hinchley, David G.; McDonald, Fergus B.; Corrigan, Colleen; Kennett, Rod; Hunter-Xenie, Hmalan; Garnett, Stephen T. | 2018 | 2018/07/30 | As partnerships between Indigenous peoples and conservation practitioners mature, new methods are being sought to assess their effectiveness. The increasing diversity of income sources mobilised by Indigenous land and sea managers in Australia is intensifying the pressures on them to demonstrate their 'effectiveness' through a range of frameworks, tools and criteria. In this review, we use Indigenous land and sea management in Australia as a lens to explore the politics and practicalities of measuring the effectiveness of Indigenous conservation partnerships. We first outline current approaches to measuring effectiveness, followed by an explanation of some of the challenges. Available literature is then supplemented with the collective knowledge and experience of the authors to identify practical and achievable ways forward. We suggest four ways by which Indigenous groups and institutional investors can work together to establish meaningful criteria for ensuring effective conservation outcomes: i) develop new mutually-agreed definitions; ii) embrace the complexity of Indigenous-conservation alliances, iii) reflect regularly and collaboratively, and iv) negotiate which indicators of effectiveness can be aggregated across large scales. Well-executed evaluations of effectiveness can be powerful tools for enhancing conservation that conforms to local Indigenous values, facilitates adaptive management, and strengthens relationships between investors and Indigenous groups. By focusing on principles, process, flexibility and trust, generative 'good faith' approaches have the potential to support win-win outcomes for people and the environment and contribute significantly to global conservation and sustainability targets. | indigenous peoples; conservation; impact investing; monitoring; evaluation | |
| A multiscale natural community and species-level vulnerability assessment of the Gulf Coast, USA | PLOS One | Reece, Joshua Steven; Watson, Amanda; Dalyander, Patricia Soupy; Edwards, Cynthia Kallio; Gesselbracht, Laura; LaPeyre, Megan K.; Tirpak, Blair E.; Tirpak, John M.; Woodrey, Mark | 2018 | 2018/07/27 | Vulnerability assessments combine quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of species or natural communities to current and future threats. When combined with the economic, ecological or evolutionary value of the species, vulnerability assessments quantify the relative risk to regional species and natural communities and can enable informed prioritization of conservation efforts. Vulnerability assessments are common practice in conservation biology, including the potential impacts of future climate scenarios. However, geographic variation in scenarios and vulnerabilities is rarely quantified. This gap is particularly limiting for informing ecosystem management given that conservation practices typically vary by sociopolitical boundaries rather than by ecological boundaries. To support prioritization of conservation actions across a range of spatial scales, we conducted the Gulf Coast Vulnerability Assessment (GCVA) for four natural communities and eleven focal species around the Gulf of Mexico based on current and future threats from climate change and land-use practices out to 2060. We used the Standardized Index of Vulnerability and Value (SIVVA) tool to assess both natural community and species vulnerabilities. We observed greater variation across ecologically delineated subregions within the Gulf Coast of the U.S. than across climate scenarios. This novel finding suggests that future vulnerability assessments incorporate regional variation and that conservation prioritization may vary across ecological subregions. Across subregions and climate scenarios the most prominent threats were legacy effects, primarily from habitat loss and degradation, that compromised the adaptive capacity of species and natural communities. The second most important threats were future threats from sea-level rise. Our results suggest that the substantial threats species and natural communities face from climate change and sea-level rise would be within their adaptive capacity were it not for historic habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation. | conservation science; ecosystems; climate change; community ecology; Florida; conservation biology; oysters; marshes | |
| Climate research priorities for policy-makers, practitioners, and scientists in Georgia, USA | Environmental Management | Rudd, Murray A.; Moore, Althea F.P.; Rochberg, Daniel; Bianchi-Fossati, Lisa; Brown, Marilyn A.; D'Onofrio, David; Furman, Carrie A.; Garcia, Jairo; Jordan, Ben; Kline, Jennifer; Risse, L.Mark; Yager, Patricia L.; Abbinett, Jessica; Alber, Merryl; Bell, Jesse E.; Bhedwar, Cyrus; Cobb, Kim M.; Cohen, Juliet; Cox, Matt; Dormer, Myriam; Dunkley, Nyasha; Farley, Heather; Gambill, Jill; Goldstein, Mindy; Harris, Garry; Hopkinson, Melissa; James, Jean-Ann; Kidd, Susan; Knox, Pam; Liu, Yang; Matisoff, Daniel C.; Meyer, Michael D.; Mitchem, Jamie D.; Moore, Katherine; Ono, Aspen J.; Philipsborn, Jon; Sendall, Kerrie M.; Shafiei, Fatemeh; Shepherd, Marshall; Teebken, Julia; Worley, Ashby N. | 2018 | 2018/06/13 | Climate change has far-reaching effects on human and ecological systems, requiring collaboration across sectors and
disciplines to determine effective responses. To inform regional responses to climate change, decision-makers need credible
and relevant information representing a wide swath of knowledge and perspectives. The southeastern U. S. State of Georgia
is a valuable focal area for study because it contains multiple ecological zones that vary greatly in land use and economic
activities, and it is vulnerable to diverse climate change impacts. We identi
fi
ed 40 important research questions that, if
answered, could lay the groundwork for effective, science-based climate action in Georgia. Top research priorities were
identi
fi
ed through a broad solicitation of candidate research questions (180 were received). A group of experts across sectors
and disciplines gathered for a workshop to categorize, prioritize, and
fi
lter the candidate questions, identify missing topics,
and rewrite questions. Participants then collectively chose the 40 most important questions. This cross-sectoral effort ensured
the inclusion of a diversity of topics and questions (e.g., coastal hazards, agricultural production, ecosystem functioning,
urban infrastructure, and human health) likely to be important to Georgia policy-makers, practitioners, and scientists. Several
cross-cutting themes emerged, including the need for long-term data collection and consideration of at-risk Georgia citizens
and communities. Workshop participants de
fi
ned effective responses as those that take economic cost, environmental
impacts, and social justice into consideration. Our research highlights the importance of collaborators across disciplines and
sectors, and discussing challenges and opportunities that will require transdisciplinary solutions. | adaptation; climate change; horizon scanning; mitigation; research priorities | |
| Ecology: The effect of conservation spending | Nature | Possingham, Hugh P.; Gerber, Leah R. | 2017 | 2018/06/01 | | | |
| Ocean zoning within a sparing versus sharing framework | Theoretical Ecology | McGowan, Jennifer; Bode, Michael; Holden, Matthew H.; Davis, Katrina; Krueck, Nils C.; Beger, Maria; Yates, Katherine L.; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2018 | 2018/06/01 | The land-sparing versus land-sharing debate centers around how different intensities of habitat use can be coordinated to satisfy competing demands for biodiversity persistence and food production in agricultural landscapes. We apply the broad concepts from this debate to the sea and propose it as a framework to inform marine zoning based on three possible management strategies, establishing: no-take marine reserves, regulated fishing zones, and unregulated open-access areas. We develop a general model that maximizes standing fish biomass, given a fixed management budget while maintaining a minimum harvest level. We find that when management budgets are small, sea-sparing is the optimal management strategy because for all parameters tested, reserves are more cost-effective at increasing standing biomass than traditional fisheries management. For larger budgets, the optimal strategy switches to sea-sharing because, at a certain point, further investing to grow the no-take marine reserves reduces catch below the minimum harvest constraint. Our intention is to illustrate how general rules of thumb derived from plausible, single-purpose models can help guide marine protected area policy under our novel sparing and sharing framework. This work is the beginning of a basic theory for optimal zoning allocations and should be considered complementary to the more specific spatial planning literature for marine reserve as nations expand their marine protected area estates. | sparing vs sharing; marine protected areas; fisheries management; marine zoning; open-access fisheries; marine policy | |
| Cartographie de la végétation du bas Ogooué (Chapter 6) | | Viennois, G.; Stevart, T.; Vande weghe, J.P.; Saatchi, S.; Schill, S.; Aldous, A.; Paiz, M.C.; Boupoya, A.; Barbier, N. | 2017 | 2019/05/09 | | | |
| Direct and indirect drivers of change in biodiversity and nature’s contributions to people (Chapter 4) | | Bustamante, M.; Helmer, E.H.; Schill, S.; Belnap, J.; Brown, L.K.; Brugnoli, E.; Compton, J.E.; Coupe, R.H.; Hernandez-Blanco, M.; Isbell, F.; Lockwood, J.; Lozoya Ascarate, J.P.; McGuire, R.; Rodrigues, R.R.;Sanchez-Azofeifa, G.A.; Soutullo, A.; Suarez, A.; Troutt, E.; Thompson, L. | 2018 | 2019/05/07 | | | |
| Reef Rover: A Low-Cost Small Autonomous Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) for Mapping and Monitoring Coral Reefs | drones | Raber, George T.; Schill, Steven R. | 2019 | 2019/05/07 | In the effort to design a more repeatable and consistent platform to collect data for Structure from Motion (SfM) monitoring of coral reefs and other benthic habitats, we explore the use of recent advances in open source Global Positioning System (GPS)-guided drone technology to design and test a low-cost and transportable small unmanned surface vehicle (sUSV). The vehicle operates using Ardupilot open source software and can be used by local scientists and marine managers to map and monitor marine environments in shallow areas ( | coral reef; small unmanned surface vehicle (sUSV); Rover; underwater; SfM; monitoring | |
| The extent and predictability of the biodiversity–carbon correlation | Ecology Letters | Di Marco, Moreno; Watson, James E.M.; Currie, David J.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Venter, Oscar | 2018 | 2018/05/31 | Protecting biomass carbon stocks to mitigate climate change has direct implications for biodiversity conservation. Yet, evidence that a positive association exists between carbon density and species richness is contrasting. Here, we test how this association varies (1) across spatial extents and (2) as a function of how strongly carbon and species richness depend on environmental variables. We found the correlation weakens when moving from larger extents, e.g. realms, to narrower extents, e.g. ecoregions. For ecoregions, a positive correlation emerges when both species richness and carbon density vary as functions of the same environmental variables (climate, soil, elevation). In 20% of tropical ecoregions, there are opportunities to pursue carbon conservation with direct biodiversity co‐benefits, while other ecoregions require careful planning for both species and carbon to avoid potentially perverse outcomes. The broad assumption of a linear relationship between carbon and biodiversity can lead to undesired outcomes. | | |
| Trade‐offs in triple‐bottom‐line outcomes when recovering fisheries | Fish and Fisheries | Brown, Christopher J.; Althor, Glenn; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Iftekhar, Md Sayed; Klein, Cariss J.; Linke, Simon; Pryde, Elizabeth C.; Schilizzi, Steven; Watson, James E.M.; Twohey, Becky; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2018 | 2018/05/31 | Almost all environmental management comes at an economic cost that may not be borne equitably by all stakeholders. Here, we investigate how heterogeneity in catch and profits among fishers influences the trade‐off among the triple‐bottom‐line objectives of recovering a fish population, maximizing its economic value and distributing restrictions equitably across fishers. As a case‐study, we examine management reform of an ecologically and economically important coral reef fishery operating within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Using a simulation model, we find that total profitability of the fishing industry is 40% lower if recovery plans are equitable when compared to the most economically efficient plan. However, efficient recovery plans were typically highly inequitable because they required some fishers to cease fishing. Equity was defined according to different norms, and the efficiency loss was greatest when catch losses were shared equally across fishers rather than in proportion to their historical catch. We then varied key social, economic and biological parameters to identify cases when equity and efficient recovery would trade‐off most strongly. Recovery plans could be both efficient and equitable when heterogeneity in fisher's catches and individual catch efficiencies was lower. If fishers were homogenous then equitable plans could have maximal economic efficiency. These results emphasize the importance of considering heterogeneity in individual fishers when designing recovery plans. Recovery plans that are inequitable may often fail to gain stakeholder support, so in fisheries with high heterogeneity we should temper our expectations for marked increases in profits. | economic efficiency; Plectropomus; recovery planning; triple-bottom-line | |
| Breaking the deadlock on ivory | Science | Biggs, Duan; Holden, Matthew H.; Braczkowski, Alex; Cook, Carly N.; Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Phelps, Jacob; Scholes, Robert J.; Smith, Robert J.; Underwood, Fiona M.; Adams, Vanessa M.; Allan, James; Brink, Henry; Cooney, Rosie; Gao, Yufang; Hutton, Jon; Macdonald-Madden, Eve; Maron, Martine; Redford, Kent H.; Sutherland, William J.; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2017 | 2018/05/31 | Poaching for ivory has caused a steep decline in African elephant (Loxodonta africana, see the photo) populations over the past decade (1). This crisis has fueled a contentious global debate over which ivory policy would best protect elephants: banning all ivory trade or enabling regulated trade to incentivize and fund elephant conservation (2). The deep-seated deadlock on ivory policy consumes valuable resources and creates an antagonistic environment among elephant conservationists. Successful solutions must begin by recognizing the different values that influence stakeholder cognitive frameworks of how actions lead to outcomes (“mental models”) (3), and therefore their diverging positions on ivory trade (4). Based on successful conflict resolution in other areas, we propose an iterative process through which countries with wild elephant populations may be able to understand their differences and develop workable solutions in a less confrontational manner. | | |
| Plastic waste associated with disease on coral reefs | Science | Lamb, Joleah B.; Willis, Bette L.; Fiorenza, Evan A.; Couch, Courtney S.; Howard, Robert; Rader, Douglas N.; True, James D.; Kelly, Lisa A.; Ahmad, Awaludinnoer; Jompa, Jamaluddin; Harvell, C. Drew | 2018 | 2018/05/30 | Plastic waste can promote microbial colonization by pathogens implicated in outbreaks of disease in the ocean. We assessed the influence of plastic waste on disease risk in 124,000 reef-building corals from 159 reefs in the Asia-Pacific region. The likelihood of disease increases from 4% to 89% when corals are in contact with plastic. Structurally complex corals are eight times more likely to be affected by plastic, suggesting that microhabitats for reef-associated organisms and valuable fisheries will be disproportionately affected. Plastic levels on coral reefs correspond to estimates of terrestrial mismanaged plastic waste entering the ocean. We estimate that 11.1 billion plastic items are entangled on coral reefs across the Asia-Pacific and project this number to increase 40% by 2025. Plastic waste management is critical for reducing diseases that threaten ecosystem health and human livelihoods. | | |
| The Future of Landscape Conservation | BioScience | Baldwin, Robert F.; Trombulak, Stephen C.; Leonard, Paul B.; Noss, Reed F.; Hilty, Jodi A.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Scarlett, Lynn; Anderson, Mark G. | 2018 | 2018/05/30 | | | |
| Incorporating Land Tenure Security into Conservation | Conservation Letters | Robinson, Brian E.; Masuda, Yuta J.; Kelly, Allison; Holland, Margaret B.; Bedford, Charles; Childress, Malcolm; Fletschner, Diana; Game, Edward T.; Ginsburg, Chloe; Hilhorst, Thea; Lawry, Steven; Miteva, Daniela A.; Musengezi, Jessica; Naughton-Treves, Lisa; Nolte, Christoph; Sunderlin, William D.; Veit, Peter | 2017 | 2018/05/30 | Insecure land tenure plagues many developing and tropical regions, often where conservation concerns are highest. Conservation organizations have long focused on protected areas as tenure interventions, but are now thinking more comprehensively about whether and how to incorporate other land tenure strategies into their work, and how to more soundly ground such interventions on evidence of both conservation and human benefits. Through a review of the literature on land tenure security as it relates to conservation practice, predominantly in the tropics, we aim to help conservation practitioners consider and incorporate more appropriate land tenure security interventions into conservation strategies. We present a framework that identifies three common ways in which land tenure security can impact human and conservation outcomes, and suggest practical ways to distill tenure and tenure security issues for a given location. We conclude with steps for considering tenure security issues in the context of conservation projects and identify areas for future research. | conservation and development; conservation projects; international organizations; land tenure security; property rights | |
| Using machine learning to advance synthesis and use of conservation and environmental evidence | Conservation Biology | Cheng, S.H.; Augustin, C.; Bethel, A.; Gill, D.; Anzaroot, S.; Brun, J.; DeWilde, B.; Minnich, R.C.; Garside, R.; Masuda, Y.J.; Miller, D.C.; Wilkie, D.; Wongbusarakum, S.; McKinnon, M.C. | 2018 | 2018/05/30 | Rapid growth in environmental research (Li & Zhao 2015) presents a potential wealth of information for conservation decision‐making. Evidence synthesis methods (e.g. systematic maps, reviews, meta‐analyses) (Pullin & Knight 2009) are critical for garnering actionable insight from published research, yet come with high resource demands (time and funding) that are prohibitive for meeting short policy windows (Elliott et al. 2014) and balancing trade‐offs between conservation planning and implementation. | | |
| Factoring economic costs into conservation planning may not improve agreement over priorities for protection | Nature Communications | Armsworth, Paul R.; Jackson, Heather B.; Cho, Seong-Hoon; Clark, Melissa; Farigone, Joseph E.; Iacona, Gwenllian D.; Kim, Taeyoung; Larson, Eric R.; Minney, Thomas; Sutton, Nathan A. | 2017 | 2018/05/30 | Conservation organizations must redouble efforts to protect habitat given continuing biodiversity declines. Prioritization of future areas for protection is hampered by disagreements over what the ecological targets of conservation should be. Here we test the claim that such disagreements will become less important as conservation moves away from prioritizing areas for protection based only on ecological considerations and accounts for varying costs of protection using return-on-investment (ROI) methods. We combine a simulation approach with a case study of forests in the eastern United States, paying particular attention to how covariation between ecological benefits and economic costs influences agreement levels. For many conservation goals, agreement over spatial priorities improves with ROI methods. However, we also show that a reliance on ROI-based prioritization can sometimes exacerbate disagreements over priorities. As such, accounting for costs in conservation planning does not enable society to sidestep careful consideration of the ecological goals of conservation. | biodiversity; conservation biology; environmental economics; forestry; sustainability | |
| Innovation diffusion within large environmental NGOs through informal network agents | Nature Sustainability | Masuda, Yuta J.; Liu, Yuqing; Reddy, Sheila M.W.; Frank, Kenneth A.; Burford, Kyle; Fisher, Jonathan R.B.; Montambault, Jensen | 2018 | 2018/05/30 | The Sustainable Development Goals present opportunities for environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) to address new challenges. Such innovation requires dynamism and adaptability that large ENGOs may lack, and flatter organizational structures common to large ENGOs may limit the efficacy of top-down diffusion of innovative ideas or approaches. Instead, diffusion may occur through informal networks. We conducted a network experiment to estimate the role of informal boundary spanners—individuals who cross internal organizational boundaries (for example, departmental or geographic) via their informal social networks—for diffusing innovations in a large ENGO. We find they are four times more likely to diffuse innovations than non-boundary spanners, although organizational positions (for example, formal organizational hierarchy) can moderate this behaviour. We also find evidence they play a role in changing attitudes in favour of the innovation. These findings highlight how informal boundary spanners can drive organization-wide diffusion of innovations in ENGOs to strengthen capacity to address pressing sustainability challenges. | interdisciplinary studies; psychology and behaviour; sustainability | |
| Raising the voices of Pacific Island women to inform climate adaptation policies | Marine Policy | Mcleod, Elizabeth; Arora-Jonsson, Seema; Masuda, Yuta J.; Bruton-Adams, Mae; Emaurois, Carol O.; Gorong, Berna; Hudlow, C.J.; James, Robyn; Kuhlken, Heather; Masike-Liri, Barbara; Musrasrik-Carl, Emeliana; Otzelberger, Agnes; Relang, Kathryn; Reyuw, Bertha M.; Sigrah, Betty; Stinnett, Christina; Tellei, Julita; Whitford, Laura | 2018 | 2018/05/30 | Policymakers and natural resource managers are increasingly recognizing the importance of broader geographic and gender participation in assessing climate vulnerability and developing effective adaptation policies. When such participation is limited, climate mitigation and adaptation polices may miss key opportunities to support vulnerable communities, and thus inadvertently reinforce the vulnerability of marginalized groups. This paper reports rich qualitative data from women leaders in conservation, development and climate adaptation projects to support local communities across seven Pacific Island nations. The results indicate the following priorities to support climate adaptation policies in the Pacific: (1) increased recognition for the importance of traditional knowledge; (2) greater support for local women's groups, including strategic planning and training to access climate finance mechanisms; and (3) climate policies that consider alternative metrics for women's empowerment and inclusion, formalize women's land rights, and provide land for climate refugees. Existing evidence is discussed which supports the importance of these priorities in the Pacific. Their input identifies research gaps in climate adaptation and provides important guidance for governments, non-governmental organizations, and development agencies leading climate adaptation efforts. | climate adaptation; gender; indigenous; traditional knowledge; Pacific Islands | |
| The cost of enforcing marine protected areas to achieve ecological targets | (preprint) | Brown, Christopher; Parker, Brett; Ahmadia, Gabby N.; Ardiwijaya, Rizya; Purwanto, P.; Game, Edward, T. | 2017 | 2018/05/29 | Protected areas are the primary management tool for conserving ecosystems, yet their intended outcomes may often be compromised by poaching. Poaching can be prevented through educating community members so they support protected areas and enforcement, but both activities can be costly. Consequently, many protected areas are ineffective 'paper parks' that contribute little towards conserving ecosystems. We develop a model of enforcement in a marine protected area and ask how much does it cost to enforce a marine protected area so that it has greater biomass of fished species than a 'paper park' or has fish biomasses that meet ecological targets. Using a case-study from one of the most biodiverse reef systems globally, Raja Ampat in Indonesia, we find that slight improvements in the biomass of fished species beyond 'paper park' status are relatively cheap, but achieving pristine fish biomass is far beyond the budget of most conservation agencies. We find that community engagement activities that reduce poaching rates can greatly reduce the cost of enforcement. Thus we provide dollar values that can be used to compare the value of community engagement with the cost enforcement. We conclude that the current policy of protected area enforcement is an ineffective way to manage protected areas. Budgets for park management should be optimised across spending on enforcement and alternative activities, like education to build community support. Optimized budgets will be much more likely to achieve ecological targets for recovering fish biomasses. | marine reserve; fisheries; poaching; conservation planning; coral reef | |
| Contrasting fish assemblages in free-flowing and impounded tributaries to the Upper Delaware River: Implications for conserving biodiversity | Advances in Environmental Research, Volume 45 (book chapter) | Baldigo, Barry P.; Delucia, Mari-Beth; Keller, Walter D.; Schuler, George E.; Apse, Colin D.; Moberg, Tara | 2015 | 2018/05/29 | The Neversink River and the Beaver Kill in southeastern New York are major tributaries to the Delaware River, the longest undammed river east of the Mississippi. While the Beaver Kill is free flowing for its entire length, the Neversink River is subdivided by the Neversink Reservoir, which likely affects the diversity of local fish assemblages and health of aquatic ecosystems. The reservoir is an important part of the New York City waster-supply system that provides drinking water to more than 9 million people. Fish population and community data from recent quantitative surveys at comparable sites in both basins were assessed to characterize the differences between free-flowing and impounded rivers and the extent of reservoir effects to improve our capacity to define ecosystems responses that two modified flow-release programs (implemented in 2007 and 2011) should produce in the Neversink River. In general, the continuum of changes in fish assemblages which normally occur between headwaters and mouth was relatively uninterrupted in the Beaver Kill, but disrupted by the mid-basin impoundment in the Neversink River. Fish assemblages were also adversely affected at several acidified sites in the upper Neversink River, but not at most sites assessed herein. The reservoir clearly excluded diadromous species from the upper sub-basin, but it also substantially reduced community richness, diversity, and biomass at several mid-basin sites immediately downstream from the impoundment. There results will aid future attempts to determine if fish assemblages respond to more natural, yet highly regulated, flow regimes in the Neversink River. More important, knowledge gained from this study can help optimize use of valuable water resources while promoting species of special concern, such as American eel (Anguilla rostrata) and conserving biodiversity in Catskill Mountain streams. | impoundment; Americal eel; Delaware; biodiversity; fish assemblages; flow regime | |
| Passive Restoration of Forest Structure and Composition in Bottomland Hardwood Forests in Texas | Natural Areas Journal | Farge, Kevin W. | 2018 | 2018/05/29 | Located southwest of Houston, Texas, the Columbia Bottomlands comprise a significant complex of the bottomland hardwood forest ecosystem. As the largest expanse of forest adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico in Texas, the Columbia Bottomlands are critical stopover and staging habitat for Nearctic—Neotropical migratory landbirds. They have been cleared to less than one-quarter of their historical extent of 283,000 ha. Restoration of bottomland forests has predominantly focused on planting just a few heavy-seeded, mast-producing species, such as oaks (Quercus spp.) and hickories (Carya spp.), but such active restorations often fail to meet management objectives of vertical structural complexity, unevenly aged trees, standing dead snags, and coarse woody debris, and do not adequately develop into quality habitat for birds and other wildlife. This study investigates the potential for passive restoration—colonization via natural dispersal—to restore previously cleared areas of bottomland floodplains. Vegetation surveys were conducted in passively restored second-growth forest of varying ages within the Columbia Bottomlands to quantify the structure and composition of vegetation regrowth, and compared to a nearby old-growth stand. At 18–20 y old, the Dance Bayou Site resembled a young forest with open areas of dense vines. At approximately 50–72 y old, the Sweeny Site had characteristics of a mature forest, with vertical structural complexity, unevenly aged trees, standing snags, coarse woody debris, and a greater richness of woody plant species than a nearby old-growth stand. The passively restored sites adequately recruited heavy-seeded species. Passive reforestation has great potential in the Columbia Bottomlands. | bottomland forest; heavy-seeded; passive restoration; reforestation; second-growth | |
| Sea Level Rise Impacts to Coastal Marshes may be Ameliorated by Natural Sedimentation Events | Wetlands | Baustian, Joseph J.; Mendelssohn, Irving A. | 2018 | 2018/05/29 | Coastal wetland sustainability in the future will likely depend on the extent to which increases in sea level drive flooding duration, plant submergence, and higher salinities, and how wetlands respond to these changes. Coastal wetlands will need to grow vertically to cope with rising seas, and sedimentation, often observed following hurricane passage, could play a role. A greenhouse mesocosm experiment was conducted to investigate if the impacts of sea level rise (SLR) and elevated salinity on the productivity and resilience of Spartina alterniflora marshes could be mediated by simulated hurricane sedimentation. Overall, sedimentation ameliorated the negative impacts of moderate SLR on plant productivity and resilience. Sedimentation improved growth conditions at current and moderate increases in sea level by reducing flooding duration, which in-turn, increased soil Eh, and lowered porewater sulfide. This led to greater productivity of vegetation above- and belowground and improved plant resilience. However, at the highest sea levels, inundation stress was too great for the benefits of added sediment to be realized. Thus, it is likely that the sustainability of coastal marshes will be improved by hurricane-generated sedimentation under moderate SLR scenarios, but will see no improvement with more extreme SLR. | sea level rise; marsh resilience; sedimentation; hurricanes; coastal marsh; Spartina alterniflora | |
| Testing a two-scale focused conservation strategy for reducing phosphorus and sediment loads from agricultural watersheds | Journal of Soil and Water Conservation | Carvin, R; Good, L.W.; Fitzpatrick, F.; Diehl, C.; Songer, K.; Meyer, K.J.; Panuska, J.C.; Richter, S.; Whalley, K. | 2018 | 2018/05/29 | This study tested a focused strategy for reducing phosphorus (P) and sediment loads in agricultural streams. The strategy involved selecting small watersheds identified as likely to respond relatively quickly, and then focusing conservation practices on high-contributing fields within those watersheds. Two 5,000 ha (12,360 ac) watersheds in the Driftless Area of south central Wisconsin, previously ranked in the top 6% of similarly sized Wisconsin watersheds for expected responsiveness to conservation efforts to reduce high P and sediment loads, were chosen for the study. The stream outlets from both watersheds were monitored from October of 2006 through September of 2016 for streamflow and concentrations of sediment, total P, and, beginning in October of 2009, total dissolved P. Fields and pastures having the highest potential P delivery to the streams in each watershed were identified using the Wisconsin P Index (Good et al. 2012). After three years of baseline monitoring (2006 to 2009), farmers implemented both field- and farm-based conservation practices in one watershed (treatment) as a means to reduce sediment and P inputs to the stream from the highest contributing areas, whereas there were no out-of-the-ordinary conservation efforts in the second watershed (control). Implementation occurred primarily in 2011 and 2012. In the four years following implementation of conservation practices (2013 through 2016), there was a statistically significant reduction in storm-event suspended sediment loads in the treatment watershed compared to the control watershed when the ground was not frozen (p = 0.047). While there was an apparent reduction in year-round suspended sediment event loads, it was not statistically significant at the 95% confidence level (p = 0.15). Total P loads were significantly reduced for runoff events (p < 0.01) with a median reduction of 50%. Total P and total dissolved P concentrations for low-flow conditions were also significantly reduced (p < 0.01) compared to the control watershed. This study demonstrated that a strategy that first identifies watersheds likely to respond to conservation efforts and then focuses implementation on relatively high-contributing fields within those watersheds can be successful in reducing stream P concentrations and loads. | agricultural runoff phosphorus; agricultural watersheds; conservation practices; field-scale phosphorus loss assessment; phosphorus concentration and loads; suspended sediment loads | |
| Knowledge diffusion within a large conservation organization and beyond | PLOS One | Fisher, Jonathan R.B.; Montambault, Jensen; Burford, Kyle P.; Gopalakrishna, Trisha; Masuda, Yuta J.; Reddy, Sheila M.W.; Torphy, Kaitlin; Salcedo, Andrea I. | 2018 | 2018/05/24 | The spread and uptake of new ideas (diffusion of innovations) is critical for organizations to adapt over time, but there is little evidence of how this happens within organizations and to their broader community. To address this, we analyzed how individuals accessed information about a recent science innovation at a large, international, biodiversity conservation non-profit–The Nature Conservancy–and then traced the flow of how this information was shared within the organization and externally, drawing on an exceptionally data-rich environment. We used surveys and tracking of individual internet activity to understand mechanisms for early-stage diffusion (knowledge seeking and sharing) following the integration of social science and evidence principles into the institutional planning framework: Conservation by Design (CbD 2.0). Communications sent to all employees effectively catalyzed 56.4% to exhibit knowledge seeking behavior, measured by individual downloads from and visits to a restricted-access site. Individuals who self-reported through a survey that they shared information about CbD 2.0 internally were more likely to have both received and sought out information about the framework. Such individuals tended to hold positions within a higher job grade, were more likely to train others on CbD as part of their job, and to enroll in other online professional development offerings. Communication strategies targeting external audiences did not appear to influence information seeking behavior. Staff who engaged in internal knowledge sharing and adopting “evidence” practices from CbD 2.0 were more likely to have shared the document externally. We found a negative correlation with external sharing behavior and in-person trainings. Our findings suggest repeated, direct email communications aimed at wide audiences can effectively promote diffusion of new ideas. We also found a wide range of employee characteristics and circumstances to be associated with knowledge diffusion behavior (at both an organizational and individual level). | conservation science; internet; surveys; human learning; jobs; social networks; conservation biology; employment | |
| Ecological Drought: Accounting for the Non-Human Impacts of Water Shortage in the Upper Missouri Headwaters Basin, Montana, USA | Resources | McEvoy, Jamie; Bathke, Deborah J.; Burkardt, Nina; Cravens, Amanda E.; Haigh, Tonya; Hall, Kimberly R.; Hayes, Michael J.; Jedd, Theresa; Poděbradská, Markéta; Wickham, Elliot | 2018 | 2018/05/22 | Water laws and drought plans are used to prioritize and allocate scarce water resources. Both have historically been human-centric, failing to account for non-human water needs. In this paper, we examine the development of instream flow legislation and the evolution of drought planning to highlight the growing concern for the non-human impacts of water scarcity. Utilizing a new framework for ecological drought, we analyzed five watershed-scale drought plans in southwestern Montana, USA to understand if, and how, the ecological impacts of drought are currently being assessed. We found that while these plans do account for some ecological impacts, it is primarily through the narrow lens of impacts to fish as measured by water temperature and streamflow. The latter is typically based on the same ecological principles used to determine instream flow requirements. We also found that other resource plans in the same watersheds (e.g., Watershed Restoration Plans, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Watershed Assessments or United States Forest Service (USFS) Forest Plans) identify a broader range of ecological drought risks. Given limited resources and the potential for mutual benefits and synergies, we suggest greater integration between various planning processes could result in a more holistic consideration of water needs and uses across the landscape. | ecological drought; drought planning; prior appropriation; instream flows; Upper Missouri Headwaters Basin; Montana; agriculture | |
Building translational ecology communities
of practice: insights from the field | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Lawson, Dawn M.; Hall, Kimberly R.; Yung, Laurie; Enquist, Carolyn A.F. | 2017 | 2018/05/22 | Translational ecology (TE) prioritizes the understanding of social systems and decision contexts in order to address complex natural resource management issues. Although many practitioners in applied fields employ translational tactics, the body of literature addressing such approaches is limited. We present several
case studies illustrating the principles of TE and the diversity of its applications. We anticipate that these examples will help others develop scientific products that decision makers can use “off the shelf” when solving critical ecological and social challenges. Our collective experience suggests that research of such immediate utility is rare. Long-term commitment to working directly with partners to develop and reach shared goals is central to successful translation. The examples discussed here highlight the benefits of
translational processes, including actionable scientific results, more informed policy making, increased investment in science- driven solutions, and inspiration for partnerships. We aim to facilitate future
TE- based projects and build momentum for growing this community of practice. | | |
| Foundations of translational ecology | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Enquist, Carolyn A.F.; Jackson, Stephen T.; Garfin, Gregg M.; Davis, Frank W.; Gerber, Leah R.; Littell, Jeremy A.; Tank, Jennifer L.; Terando, Adam J.; Wall, Tamara U.; Halpern, Benjamin; Hiers, J. Kevin; Morelli, Toni Lyn; McNie, Elizabeth; Stephenson, Nathan L.; Williamson, Matthew A.; Woodhouse, Connie A.; Yung, Laurie; Brunson, Mark W.; Hall, Kimberly R.; Hallett, Lauren M.; Lawson, Dawn M.; Moritz, Max A.; Nydick, Koren; Pairis, Amber; Ray, Andrea J.; Regan, Claudia; Safford, Hugh D.; Schwartz, Mark W.; Shaw, M. Rebecca | 2017 | 2018/05/15 | Ecologists who specialize in translational ecology (TE) seek to link ecological knowledge to decision making by integrating ecological science with the full complement of social dimensions that underlie today's complex environmental issues. TE is motivated by a search for outcomes that directly serve the needs of natural resource managers and decision makers. This objective distinguishes it from both basic and applied ecological research and, as a practice, it deliberately extends research beyond theory or opportunistic applications. TE is uniquely positioned to address complex issues through interdisciplinary team approaches and integrated scientist–practitioner partnerships. The creativity and context‐specific knowledge of resource managers, practitioners, and decision makers inform and enrich the scientific process and help shape use‐driven, actionable science. Moreover, addressing research questions that arise from on‐the‐ground management issues – as opposed to the top‐down or expert‐oriented perspectives of traditional science – can foster the high levels of trust and commitment that are critical for long‐term, sustained engagement between partners. | | |
| Capturing the true value of trees, cool roofs, and other urban heat island mitigation strategies for utilities | Energy Efficiency | Shickman, Kurt; Rogers, Martha | 2019 | 2019/04/25 | A growing body of research values the broad benefits of cooling down cities, such as improved energy efficiency, worker productivity, air quality, health, and equity, at hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars to a single city. However, widespread adoption of urban heat mitigation programs, such as urban greening and reflective surfaces, has been slower than their economic potential suggests it should be. One possible cause for this lag is a lack of robust engagement from important stakeholders like utilities that could fund and implement heat mitigation strategies. This paper highlights the benefits of urban heat mitigation and demonstrates how these benefits fit into private utility programs’ standard cost–benefit tests. This paper serves as an introduction on how to include the wide suite of benefits that urban heat mitigation programs provide in cost–benefit tests and concludes with program design guidance. | cool roofs; utilities; trees; vegetation; urban heat island | |
| Battling a Common Enemy: Joining Forces in the Fight against Sewage Pollution | BioScience | Wear, Stephanie L. | 2019 | 2019/04/24 | The health of both coral reefs and people are imperiled by a local threat that is widespread across the globe—sewage and the typical components it carries (e.g., nutrients, sediments, heavy metals, endocrine disruptors, pathogens, and pharmaceuticals). Despite this common threat, those concerned with human health and those concerned with coral reef health have rarely joined forces. To jump-start an alliance between coral conservation and human health sectors, this article documents the threats that humans and reefs face and identifies threat-abatement strategies that will benefit both people and reefs, highlighting the mitigation of water pollution as a prime example. By joining forces, marine conservationists and human health practitioners can increase the amount and efficiency of both intellectual and financial resources they bring to bear against sewage. | coral reefs; human health; sewage pollution; sanitation; water quality | |
| New insights into the variability of the tropical land carbon cycle from the El Nino of 2015/2016 | Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B | Malhi, Yadvinder; Rowland, Lucy; Aragao, Luiz E.O.C.; Fisher, Rosie A. | 2018 | 2019/04/24 | | ecology; environmental science | |
| Inter-comparison and assessment of gridded climate products over tropical forests during the 2015/2016 El Nino | Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B | Burton, C.; Rifai, S.; Malhi, Y. | 2018 | 2019/04/24 | To understand the impacts of extreme climate events, it is first necessary to understand the spatio-temporal characteristics of the event. Gridded climate products are frequently used to describe climate patterns but have been shown to perform poorly over data-sparse regions such as tropical forests. Often, they are uncritically employed in a wide range of studies linking tropical forest processes to large-scale climate variability. Here, we conduct an inter-comparison and assessment of near-surface air temperature fields supplied by four state-of-the-art reanalysis products, along with precipitation estimates supplied by four merged satellite-gauge rainfall products. Firstly, spatio-temporal patterns of temperature and precipitation anomalies during the 2015–2016 El Niño are shown for each product to characterize the impact of the El Niño on the tropical forest biomes of Equatorial Africa, Southeast Asia and South America. Using meteorological station data, a two-stage assessment is then conducted to determine which products most reliably model tropical climates during the 2015–2016 El Niño, and which perform best over the longer-term satellite observation period (1980–2016). Results suggest that eastern Amazonia, parts of the Congo Basin and mainland Southeast Asia all experienced significant monthly mean temperature anomalies during the El Niño, while northeastern Amazonia, eastern Borneo and southern New Guinea experienced significant precipitation deficits. Our results suggest ERA-Interim and MERRA2 are the most reliable air temperature datasets, while TRMM 3B42 V7 and CHIRPS v2.0 are the best-performing rainfall datasets.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications’. | reanalysis; validation; El Nino; southern oscillation; tropical forests | |
| ENSO Drives interannual variation of forest woody growth across the tropics | Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B | Rifai, Sami W.; Girardin, Cecile A.J.; Berenguer, Erika; del Aguila-Pasquel, Jhon; Dahlsjo, Cecilia A.L.; Doughty, Christopher E.; Jeffery, Kathryn J.; Moore, Sam; Oliveras, Imma; Riutta, Terhi; Rowland, Lucy M.; Araujo Murakami, Alejandro; Addo-Danso, Shalom D.; Brando, Paulo; Burton, Chad; Evouna Ondo, Fidele; Duah-Gyamfi, Akwasi; Farfan Amezquita, Filio; Freitag, Renata; Hancco Pacha, Fernando; Huaraca Huasco, Walter; Ibrahim, Forzia; Mbou, Armel T.; Mihindou Minhindou, Vianet; Peixoto, Karine S.; Rocha, Wanderley; Rossi, Liana C.; Seixas, Marina; Silva-Espejo, Javier E.; Abernethy, Katharine A.; Adu-Bredu, Stephen; Barlow, Jos; da Costa, Antonio C.L.; Marimon, Beatriz S.; Marimon-Junior, Ben H.; Meir, Patrick; Metcalfe, Daniel B.; Phillips, Oliver L.; White, Lee J.T.; Malhi, Yadvinder | 2018 | 2019/04/24 | Meteorological extreme events such as El Niño events are expected to affect tropical forest net primary production (NPP) and woody growth, but there has been no large-scale empirical validation of this expectation. We collected a large high–temporal resolution dataset (for 1–13 years depending upon location) of more than 172 000 stem growth measurements using dendrometer bands from across 14 regions spanning Amazonia, Africa and Borneo in order to test how much month-to-month variation in stand-level woody growth of adult tree stems (NPPstem) can be explained by seasonal variation and interannual meteorological anomalies. A key finding is that woody growth responds differently to meteorological variation between tropical forests with a dry season (where monthly rainfall is less than 100 mm), and aseasonal wet forests lacking a consistent dry season. In seasonal tropical forests, a high degree of variation in woody growth can be predicted from seasonal variation in temperature, vapour pressure deficit, in addition to anomalies of soil water deficit and shortwave radiation. The variation of aseasonal wet forest woody growth is best predicted by the anomalies of vapour pressure deficit, water deficit and shortwave radiation. In total, we predict the total live woody production of the global tropical forest biome to be 2.16 Pg C yr−1, with an interannual range 1.96–2.26 Pg C yr−1 between 1996–2016, and with the sharpest declines during the strong El Niño events of 1997/8 and 2015/6. There is high geographical variation in hotspots of El Niño–associated impacts, with weak impacts in Africa, and strongly negative impacts in parts of Southeast Asia and extensive regions across central and eastern Amazonia. Overall, there is high correlation (r = −0.75) between the annual anomaly of tropical forest woody growth and the annual mean of the El Niño 3.4 index, driven mainly by strong correlations with anomalies of soil water deficit, vapour pressure deficit and shortwave radiation.
This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications’. | El Nino; tropical forests; woody net primary production; drought; meteorological anomalies | |
| Are coastal habitats important nurseries? A meta‐analysis | Conservation Letters | Lefcheck, Jonathan S.; Hughes, Brent B.; Johnson, Andrew J.; Pfirrmann, Bruce W.; Rasher, Douglas B.; Smyth, Ashley R.; Williams, Bethany L.; Beck, Michael W.; Orth, Robert J. | 2019 | 2019/04/11 | Nearshore‐structured habitats—including underwater grasses, mangroves, coral, and other biogenic reefs, marshes, and complex abiotic substrates—have long been postulated to function as important nurseries for juvenile fishes and invertebrates. Here, we review the evolution of the “nursery habitat hypothesis” and use >11,000 comparisons from 160 peer‐reviewed studies to test whether and which structured habitats increase juvenile density, growth, and survival. In general, almost all structured habitats significantly enhanced juvenile density—and in some cases growth and survival—relative to unstructured habitats. Underwater grasses and mangroves also promoted juvenile density and growth beyond what was observed in other structured habitats. These conclusions were robust to variation among studies, although there were significant differences with latitude and among some phyla. Our results confirm the basic nursery function of certain structured habitats, which lends further support to their conservation, restoration, and management at a time when our coastal environments are becoming increasingly impacted. They also reveal a dearth of evidence from many other systems (e.g., kelp forests) and for responses other than density. Although recent studies have advocated for increasingly complex approaches to evaluating nurseries, we recommend a renewed emphasis on more straightforward assessments of juvenile growth, survival, reproduction, and recruitment. | coral reef; density; growth; juvenile; mangrove; marsh; seagrass; survival | |
| Single species conservation as an umbrella for management of landscape threats | PLOS ONE | Runge, Claire A.; Withey, John C.; Naugle, David E.; Fargione, Joseph E.; Helmstedt, Kate J.; Larsen, Ashley E.; Martinuzzi, Sebastian; Tack, Jason D. | 2019 | 2019/04/11 | Single species conservation unites disparate partners for the conservation of one species. However, there are widespread concerns that single species conservation biases conservation efforts towards charismatic species at the expense of others. Here we investigate the extent to which sage grouse (Centrocercus sp.) conservation, the largest public-private conservation effort for a single species in the US, provides protections for other species from localized and landscape-scale threats. We compared the coverage provided by sage grouse Priority Areas for Conservation (PACs) to 81 sagebrush-associated vertebrate species distributions with potential coverage under multi-species conservation prioritization generated using the decision support tool Zonation. PACs. We found that the current PAC prioritization approach was not statistically different from a diversity-based prioritization approach and covers 23.3% of the landscape, and 24.8%, on average, of the habitat of the 81 species. The proportion of each species distribution at risk was lower inside PACs as compared to the region as a whole, even without management (land use change 30% lower, cheatgrass invasion 19% lower). Whether or not bias away from threat represents the most efficient use of conservation effort is a matter of considerable debate, though may be pragmatic in this landscape where capacity to address these threats is limited. The approach outlined here can be used to evaluate biological equitability of protections provided by flagship species in other settings. | conservation science; grouse; land use; invasive species; ecosystems; endangered species; vertebrates; marine conservation | |
| Habitat restoration opportunities, climatic niche contraction, and conservation biogeography in California's San Joaquin Desert | PLOS ONE | Stewart, Joseph A.E.; Butterfield, H. Scott; Richmond, Jonathan Q.; Germano, David J.; Westphal, Michael F.; Tennant, Erin N.; Sinervo, Barry | 2019 | 2019/04/11 | A recent global trend toward retirement of farmland presents opportunities to reclaim habitat for threatened and endangered species. We examine habitat restoration opportunities in one of the world’s most converted landscapes, California’s San Joaquin Desert (SJD). Despite the presence of 35 threatened and endangered species, agricultural expansion continues to drive habitat loss in the SJD, even as marginal farmland is retired. Over the next decades a combination of factors, including salinization, climate change, and historical groundwater overdraft, are projected to lead to the retirement of more than 2,000 km2 of farmland in the SJD. To promote strategic habitat protection and restoration, we conducted a quantitative assessment of habitat loss and fragmentation, habitat suitability, climatic niche stability, climate change impacts, habitat protection, and reintroduction opportunities for an umbrella species of the SJD, the endangered blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila). We use our suitability models, in conjunction with modern and historical land use maps, to estimate the historical and modern rate of habitat loss to development. The estimated amount of habitat lost since the species became protected under endangered species law in 1967 is greater than the total amount of habitat currently protected through public ownership and conservation easement. We document climatic niche contraction and associated range contraction away from the more mesic margins of the species’ historical distribution, driven by the anthropogenic introduction of exotic grasses and forbs. The impact of exotic species on G. sila range dynamics appears to be still unfolding. Finally, we use NASA fallowed area maps to identify 610 km2 of fallowed or retired agricultural land with high potential to again serve as habitat. We discuss conservation strategies in light of the potential for habitat restoration and multiple drivers of ongoing and historical habitat loss. | endangered species; conservation science; habitats; land use; grasses; agriculture; climate change; ecological niches | |
| Globally important islands where eradicating invasive mammals will benefit highly threatened vertebrates | PLOS ONE | Holmes, Nick D.; Spatz, Dena R.; Oppel, Steffen; Tershy, Bernie; Croll, Donald A.; Keitt, Brad; Genovesi, Piero; Burfield, Ian J.; Will, David J.; Bond, Alexander L.; Wegmann, Alex; Aguirre-Munoz, Alfonso; Raine, Andre F.; Knapp, Charles R.; Hung, Chung-Hang; Wingate, David; Hagen, Erin; Mendez-Sanchez, Federico; Rocamora, Gerard; Yuan, Hsiao-Wei; Fric, Jakob; Millett, James; Russell, James; Liske-Clark, Jill; Vidal, Eric; Jourdan, Herve; Campbell, Karl; Springer, Keith; Sinnerton, Kirsty; Gibbons-Decherong, Lolita; Langrand, Olivier; Brooke, M.de L.; McMinn, Miguel; Bunbury, Nancy; Oliveira, Nuno; Sposimo, Paolo; Geraldes, Pedro; McClelland, Pete; Hodum, Peter; Ryan, Peter G.; Borroto-Paez, Rafael; Pierce, Ray; Griffiths, Richard; Fisher, Robert N.; Wanless, Ross; Pasachnik, Stesha A.; Cranwell, Steve; Micol, Thierry; Butchart, Stuart H.M. | 2019 | 2019/04/10 | Invasive alien species are a major threat to native insular species. Eradicating invasive mammals from islands is a feasible and proven approach to prevent biodiversity loss. We developed a conceptual framework to identify globally important islands for invasive mammal eradications to prevent imminent extinctions of highly threatened species using biogeographic and technical factors, plus a novel approach to consider socio-political feasibility. We applied this framework using a comprehensive dataset describing the distribution of 1,184 highly threatened native vertebrate species (i.e. those listed as Critically Endangered or Endangered on the IUCN Red List) and 184 non-native mammals on 1,279 islands worldwide. Based on extinction risk, irreplaceability, severity of impact from invasive species, and technical feasibility of eradication, we identified and ranked 292 of the most important islands where eradicating invasive mammals would benefit highly threatened vertebrates. When socio-political feasibility was considered, we identified 169 of these islands where eradication planning or operation could be initiated by 2020 or 2030 and would improve the survival prospects of 9.4% of the Earth’s most highly threatened terrestrial insular vertebrates (111 of 1,184 species). Of these, 107 islands were in 34 countries and territories and could have eradication projects initiated by 2020. Concentrating efforts to eradicate invasive mammals on these 107 islands would benefit 151 populations of 80 highly threatened vertebrates and make a major contribution towards achieving global conservation targets adopted by the world’s nations. | islands; invasive species; mammals; vertebrates; conservation science; biodiversity; species extinction; extinction risk | |
| Restoration priorities to achieve the global protected area target | Conservation Letters | Mappin, Bonnie; Chauvenet, Alienor L.M.; Adams, Vanessa M.; Di Marco, Moreno; Beyer, Hawthorne L.; Venter, Oscar; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Watson, James E.M. | 2019 | 2019/04/10 | With much of Earth's surface already heavily impacted by humans, there is a need to understand where restoration is required to achieve global conservation goals. Here, we show that at least 1.9 million km2 of land, spanning 190 (27%) terrestrial ecoregions and 114 countries, needs restoration to achieve the current 17% global protected area target (Aichi Target 11). Restoration targeted on lightly modified land could recover up to two‐thirds of the shortfall, which would have an opportunity cost impact on agriculture of at least $205 million per annum (average of $159/km2). However, 64 (9%) ecoregions, located predominately in Southeast Asia, will require the challenging task of restoring areas that are already heavily modified. These results highlight the need for global conservation strategies to recognize the current level of anthropogenic degradation across many ecoregions and balance bigger protected area targets with more specific restoration goals. | Aichi Target 11; conservation planning; ecoregions; ecosystem restoration; habitat conservation; human footprint; land conservation; representation | |
| Hotspots of human impact on threatened terrestrial vertebrates | PLOS Biology | Allan, James R.; Watson, James E.M.; Di Marco, Moreno; O'Bryan, Christopher J.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Atkinson, Scott C.; Venter, Oscar | 2019 | 2019/04/10 | Conserving threatened species requires identifying where across their range they are being impacted by threats, yet this remains unresolved across most of Earth. Here, we present a global analysis of cumulative human impacts on threatened species by using a spatial framework that jointly considers the co-occurrence of eight threatening processes and the distribution of 5,457 terrestrial vertebrates. We show that impacts to species are widespread, occurring across 84% of Earth’s surface, and identify hotspots of impacted species richness and coolspots of unimpacted species richness. Almost one-quarter of assessed species are impacted across >90% of their distribution, and approximately 7% are impacted across their entire range. These results foreshadow localised extirpations and potential extinctions without conservation action. The spatial framework developed here offers a tool for defining strategies to directly mitigate the threats driving species’ declines, providing essential information for future national and global conservation agendas. | mammals; species diversity; amphibians; vertebrates; birds; biodiversity; conservation science; roads | |
| A global agenda for collective action on soil carbon | Nature Sustainability | Vermeulen, Sonja; Bossio, Deborah; Lehmann, Johannes; Luu, Paul; Paustian, Keith; Webb, Christopher; Auge, Flore; Bacudo, Imelda; Baedeker, Tobias; Havemann, Tanja; Jones, Ceris; King, Richard; Reddy, Matthew; Sunga, Ishmael; Von Unger, Moritz; Warnken, Matthew | 2019 | 2019/03/01 | Policymakers and investors have perceived securing soil organic carbon as too difficult, with uncertain returns. But new technical, policy and financial opportunities offer hope for rapid progress. | agriculture; climate change; decision making; sustainability | |
| Global meta-analysis of the relationship between soil organic matter and crop yields | SOIL | Oldfield, Emily E.; Bradford, Mark A.; Wood, Stephen A. | 2019 | 2019/03/01 | Resilient, productive soils are necessary to sustainably intensify agriculture to increase yields while minimizing environmental harm. To conserve and regenerate productive soils, the need to maintain and build soil organic matter (SOM) has received considerable attention. Although SOM is considered key to soil health, its relationship with yield is contested because of local-scale differences in soils, climate, and farming systems. There is a need to quantify this relationship to set a general framework for how soil management could potentially contribute to the goals of sustainable intensification. We developed a quantitative model exploring how SOM relates to crop yield potential of maize and wheat in light of co-varying factors of management, soil type, and climate. We found that yields of these two crops are on average greater with higher concentrations of SOC (soil organic carbon). However, yield increases level off at ∼2 % SOC. Nevertheless, approximately two-thirds of the world's cultivated maize and wheat lands currently have SOC contents of less than 2 %. Using this regression relationship developed from published empirical data, we then estimated how an increase in SOC concentrations up to regionally specific targets could potentially help reduce reliance on nitrogen (N) fertilizer and help close global yield gaps. Potential N fertilizer reductions associated with increasing SOC amount to 7 % and 5 % of global N fertilizer inputs across maize and wheat fields, respectively. Potential yield increases of 10±11 % (mean ± SD) for maize and 23±37 % for wheat amount to 32 % of the projected yield gap for maize and 60 % of that for wheat. Our analysis provides a global-level prediction for relating SOC to crop yields. Further work employing similar approaches to regional and local data, coupled with experimental work to disentangle causative effects of SOC on yield and vice versa, is needed to provide practical prescriptions to incentivize soil management for sustainable intensification. | | |
| Saltmarsh Restoration Regional Technical Workgroup (RTW): Final Report | | Maher, Nicole | 2018 | 2019/02/04 | | salt marsh management; coastal resiliency; wetlands | |
| Nutritional functional trait diversity of crops in south‐eastern Senegal | Journal of Applied Ecology | Wood, Stephen A. | 2017 | 2018/12/07 | Ecological trait diversity metrics have been used to highlight the impacts of agriculture. Such metrics can also be used to include human nutrition—an important dimension of human well‐being—into assessments of agroecosystem function and services. Although crop yield is a common agroecosystem metric, it does not capture the multiple ways in which agriculture impacts people and the environment.
Given that nutrient composition of crops is a set of functional traits, I apply a suite of functional diversity metrics—functional divergence, richness, evenness and dispersion—to crop production data from south‐eastern Senegal. I also propose a new nutritional diversity metric—potential nutrient adequacy—to assess nutritional outcomes of different agricultural systems.
I demonstrate high variability in nutritional diversity and potential adequacy among households and administrative departments in south‐eastern Senegal. I show that most households produce nutritionally similar crops, rather than crops with high nutritional diversity. As a result, most households currently do not produce enough nutrients to meet minimal nutritional requirements.
Using a scenario approach, I show that intensifying yields of staple crops and diversifying production to include non‐staples can increase nutritional production and the potential to meet nutritional needs. I further show that a combination of intensification and diversification is needed to meet the need for a diverse group of nutrients.
Policy implications. I develop a new metric that indicates the potential for a food system to meet the nutritional requirements of a population. This tool will allow practitioners to assess the nutritional adequacy of a food system and to design food systems that optimize nutritional outcomes. Application of this metric to different production scenarios showed that combining yield intensification with crop diversification is important to meeting full nutritional targets for smallholder agriculture. There is a broader need for incorporating other social and socio‐ecological traits into trait‐based assessments of agroecosystems. | Africa; agriculture; agroecology; agroecosystems; crop diversity; food systems; functional diversity; functional traits; nutrition; Senegal | |
| Staged‐scale restoration: Refining adaptive management to improve restoration effectiveness | Journal of Applied Ecology | Bakker, Jonathan D.; Delvin, Eric G.; Dunwiddie, Peter W. | 2017 | 2018/12/07 | Adaptive management (AM) was proposed as a rigourous and structured approach to natural resource management that increases learning and reduces uncertainty. It has been adopted as a guiding principle by agencies world‐wide, yet its usefulness for guiding management continues to be debated. We propose a new strategy, which we term staged‐scale restoration (SSR), to implement AM in a restoration setting while enhancing the scientific rigour, ecological effectiveness and overall efficiency of restoration efforts compared to traditional applications of AM.
The SSR approach includes three aspects: (1) experimentally assessing alternative restoration techniques directly on‐site in replicated plots using operational‐scale equipment, (2) staging, or the successive establishment and evaluation of treated areas over time and (3) scaling, whereby the most successful techniques identified during earlier stages are applied to increasingly larger areas in later stages. A case study illustrates how SSR was used to improve prairie restoration in western Washington, USA.
Staged‐scale restoration provides several key advantages. It includes a robust experimental design and thus improves the scientific rigour of AM. It is conducted on‐site using operational‐scale equipment and thus increases the effectiveness of treatments while also providing a platform for refining existing treatments. SSR facilitates collaboration among researchers and managers. By promoting advanced planning and deferring much of the area to be treated to the latter years of a project, SSR reduces the risk of restoration failure. Finally, it is extremely flexible: it can be implemented at multiple sites or years, the number and types of treatments to be assessed can be customized and the pace of restoration can be varied.
Synthesis and applications. Staged‐scale restoration addresses many of the criticisms that have been directed at conventional adaptive management (AM) and provides a scientifically rigourous strategy to improve restoration while customizing treatments for individual sites. It explicitly enables restoration projects to be conducted within an adaptive management framework, and clearly and intentionally integrates ecological research into restoration efforts. We urge the restoration community to explore the utility of staged‐scale restoration in diverse socioeconomic circumstances and ecosystems. | adaptive management; adaptive restoration; collaboration; land management; randomization; replication; spatial scale; staged-scale restoration; staging | |
| Priority Threat Management for biodiversity conservation: A handbook | Journal of Applied Ecology | Carwardine, Josie; Martin, Tara G.; Firn, Jennifer; Ponce Reyes, Rocio; Nicol, Sam; Reeson, Andrew; Grantham, Hedley S.; Stratford, Danial; Kehoe, Laura; Chades, Iadine | 2018 | 2018/12/07 | Threats to biodiversity and the integrity of ecological systems are escalating globally, both within and outside of protected areas. Decision makers have inadequate resources to manage all threats and typically lack information on the likely outcomes and cost‐effectiveness of possible management strategies. Priority Threat Management (PTM) is an emerging approach designed to address this challenge, by defining and appraising cost‐effective strategies for mitigating threats to biodiversity across regions. The scientific and practical impacts of PTM are increasing, with a growing number of case study applications across the globe.
Here, we provide guidance and resource material for conducting the PTM process based on our experience delivering six large‐scale projects across Australia and Canada. Our handbook describes the four stages of PTM: scoping and planning; defining and collecting key elements; analysing the cost‐effectiveness of strategies; and communicating and integrating recommendations. We summarise critical tips, strengths, and limitations and scope for possible enhancements of the approach.
Priority Threat Management harnesses scientific and expert‐derived information to prioritise management strategies based on their benefit to biodiversity, management costs and feasibility. The approach involves collaboration with key experts and stakeholders in a region to improve knowledge sharing and conservation support. The PTM approach identifies sets of regional level strategies that together provide the greatest benefits for multiple species under a limited budget, which can be used to inform existing processes for decision‐making.
The PTM approach applies some generalisations in management strategies and resolution, in order to address complex challenges. Further developments of the approach include testing in a greater range of socioecological systems with adaptations that cater for multiobjective decisions.
Synthesis and applications. Priority Threat Management is a decision science approach that brings people together to define and prioritise strategies for managing threats to biodiversity across broad regions. It delivers a prospectus for investment in the biodiversity of a region that is transparent, repeatable, participatory, and based on the best available information. Our handbook provides the necessary guidance and resources for expanding the Priority Threat Management approach to new locations, contexts, and challenges. | biodiversity conservation; cost-effectiveness analysis; expert elicitation; extinction; Prioritising Threat Management; return on investment; structured decision-making; threatened species | |
| Emissions mitigation opportunities for savanna countries from early dry season fire management | Nature Communications | Lipsett-Moore, Geoffrey J.; Wolff, Nicholas H.; Game, Edward T. | 2018 | 2018/12/05 | Savanna fires produce significant emissions globally, but if managed effectively could provide an important mitigation opportunity, particularly in African least developed countries. Here we show global opportunities for emissions reductions through early dry season burning for 37 countries including: 29 countries in Africa (69.1 MtCO2-e yr−1), six countries in South America (13.3 MtCO2-e yr−1), and Australia and Papua New Guinea (6.9 MtCO2-e yr−1). Emissions reduction estimates are based on the successful approach developed in Australia to reduce emissions from savanna fires using global-scale, remotely sensed estimates of monthly emissions. Importantly, 20 least developed countries in Africa account for 74% of the mitigation potential (60.2 MtCO2-e yr−1). More than 1.02 million km2 of savanna dominated protected areas within these countries could be used as pilot sites to test and advance a regional approach to mitigation efforts for savanna fires in Africa. Potential versus actual abatement opportunities are discussed. | climate-change mitigation; fire ecology | |
| Cross-discipline evidence principles for sustainability policy | Nature Sustainability | Game, Edward T.; Tallis, Heather; Olander, Lydia; Alexander, Steven M.; Busch, Jonah; Cartwright, Nancy; Kalies, Elizabeth L.; Masuda, Yuta J.; Mupepele, Anne-Christine; Qiu, Jiangxiao; Rooney, Andrew; Sills, Erin; Sutherland, William J. | 2018 | 2018/12/05 | Evidence-based approaches to sustainability challenges must draw on knowledge from the environment, development and health communities. To be practicable, this requires an approach to evidence that is broader and less hierarchical than the standards often applied within disciplines. | environmental social sciences; environmental studies; science, technology and society; sustainability | |
| Natural climate solutions for the United States | American Association for the Advancement of Science | Fargione, Joseph E.; Bassett, Steven; Boucher, Timothy; Bridgham, Scott D.; Conant, Richard T.; Cook-Patton, Susan C.; Ellis, Peter W.; Falcucci, Alessandra; Fourqurean, James W.; Gopalakrishna, Trisha; Gu, Huan; Henderson, Benjamin; Hurteau, Matthew D.; Kroeger, Kevin D.; Kroeger, Timm; Lark, Tyler J.; Leavitt, Sara M.; Lomax, Guy; Schoch, David; Spawn, Seth A.; Veldman, Joseph W.; Williams, Christopher A.; Woodbury, Peter B.; Zganjar, Chris; Baranski, Marci; Elias, Patricia; Houghton, Richard A.; Landis, Emily; McGlynn, Emily; Schlesinger, William H.; Siikamaki, Juha V.; Sutton-Grier, Ariana E.; Griscom, Bronson W. | 2018 | 2018/12/04 | Limiting climate warming to | | |
| Using Turbidity Measurements to Estimate Total Phosphorus and Sediment Flux in a Great Lakes Coastal Wetland | Wetlands | Baustian, Joseph J.; Kowalski, Kurt P.; Czayka, Alex | 2018 | 2018/12/04 | Coastal wetlands around the Laurentian Great Lakes in North America have the potential to intercept surface water coming off of the landscape and reduce the amount of nutrients and sediment entering the lakes. However, extensive coastal wetland areas have been isolated behind dikes and thus have limited interaction with nutrient-rich waters that contribute to harmful algal blooms and other water-quality issues. In this study, we developed a method to use high-frequency measurements of discharge and turbidity to estimate sediment and total phosphorus retention in a hydrologically reconnected coastal wetland. We found sediment and total phosphorus retention to be episodic and highly related to fluctuations in water level. Low water levels in Lake Erie in late 2012 resulted in low retention in the wetland, but sediment and total phosphorus retention increased as water levels rose in the first half of 2013. Overall, the reconnected wetland was a sink for both total phosphorus and suspended sediment and locally reduced phosphorus loading rates to Lake Erie. Additional wetland reconnection projects have the potential to further reduce phosphorus and sediment loading rates, which could improve local water quality and ecosystem health. | wetland reconnection; phosphorus retention; sediment retention; Great Lakes restoration | |
| Applying a dryland degradation framework for rangelands: the case of Mongolia | Ecological Applications | Jamsranjav, C.; Reid, R.S.; Fernandez-Gimenez, M.E.; Tsevlee, A.; Yadamsuren, B.; Heiner, M. | 2018 | 2018/12/21 | Livestock‐caused rangeland degradation remains a major policy concern globally and the subject of widespread scientific study. This concern persists in part because it is difficult to isolate the effects of livestock from climate and other factors that influence ecosystem conditions. Further, degradation studies seldom use multiple plant and soil indicators linked to a clear definition of and ecologically grounded framework for degradation assessment that distinguishes different levels of degradation. Here, we integrate two globally applicable rangeland degradation frameworks and apply them to a broad‐scale empirical data set for the country of Mongolia. We compare our assessment results with two other recent national rangeland degradation assessments in Mongolia to gauge consistency of findings across assessments and evaluate the utility of our framework. We measured livestock‐use impacts across Mongolia's major ecological zones: mountain and forest steppe, eastern steppe, steppe, and desert steppe. At 143 sites in 36 counties, we measured livestock‐use and degradation indicators at increasing distances from livestock corrals in winter‐grazed pastures. At each site, we measured multiple indicators linked to our degradation framework, including plant cover, standing biomass, palatability, species richness, forage quality, vegetation gaps, and soil surface characteristics. Livestock use had no effect on soils, plant species richness, or standing crop biomass in any ecological zone, but subtly affected plant cover and palatable plant abundance. Livestock effects were strongest in the steppe zone, moderate in the desert steppe, and limited in the mountain/forest and eastern steppes. Our results aligned closely with those of two other recent country‐wide assessments, suggesting that our framework may have widespread application. All three assessments found that very severe and irreversible degradation is rare in Mongolia (1–18% of land area), with most rangelands slightly (33–53%) or moderately (25–40%) degraded. We conclude that very severe livestock‐induced rangeland degradation is overstated in Mongolia. However, targeted rangeland restoration coupled with monitoring, adaptive management and stronger rangeland governance are needed to prevent further degradation where heavy grazing could cause irreversible change. Given the broad applicability of our degradation framework for Mongolia, we suggest it be tested for application in other temperate grasslands throughout Central Asia and North America. | degradation framework; degradation indicators; livestock; livestock-use gradient; rangeland heterogeneity; resilience-based management | |
| Avian demographic responses to drought and fire: a community‐level perspective | Ecological Applications | Saracco, James F.; Fettig, Stephen M.; San Miguel, George L.; Mehlman, David W.; Thompson, Brent E.; Albert, Steven K. | 2018 | 2018/12/21 | Drought stress is an important consideration for wildlife in arid and semiarid regions under climate change. Drought can impact plant and animal populations directly, through effects on their physiology, as well as indirectly through effects on vegetation productivity and resource availability, and by creating conditions conducive to secondary disturbance, such as wildfire. We implemented a novel approach to understanding community‐level demographic responses of birds and their habitats to these stressors in the context of climate change at 14 study sites in the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States. A large wildfire affecting three of the sites provided a natural experiment for also examining fire effects on vegetation and the bird community. We assessed (1) trends in drought and end‐of‐century (2071–2100) predicted average drought conditions under mid‐range and high greenhouse gas concentration trajectory scenarios; (2) effects of drought and fire on habitat (vegetation greenness); and (3) effects of drought and fire on community‐level avian productivity and adult apparent survival rates. Drought has increased and is expected to increase further at our study sites under climate change. Under spring drought conditions, vegetation greenness and avian productivity declined, while summer drought appeared to negatively affect adult apparent survival rates. Response to fire was mixed; in the year of the fire, avian productivity declined, but was higher than normal for several years post‐fire. Our results highlight important links between environmental stressors and avian vital rates that will likely affect population trajectories in this region under climate change. We suggest that the use and continued development of community‐level demographic models will provide useful tool for leveraging sparse species‐level data to provide multi‐species inferences and inform conservation. | avian demography; capture-recapture; drought; fire; hierarchical model; MAPS program; mist-netting; productivity; survival; vital rates | |
| Metrics for comparing stand structure and dynamics between Ecological Reserves and managed forest of Maine, USA | Ecology | Kuehne, Christian; Puhlick, Joshua; Weiskittel, Aaron; Cutko, Andrew; Cameron, Donald; Sferra, Nancy; Schlawin, Justin | 2018 | 2018/12/21 | A data set of common forest metrics was prepared using inventory data from Ecological Reserves in Maine, northeastern USA. An Ecological Reserve is generally defined as an area where timber harvesting does not occur and natural disturbance events are allowed to proceed without significant human influence. Beginning in the early 2000s, permanent, long term monitoring plots were established in Reserves across Maine. To date, 50 Reserves occupying approximately 70,820 ha with a total of 1,103 monitoring plots comprise Maine's Ecological Reserve System. A goal of the Ecological Reserve Monitoring program is to remeasure plots every 10 years and about half of the plots have been remeasured since the initial inventory. Stand metrics were calculated for both monitoring rounds and include: live tree basal area, live tree density, large (diameter at breast height, dbh ≥40 cm) and very large (dbh ≥51 cm) live tree density, standing dead tree density, large (dbh ≥40 cm) and very large (dbh ≥51 cm) standing dead tree density, total and large (diameter at transect intersect ≥40 cm) downed coarse woody debris volume, as well as various stand dynamic metrics. For comparison, the same metrics were computed for managed forests in Maine using permanent plot data from the US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program. Information on Ecological Reserve monitoring plots includes Ecological Reserve name, forest‐type group, geographic location, elevation, slope, aspect, and harvest history. This data should prove invaluable for assessing and evaluating long‐term changes in Ecological Reserves across the broad ecological/climate zones that are present in Maine. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set other than citation of this Data Paper. These data are freely available for non‐commercial scientific use. | biological diversity; conservation; downed coarse woody debris; growth and yield; habitat protection; native forest ecosystem; natural community; New England; snag density; TRIAD; umanaged forest land | |
| Unintended habitat loss on private land from grazing restrictions on public rangelands | Journal of Applied Ecology | Runge, Claire A.; Plantinga, Andrew J.; Larsen, Ashley E.; Naugle, David E.; Helmstedt, Kate J.; Polasky, Stephen; Donnelly, J. Patrick; Smith, Joseph T.; Lark, Tyler J.; Lawler, Joshua J.; Martinuzzi, Sebastian; Fargione, Joe | 2018 | 2018/12/21 | Management of public lands, and who should have access to them, is often contentious. Most ranches in the western US rely upon seasonal grazing access to public lands, and conflict over biodiversity management has led to proposals to restrict grazing access on public lands. We evaluate whether grazing restrictions on public rangelands could have the unintended effect of increasing the conversion of private rangeland to cropland, causing habitat loss for sage‐grouse, a species of conservation concern.
Using a model parameterized with empirical observations of land use change and ranch versus cropland profitability, we explore how changes to public lands grazing policy could affect ranch profitability and consequently land use on private lands across the western US.
We predict that restricting grazing of public lands by 50% would result in the loss of an additional 171,400 ha of sage‐grouse habitat on private lands by 2050, on top of the 842,000 ha predicted to be lost under business as usual. Most of this conversion would affect sage‐grouse mesic habitat, 75% of which occurs on private land and is vital to the species during brood rearing. Under such policy changes, we estimate that an additional 105,700 ha (3.24%) of sage‐grouse mesic habitat held on private land in the study region would be directly lost by 2050, and the cumulative area affected by fragmentation would be much higher.
By considering the human and ecological links between public and private land, we show that attempts to improve habitat on public lands via grazing restrictions could result in greater system‐wide fragmentation of sage‐grouse habitat from unintended habitat loss on private lands.
Synthesis and applications. Policy interventions on public lands can affect private landholders. Landholders' responses can result in unintended consequences, both for habitat on private land and community support for conservation. Restricting grazing on US public lands is likely to increase habitat loss on private lands and reduce community support for sage grouse conservation. Policy that manages resources on public lands while also supporting sustainable, economically viable ranching operations on private lands is a promising approach to maximizing sage grouse habitat. | croplands; econometrics; grazing restrictions; land use; landholders; perverse outcomes; public lands; rangeland management | |
| Monitoring Water Levels and Discharges Using Radar Altimetry in an Ungauged River Basin: The Case of the Ogooué | Remote Sensing | Bogning, Sakaros; Frappart, Frederic; Blarel, Fabien; Nino, Fernando; Mahe, Gil; Bricquet, Jean-Pierre; Seyler, Frederique; Onguene, Raphael; Etame, Jacques; Paiz, Marie-Claire; Braun, Jean-Jacques | 2018 | 2018/12/21 | Radar altimetry is now commonly used for the monitoring of water levels in large river basins. In this study, an altimetry-based network of virtual stations was defined in the quasi ungauged Ogooué river basin, located in Gabon, Central Africa, using data from seven altimetry missions (Jason-2 and 3, ERS-2, ENVISAT, Cryosat-2, SARAL, Sentinel-3A) from 1995 to 2017. The performance of the five latter altimetry missions to retrieve water stages and discharges was assessed through comparisons against gauge station records. All missions exhibited a good agreement with gauge records, but the most recent missions showed an increase of data availability (only 6 virtual stations (VS) with ERS-2 compared to 16 VS for ENVISAT and SARAL) and accuracy (RMSE lower than 1.05, 0.48 and 0.33 and R² higher than 0.55, 0.83 and 0.91 for ERS-2, ENVISAT and SARAL respectively). The concept of VS is extended to the case of drifting orbits using the data from Cryosat-2 in several close locations. Good agreement was also found with the gauge station in Lambaréné (RMSE = 0.25 m and R2 = 0.96). Very good results were obtained using only one year and a half of Sentinel-3 data (RMSE < 0.41 m and R2 > 0.89). The combination of data from all the radar altimetry missions near Lamabréné resulted in a long-term (May 1995 to August 2017) and significantly improved water-level time series (R² = 0.96 and RMSE = 0.38 m). The increase in data sampling in the river basin leads to a better water level peak to peak characterization and hence to a more accurate annual discharge over the common observation period with only a 1.4 m3·s−1 difference (i.e., 0.03%) between the altimetry-based and the in situ mean annual discharge. | altimetry; water level; discharge | |
| The 2017 African Great Lakes Conference: Conservation and development in a changing climate | Journal of Great Lakes Research | Doran, Patrick J.; Medard, Modesta; Apse, Colin D. | 2018 | 2018/12/21 | In May 2017, the African Great Lakes community convened for a region-wide conference in Entebbe, Uganda. The African Great Lakes Conference (AGLC) focused on 6 regionally-important themes, and 300+ attendees presented over 100 talks and posters. The AGLC culminated in the adoption of a set of Conference Resolutions designed to direct the future of African Great Lakes conservation and management. As an Introduction to this Journal of Great Lakes Research special section on African Great Lakes, we report on the impetus for the African Great Lakes Conference as well as discuss three major advances and investments that were a direct result of conference resolutions adopted at the meeting. First, we present the AGLC Resolutions, a set of management issues and solutions developed at the conference. Second, we discuss the African Great Lakes Conference Fund, a conservation fund that has awarded $500,000 USD to launch four new initiatives. Finally, we describe African Great Lakes Inform, a knowledge management platform designed to promote collaboration in the region. The AGLC in general, and these three major conference outcomes specifically, provide a set of basic building blocks to advance partnerships, research and capacity in the African Great Lakes region. | African Great Lakes; Great Lakes; conservation; conference; climate change; information management | |
| Assessing Near Surface Hydrologic Processes and Plant Response over a 1600 m Mountain Valley Gradient in the Great Basin, NV, U.S.A. | Water | Devitt, Dale; Bird, Brian; Lyles, Brad; Fenstermaker, Lynn; Jasoni, Richard; Strachan, Scotty; Arnone III, Jay; Biondi, Franco; Mensing, Scott; Saito, Laurel | 2018 | 2018/12/21 | This study investigated near surface hydrologic processes and plant response over a 1600 m mountain-valley gradient located in the Great Basin of North America (Nevada, U.S.A.) as part of a long-term climate assessment study. The goal was to assess shifts in precipitation, soil water status and associated drainage with elevation and how this influenced evapotranspiration and plant cover/health estimated by a satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), all to better understand how water is partitioned in a mountain valley system. Data were acquired during a three-year period from meteorological stations located in five plant communities ranging in elevation from 1756 m (salt desert shrubland zone) to 3355 m (subalpine zone). The analysis also included groundwater depths measured at the Salt Desert Shrub West site, mine water flow near the Pinyon-Juniper West site and drainage estimates using drainage flux meters at the four higher elevation sites. Annual precipitation increased with elevation in a linear fashion (R2 = 0.93, p < 0.001) with an average increase of 2.9 cm for every 100 m in elevation. Reference evapotranspiration (ETref) declined in a highly linear fashion with elevation (R2 = 0.95, p < 0.001) with an average 4.0 cm decline for every 100 m rise in elevation. Drainage occurred only at the Montane West and Subalpine West sites and not at the lower elevations. No drainage occurred after Julian day 160. Growing degree days were found to be negatively associated with the time of peak drainage (R2 = 0.97, p < 0.001), the date drainage first occurred (R2 = 0.90, p < 0.001), drainage duration (R2 = 0.79, p < 0.001) and total drainage volume (R2 = 0.59, p < 0.001). It was estimated that 27% of precipitation at the Montane West site (years 1, 2 and 3) and 66 % at the Subalpine West site (40% without year 1) contributed to drainage at the local site level, indicating possible strong recharge contribution from the higher elevation plant communities. Percent vegetation cover and ETref accounted for 94% of the variation in NDVI and 90% of the variation in ET totals when data from all sites were combined. Such data will be extremely valuable to collect and compare over time to assess shifts associated with potential climate warming and/or basin water diversion. | drainage; groundwater; NDVI | |
| The Development of Near Real-Time Biomass and Cover Estimates for Adaptive Rangeland Management Using Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance Products | Remote Sensing | Jansen, Vincent S.; Kolden, Crystal A.; Schmalz, Heidi J. | 2018 | 2018/12/21 | Rangelands are critical working landscapes and are the focus of considerable conservation planning efforts globally. A key conservation challenge in these landscapes is that high interannual variability in both climatic conditions and land use greatly limits the utility of outdated or static vegetation maps for management decision-making. One potential solution to this problem lies in remote sensing-derived information; however, prospective users must have continuous and timely access to vegetation products tailored to their needs. Google Earth Engine (GEE) can overcome the many storage, processing, and visualization barriers associated with creating ready-to-use remote sensing products for the public. While GEE provides a platform for building tools to analyze data and share results with users in near real-time for adaptive management, monitoring products need to (1) provide accurate and stable estimates over time and (2) align with management goals and the ecology of the rangeland system in question. Here, we assess estimates of vegetation cover and above-ground biomass at two dominant phenological time periods (summer/green and fall/brown), as modeled from the Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 Climatic Data Record (CDR) product. Using a best-subset regression modeling approach, we modeled vegetation cover and biomass, finding that the best predictors vary by season, corresponding to vegetation phenology. We also found that sensor-specific models decreased the relative differences between mapped cover and biomass estimates when comparing Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 scenes one day apart in the summer and fall. Ultimately, we developed an automated model selection process driven by sensor and vegetation greenness that can run in GEE to monitor and analyze vegetation amounts across the grazing season for adaptive management. | grasslands; biomass; cover; nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV); NDVI; rangeland monitoring; Landsat; Google Earth Engine; phenology | |
| Financing Watershed Services in the Foothills of the Himalayas | Water | Kumar Rai, Rajesh; Shyamsundar, Priya; Nepal, Mani; Dutt Bhatta, Laxmi | 2018 | 2018/12/21 | Watershed management is critical for the sustainable supply of clean water to urban centers, particularly in areas of developing countries where large-scale infrastructure projects are costly to implement. In this paper, we discuss the potential for financing improvements in watershed services in the foothills of the Himalayas through Payments for Ecosystem Services. Through the use of a choice experiment to disentangle household preferences, we show that downstream water users are interested in improvements in water quality through source water protection. Households in Dharan municipality are willing to finance watershed management to the extent of USD 118,000 per year. These payments can be used to incentivize upstream households to decrease domestic livestock grazing, change agricultural practices and reduce open defecation to improve the drinking water quality and quantity in downstream areas. The estimated cost of these activities is less than $50,000 per year. Through discussions with local stakeholders, we propose a tri-partite institutional structure to facilitate transactions between downstream and upstream communities and to improve watershed services. | choice experiment; drinking water; payments for ecosystem services; watershed management; water quality | |
| Zero Deforestation Agreement Assessment at Farm Level in Colombia Using ALOS PALSAR | Remote Sensing | Pedraza, Carlos; Clerici, Nicola; Forero, Cristian Fabian; Melo, America; Navarrete, Diego; Lizcano, Diego; Zuluaga, Andres Felipe; Delgado, Juliana; Galindo, Gustavo | 2018 | 2018/12/20 | Due to the fast deforestation rates in the tropics, multiple international efforts have been launched to reduce deforestation and develop consistent methodologies to assess forest extension and change. Since 2010 Colombia implemented the Mainstream Sustainable Cattle Ranching project with the participation of small farmers in a payment for environmental services (PES) scheme where zero deforestation agreements are signed. To assess the fulfillment of such agreements at farm level, ALOS-1 and ALOS-2 PALSAR fine beam dual imagery for years 2010 and 2016 was processed with ad-hoc routines to estimate stable forest, deforestation, and stable nonforest extension for 2615 participant farms in five heterogeneous regions of Colombia. Landsat VNIR imagery was integrated in the processing chain to reduce classification uncertainties due to radar limitations. Farms associated with Meta Foothills regions showed zero deforestation during the period analyzed (2010–2016), while other regions showed low deforestation rates with the exception of the Cesar River Valley (75 ha). Results, suggests that topography and dry weather conditions have an effect on radar-based mapping accuracy, i.e., deforestation and forest classes showed lower user accuracy values on mountainous and dry regions revealing overestimations in these environments. Nevertheless, overall ALOS Phased Array L-band SAR (PALSAR) data provided overall accurate, relevant, and consistent information for forest change analysis for local zero deforestation agreements assessment. Improvements to preprocessing routines and integration of high dense radar time series should be further investigated to reduce classification errors from complex topography conditions. | carbon cycle; deforestation; Colombia; sustainable cattle ranching; Synthetic Aperture Radar; ALOS PALSAR | |
| Assessing Pasture Degradation in the Brazilian Cerrado Based on the Analysis of MODIS NDVI | Remote Sensing | Ribeiro Pereira, Osvaldo Jose; Ferreira, Laerte G.; Pinto, Flavia; Baumgarten, Leandro | 2018 | 2018/12/20 | Around 55% of all Brazilian cattle production is located in the Cerrado biome, which also contains the largest pasture area in Brazil. Previous studies indicated that about 60% of these pastures were degraded by 2010. However, up-to-date and more precise estimates are necessary to access the extent and degree of degradation of the Cerrado pastures, since these areas constitute strategic land reserves for both livestock intensification and soybean expansion. Therefore, in this study, we estimated the area of degraded pastures in the Cerrado by analyzing the trends of cumulative NDVI anomalies over time used as a proxy for pasture degradation. The generated slope surface was segmented into two classes, comprising non-degraded and degraded pastures, which were correlated with socio-economic and biophysical variables. According to our study, around 46% of the Cerrado pastures are currently degraded, encompassing 37 million hectares, mostly in areas with a cattle carrying capacity below 1.0 AU ha−1. These areas, distributed in the northwest Cerrado, mostly within the Brazilian states of Maranhão, Piauí, and Bahia (i.e., Matopiba region), tend to be associated with decreasing rainfall patterns and low investments in soil conservation practices. The degraded areas also tend to be concentrated in municipalities with low human development indices (HDI). | Google Earth Engine; time-series; cumulative anomalies; cattle ranching | |
| Investing in Natural and Nature-Based Infrastructure: Building Better Along Our Coasts | Sustainability | Sutton-Grier, Ariana E.; Gittman, Rachel K.; Arkema, Katie K.; Bennett, Richard O.; Benoit, Jeff; Blitch, Seth; Burks-Copes, Kelly A.; Colden, Allison; Dausman, Alyssa; DeAngelis, Bryan M.; Hughes, A. Randall; Scyphers, Steven B.; Grabowski | 2018 | 2018/12/18 | Much of the United States’ critical infrastructure is either aging or requires significant repair, leaving U.S. communities and the economy vulnerable. Outdated and dilapidated infrastructure places coastal communities, in particular, at risk from the increasingly frequent and intense coastal storm events and rising sea levels. Therefore, investments in coastal infrastructure are urgently needed to ensure community safety and prosperity; however, these investments should not jeopardize the ecosystems and natural resources that underlie economic wealth and human well-being. Over the past 50 years, efforts have been made to integrate built infrastructure with natural landscape features, often termed “green” infrastructure, in order to sustain and restore valuable ecosystem functions and services. For example, significant advances have been made in implementing green infrastructure approaches for stormwater management, wastewater treatment, and drinking water conservation and delivery. However, the implementation of natural and nature-based infrastructure (NNBI) aimed at flood prevention and coastal erosion protection is lagging. There is an opportunity now, as the U.S. government reacts to the recent, unprecedented flooding and hurricane damage and considers greater infrastructure investments, to incorporate NNBI into coastal infrastructure projects. Doing so will increase resilience and provide critical services to local communities in a cost-effective manner and thereby help to sustain a growing economy. | coastal resilience; restoration; sustainability; infrastructure; ecosystem services | |
| ʻĀina Momona, Honua Au Loli—Productive Lands, Changing World: Using the Hawaiian Footprint to Inform Biocultural Restoration and Future Sustainability in Hawai‘i | Sustainability | Gon III, Samuel M.; Tom, Stephanie L.; Woodside, Ulalia | 2018 | 2018/12/18 | Pre-Western-contact Hawai‘i stands as a quintessential example of a large human population that practiced intensive agriculture, yet minimally affected native habitats that comprised the foundation of its vitality. An explicit geospatial footprint of human-transformed areas across the pre-contact Hawaiian archipelago comprised less than 15% of total land area, yet provided 100% of human needs, supporting a thriving Polynesian society. A post-contact history of disruption of traditional land use and its supplanting by Western land tenure and agriculture culminated in a landscape less than 250 years later in which over 50% of native habitats have been lost, while self-sufficiency has plummeted to 15% or less. Recapturing the ‘āina momona (productive lands) of ancient times through biocultural restoration can be accomplished through study of pre-contact agriculture, assessment of biological and ecological changes on Hawaiian social-ecological systems, and conscious planned efforts to increase self-sufficiency and reduce importation. Impediments include the current tourism-based economy, competition from habitat-modifying introduced species, a suite of agricultural pests severely limiting traditional agriculture, and climate changes rendering some pre-contact agricultural centers suboptimal. Modified methods will be required to counteract these limitations, enhance biosecurity, and diversify agriculture, without further degrading native habitats, and recapture a reciprocal Hawaiian human-nature relationship. | human land use footprint; traditional ecological knowledge; biocultural restoration; social-ecological system; Hawaiian Islands; biocapacity; sustainability | |
| Cultural Eutrophication Is Reflected in the Stable Isotopic Composition of the Eastern Mudsnail, Nassarius obsoletus | Journal of Environmental Quality | Burke Watson, Elizabeth; Szura, Katelyn; Powell, Elisabeth; Maher, Nicole; Wigand, Cathleen | 2017 | 2018/12/18 | In aquatic ecosystems, biological indicators are used in concert with nutrient concentration data to identify habitat impairments related to cultural eutrophication. This approach has been less commonly implemented in coastal areas due to the dominance of physical conditions in structuring biological assemblage data. Here, we describe the use of the stable isotopic composition of Nassarius obsoletus (Say), the eastern mudsnail, as an indicator of cultural eutrophication for 40 locations in coastal estuaries in New York. We found 15N enrichment in mudsnail tissue where watersheds had high population densities, land use patterns were more urbanized, and when sampling sites were adjacent to wastewater treatment plant discharges. Stable carbon isotopes were responsive to salinity and watershed forest cover, with more saline sites reflecting a predominantly C4 or algal carbon isotopic signature and more forested sites a lighter isotopic signature reflecting greater inputs of C3 terrestrial detrital carbon. Mudsnail nitrogen isotopic composition had a high level of separation between more affected and pristine watersheds (from 6.6 to 14.1‰), highlighting its utility as an indicator. We thus propose that stable isotope values of estuarine biota, such as the eastern mudsnail, can be used in concert with water quality data to identify areas where improvements in water quality are needed and can also be used to identify sources of detrital carbon to estuarine environments. | | |
| Crop advisers as conservation intermediaries: Perceptions and policy implications for relying on nontraditional partners to increase U.S. farmers’ adoption of soil and water conservation practices | Land Use Policy | Eanes, Francis R.; Singh, Ajay S.; Bulla, Brian R.; Ranjan, Pranay; Fales, Mary; Wickerham, Benjamin; Doran, Patrick J.; Prokopy, Linda S. | 2018 | 2018/12/17 | Federal agricultural land use policies in the United States aimed at protecting soil health and water quality typically rely on persuading individual farmers to voluntarily adopt conservation practices. An expanding body of literature suggests that private sector intermediaries, such as crop advisers, are increasingly trusted sources of information for farmers about conservation practices and thus may be persuasive actors in the conservation-adoption realm. While previous studies have explored farmers’ perceptions of crop advisers facilitating conservation practice adoption and participating in conservation programs in agricultural landscapes, little research to date has explored crop advisers’ perceptions of this role, and few agricultural land use policies have explicitly included crop advisers as conservation partners. This study fills a critical void in the literature by evaluating the Saginaw Bay Regional Conservation Partnership Program, an innovative agricultural policy that relies on crop advisers to recruit farmers into the program and assist them with the adoption of conservation practices. Through a survey and interviews with crop advisers in the Saginaw Bay watershed in Michigan, USA, we explore crop advisers’ perceptions of their role in the program and of delivering conservation information to farmers. We found that crop advisers have positive attitudes towards land/water resources and conservation practices, believe they have an important intermediary role to play in facilitating conservation practice adoption, and believe their supervisors are supportive of them promoting conservation. However, difficulties in collaboration and communication between the private and governmental sectors – resulting from perceived differences, operational differences, and territoriality – present a key barrier to crop advisers increasing their intermediary role in the promotion and implementation of federal conservation programs. Future research and policy initiatives should explore how to address public-private territoriality and whether crop advisers should be incentivized to deliver information about conservation practices and/or assist in enrolling farmers in federal conservation programs. | U.S. agricultural policy; land/water conservation practice adoption; agriculture; intermediaries; diffusion of innovation; mixed methods | |
| Indicators of nutrient pollution in Long Island, New York, estuarine environments | Marine Environmental Research | Burke Watson, Elizabeth; Powell, Elisabeth; Maher, Nicole P.; Oczkowski, Autumn J.; Paudel, Bhanu; Starke, Adam; Szura, Katelyn; Wigand, Cathleen | 2018 | 2018/12/17 | Roughly eight million people live on Long Island, including Brooklyn and Queens, and despite improvements in wastewater treatment, nearly all its coastal waterbodies are impaired by excessive nitrogen. We used nutrient stoichiometry and stable isotope ratios in estuarine biota and soils to identify water pollution hot spots and compare among potential indicators. We found strong gradients in δ15N values, which were correlated with watershed land cover, population density, and wastewater discharges. Weaker correlations were found for δ13C values and nutrient stoichiometric ratios. Structural equation modeling identified contrasts between western Long Island, where δ15N values depended on watershed population density, and eastern Long Island where δ15N values reflected agriculture and sewage discharges. These results illustrate the use of stable isotopes as water quality indicators, and establish a baseline against which the efficacy of strategies to reduce nutrients can be measured. | eutrophication; stable isotope; denitrification; pollution monitoring; water treatment | |
| Biocultural Restoration of Traditional Agriculture: Cultural, Environmental, and Economic Outcomes of Lo‘i Kalo Restoration in He‘eia, O‘ahu | Sustainability | Bremer, Leah L.; Falinski, Kim; Ching, Casey; Wada, Christopher A.; Burnett, Kimberly M.; Kukea-Shultz, Kanekoa; Reppun, Nicholas; Chun, Gregory; Oleson, Kirsten L.L.; Ticktin, Tamara | 2018 | 2018/12/14 | There are growing efforts around the world to restore biocultural systems that produce food while also providing additional cultural and ecological benefits. Yet, there are few examples of integrated assessments of these efforts, impeding understanding of how they can contribute to multi-level sustainability goals. In this study, we collaborated with a community-based non-profit in He‘eia, O‘ahu to evaluate future scenarios of traditional wetland and flooded field system agriculture (lo‘i kalo; taro fields) restoration in terms of locally-relevant cultural, ecological, and economic outcomes as well as broader State of Hawai‘i sustainability goals around food, energy, and water. Families participating in the biocultural restoration program described a suite of community and cultural benefits stemming from the process of restoration, including enhanced social connections, cultural (re)connections to place, and physical and mental well-being, which inspired their sustained participation. We also found benefits in terms of local food production that have the potential to provide economic returns and energy savings over time, particularly when carried out through a hybrid non-profit and family management model. These benefits were coupled with potential changes in sediment and nutrient retention with implications for water quality and the health of an important downstream fish pond (loko i‘a) and coral reef social-ecological system. Compared with the current land cover (primarily invasive grasses), results suggest that full restoration of lo‘i kalo would decrease sediment export by ~38%, but triple nitrogen export due to organic fertilizer additions. However, compared with an urban scenario, there were clear benefits of agricultural restoration in terms of reduced nitrogen and sediment runoff. In combination, our results demonstrate that a biocultural approach can support the social and financial sustainability of agricultural systems that provide multiple benefits valued by the local community and non-profit while also contributing to statewide sustainability goals. | biocultural restoration; food energy water; ecosystem services; cultural services; sustainable agriculture; Hawai'i; taro; wetland agriculture; flooded field systems; lo'i kalo; sediment; nutrients | |
| Returns on investment in watershed conservation: Application of a best practices analytical framework to the Rio Camboriú Water Producer program, Santa Catarina, Brazil | Science of The Total Environment | Kroeger, Timm; Klemz, Claudio; Boucher, Timothy; Fisher, Jonathan R.B.; Acosta, Eileen; Targa Cavassani, Andre; Dennedy-Frank, P. James; Garbossa, Luis; Blainski, Everton; Comparim Santos, Rafaela; Giberti, Silvana; Petry, Paulo; Shemie, Daniel; Dacol, Kelli | 2018 | 2018/12/14 | Watershed management may have widespread potential to cost-effectively deliver hydrologic services. Mobilizing the needed investments requires credible assessments of how watershed conservation compares to conventional solutions on cost and effectiveness, utilizing an integrated analytical framework that links the bio-, litho-, hydro- and economic spheres and uses counterfactuals.
We apply such a framework to a payment for watershed services (PWS) program in Camboriú, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Using 1 m resolution satellite imagery, we assess recent land use and land cover (LULC) change and apply the Land Change Modeler tool to predict future LULC without the PWS program. We use current and predicted counterfactual LULC, site costs and a Soil and Water Assessment Tool model calibrated to the watershed to both target watershed interventions for sediment reduction and predict program impact on total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations at the municipal water intake—the principal program objective. Using local water treatment and PWS program costs, we estimate the return on investment (ROI; benefit/costs) of the program.
Program ROI exceeds 1 for the municipal water utility in year 44, well within common drinking water infrastructure planning horizons. Because some program costs are borne by third parties, over that same period, for overall (social) program ROI to exceed 1 requires delivery of very modest flood and supply risk reduction and biodiversity co-benefits, making co-benefits crucial for social program justification. Transaction costs account for half of total program costs, a result of large investments in efficient targeting and program sustainability. Co-benefits justify increased cost sharing with other beneficiaries, which would increase ROI for the utility, demonstrating the sensitivity of the business case for watershed conservation to its broader social-economic case and the ability to forge institutional arrangements to internalize third-party benefits. | integrated assessment model; watershed management; payments for watershed services; counterfactual; land use change modeling; transaction costs | |
| Spread and impact of introduced conifers in South America: Lessons from other southern hemisphere regions | Austral Ecology | Simberloff, Daniel; Nunez, Martin A.; Ledgard, Nicholas J.; Pauchard, Anibal; Richardson, David M.; Sarasola, Mauro; Van Wilgen, Brian W.; Zalba, Sergio M.; Zenni, Rafael D.; Bustamante, Ramiro; Pena, Eduardo; Ziller, Silvia R. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spread of Phalaris arundinacea adversely impacts the endangered plant Howellia aquatilis | Great Basin Naturalist | Lesica, P | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | Invasive exotic species are considered one of the primary threats to native communities (Mooney and Drake 1986) and are a major concern to natural areas managers (Bratton 1982, Harty 1986). Exotics often displace native dominants, sometimes altering ... | | |
| Springsnails: A New Conservation Focus in Western North America | BioScience | Hershler, Robert; Liu, Hsiu-Ping; Howard, Jeanette | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Squaretail coralgrouper Plectropomus areolatus reproduction in Pohnpei, Micronesia, using age-based techniques | Journal of Fish Biology | Rhodes K.L., B.M. Taylor, C.B. Wichilmel, E. Joseph, R.J. Hamilton, G. Almany | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Standardising English names for Australian bird subspecies as a conservation tool | Bird Conservation International | Glenn Ehmke, James A. Fitzsimons, and Stephen T. Garnett | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Over the last 25 years subspecies have become an important unit of bird conservation in Australia. Some have evocative common English names which have allowed the subspecies to be vested with meaning among conservation advocates, evoking feelings of concern, loyalty and affection. This suggests that providing subspecies with stable English names can allow development of a ÔbrandÕ among those in need of conservation action. Also, since scientific names often change with knowledge of taxonomic relationships among birds, a stable list of standardised English names for all species and subspecies can minimise confusion and ambiguity among the public and in legislation. Here we present the arguments for creating a standardised list of English names for Australian bird subspecies and set out principles for formulating subspecies names, along with a list of the names themselves, with the aim of building the general publicÕs attachment to subspecies, increasing interest in their conservation and as subjects of research. | | |
| Standardized catch and survival rates, and effect of a ban on shark retention, Palau pelagic longline fishery | AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS | Gilman, Eric; Chaloupka, Milani; Merrifield, Matt; Malsol, Nanette D.; Cook, Chuck | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| State and trends of the world deserts | Global Deserts Outlook | Navone, S., E. Abraham, M. Bargiela, D. Dent, C. Espoz-Alsina, A. Maggi, E. Montana, S. Morrison, G. Pastor, H. Rosatto, M. Salom„n, D. Soria, L. Torres, F. Roig-Ju_ent, C. Movia, W. Massad | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| State-and-Transition Models: Conceptual Versus Simulation Perspectives, Usefulness and Breadth of Use, and Land Management Applications | EXOTIC BROME-GRASSES IN ARID AND SEMIARID ECOSYSTEMS OF THE WESTERN US: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS | Provencher, Louis; Frid, Leonardo; Czembor, Christina; Morisette, Jeffrey T. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| State-and-transition simulation modeling to compare outcomes of alternative management scenarios under two natural disturbance regimes in a forested landscape in northeastern Wisconsin, USA | AIMS Environmental Science | Amanda Swearingen, Jessica Price, Janet Silbernagel, Randy Swaty, Nicholas Miller | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Comparisons of the potential outcomes of multiple land management strategies and an understanding of the influence of potential increases in climate-related disturbances on these outcomes are essential for long term land management and conservation planning. To provide these insights, we developed an approach that uses collaborative scenario development and state-and-transition simulation modeling to provide land managers and conservation practitioners with a comparison of potential landscapes resulting from alternative management scenarios and climate conditions, and we have applied this approach in the Wild Rivers Legacy Forest (WRLF) area in northeastern Wisconsin. Three management scenarios were developed with input from local land managers, scientists, and conservation practitioners: 1) continuation of current management, 2) expanded working forest conservation easements, and 3) cooperative ecological forestry. Scenarios were modeled under current climate with contemporary probabilities of natural disturbance and under increased probability of windthrow and wildfire that may result from climate change in this region. All scenarios were modeled for 100 years using the VDDT/TELSA modeling suite. Results showed that landscape composition and configuration were relatively similar among scenarios, and that management had a stronger effect than increased probability of windthrow and wildfire. These findings suggest that the scale of the landscape analysis used here and the lack of differences in predominant management strategies between ownerships in this region play significant roles in scenario outcomes. The approach used here does not rely on complex mechanistic modeling of uncertain dynamics and can therefore be used as starting point for planning and further analysis. | | |
| State-level variation in conservation investment by a major nongovernmental organization | Conservation Letters | Fishburn, I. S., P. Kareiva, K. J. Gaston, K. L. Evans, and P. R. Armsworth | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Status and conservation of an imperiled tiger beetle fauna in New York State, USA | Journal of Insect Conservation | Schlesinger, M.D., and P.G. Novak | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Status and distribution of the endangered benton cave crayfish, Cambarus aculabrum (Decapoda : Cambaridae) | Southwestern Naturalist | Graening, G. O.; Slay, Michael E.; Brown, Arthur V.; Koppelman, Jeffrey B. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | We present the first summary of the status and distribution of the Benton cave crayfish (Cambarus aculabrum). The range of this endangered crayfish is limited to 4 sites globally (3 in Benton County and 1 in Washington County, Arkansas). The iden | | |
| Status and ecology of a rare gomphid dragonfly at the northern extent of its range | Notes of the Northeastern Naturalist | Corser, J | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Status of bottomland forests in the Albemarle Sound of North Carolina and Virginia, 1984-2012 | | Lorber, Jean H.; Rose, Anita K. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | bottomland hardwoods, FIA, forest inventory and analysis, growth, harvesting, removals | e-Res. Pap. SRS-54 |
| Status of Capture Fisheries in Eastern Indonesia. | Short Literature Review from The Nature Conservancy Southeast Asia Center for Marine Protected Areas (SEACMPA), Sanur, Bali, Indonesia. | Mous, P.J. & Pet, J.S. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Status of coastal and marine resources: Implications for fisheries management and poverty in Southeast Asia | | White, A | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Status of Diadema antillarum populations in Grand Anse Bay, Grenada, 30 years after mass mortality | BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE | Nimrod, Stephen H.; Easter-Pilcher, Andrea L.; Aiken, Karl A.; Buddo, Dayne St A.; Franco, Chiara | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Status of Implementation and Sources of Leverage to Enhance Ambition. | Conservation Science and Practice | Linda Krueger | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | This chapter reviews the role and status of legal frameworks and other commitments for protected areas. It explores the relationship between scientific evidence and political practicality in implementing current targets and achieving the more ambitious ones. Prompted by increasingly urgent scientific warnings on biodiversity loss and supported by an emerging international community of practice around protected areas, governments have been commendably responsive both through commitment and action in developing national protected area networks. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), signed at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, has gradually emerged as the most comprehensive legal framework for protected areas. Programme of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA) remains the framework for implementing protected area goals, although it has been supplemented by the Strategic Plan Targets, the Aichi Targets, adopted at the CBD's 10th Conference of the Parties (COP 10). | Convention on Biological Diversity; government commitments; protected areas; Strategic Plan Targets | |
| Status of international monitoring and management of abandoned, lost and discarded fishing gear and ghost fishing | MARINE POLICY | Gilman, Eric | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Status update for bristly cave crayfish, Cambarus setosus (Decapoda : Cambaridae), and range extension into Arkansas | Southwestern Naturalist | Graening, G. O.; Hobbs, Horton H., III; Slay, Michael E.; Elliott, William R.; Brown, Arthur V. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Stewards Circle | Natural Areas Journal | Lapin, B; Nothnagle, P | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Stochasticity in Natural Forage Production Affects Use of Urban Areas by Black Bears: Implications to Management of Human-Bear Conflicts | PLoS ONE | Baruch-Mordo, Sharon; Wilson, Kenneth R.; Lewis, David L.; Broderick, John; Mao, Julie S.; Breck, Stewart W. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Stomatal sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit and its relationship to hydraulic conductance in Pinus palustris | Tree Physiology | Addington, RN; Mitchell, RJ; Oren, R; Donovan, LA | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | We studied the response of stomatal conductance at leaf (g S) and canopy (GS) scales to increasing vapor pressure deficit (D) in mature Pinus palustris Mill.(longleaf pine) growing in a sandhill habitat in the coastal plain of the southeastern US | | |
| Strategic public land use assessment and planning in Victoria, Australia: Four decades of trailblazing but where to from here? | Land Use Policy | Coffey, B., J.A. Fitzsimons, and R. Gormly | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Strategic Grassland Bird Conservation throughout the Annual Cycle: Linking Policy Alternatives, Landowner Decisions, and Biological Population Outcomes | PLOS ONE | Drum, Ryan G.; Ribic, Christine A.; Koch, Katie; Lonsdorf, Eric; Grant, Evan; Ahlering, Marissa; Barnhill, Laurel; Dailey, Thomas; Lor, Socheata; Mueller, Connie; Pavlacky, David C., Jr.; Rideout, Catherine; Sample, David | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Strategies and alliances needed to protect forest from palm-oil industry | Nature | Venter, Oscar; Meijaard, Erik; Wilson, Kerrie | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Lian Pin Koh and David S. Wilcove propose in their Commentary'Cashing in palm oil for conservation'(Nature 448, 993Š—–994; 2007) that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should purchase and operate oil-palm plantations, and that they should use the reve | | |
| Strategies for offsetting seasonal impacts of pumping on a nearby stream | Ground Water | Bredehoeft, John; Kendy, Eloise | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Ground water pumping from aquifer systems that are hydraulically connected to streams depletes streamflow. The amplitude and timing of stream depletion depend on the stream depletion factor (SDF i) of the pumping wells, which is a function of aqu | | |
| Strategies to protect forest from palm-oil industry | Nature | Venter, O., E. Meijaard, and K. Wilson | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Stream macroinvertebrate communities across a gradient of natural gas development in the Fayetteville Shale | SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT | Johnson, Erica; Austin, Bradley J.; Inlander, Ethan; Gallipeau, Cory; Evans-White, Michelle A.; Entrekin, Sally | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Striking a Balance: Socioeconomic Development and Conservation in Grassland through Community-Based Zoning | PLoS ONE | Leisher, Craig; Brouwer, Roy; Boucher, Timothy M.; Vogelij, Rogier; Bainbridge, W. R.; Sanjayan, M. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Strong-Billed Woodcreeper (Xiphyocolaptes Promeropirhynchus) Attempting To Capture A Mouse | Southwestern Naturalist | Peak, Rebecca G.; Perez, Selvin E.; Herrera, Pablo | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Structure and composition of Costa Rican montane oak forests | Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Oak Forests | Kappelle, M | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | 10.7 Conclusions The current chapter provides some insight into the structure, composition and diversity of Costa Rica's montane oak forest. It is meant to set the stage on this particularly rich and voluminous forest, in order to better understand its sp | | |
| Structure of isolated populations of Populus tremuloides (Quaking aspen) in the davis mountains of far-west texas | Natural Areas Journal | Van Auken, O. W.; Bush, J. K.; Richter, F. A.; Karges, J. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Populus tremuloides is one of the most widespread woody species in North America, occurring across Canada, the northern United States, and at higher elevations in the southwestern United States and parts of Mexico. In Texas, it is found only at t | | |
| Structured decision making as a conservation tool for recovery planning of two endangered salamanders | Journal for Nature Conservation | Katherine M. OÕDonnell, Arianne F. Messerman, William J. Barichivich, Raymond D. Semlitsch, Thomas A. Gorman, Harold G. Mitchell, Nathan Allan, DantŽ Fenolio, Adam Green, Fred A. Johnson, Allison Keever, Mark Mandica, Julien Martin, Jana Mott, Terry Peacock, Joseph Reinman, Stephanie S. Roma–ach, Greg Titus, Conor P. McGowan, Susan C. Walls | | 2017/12/14 | At least one-third of all amphibian species face the threat of extinction, and current amphibian extinction rates are four orders of magnitude greater than background rates. Preventing extirpation often requires both ex situ (i.e., conservation breeding programs) and in situ strategies (i.e., protecting natural habitats). Flatwoods salamanders (Ambystoma bishopi and A. cingulatum) are protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The two species have decreased from 476 historical locations to 63 recently extant locations (86.8% loss). We suggest that recovery efforts are needed to increase populations and prevent extinction, but uncertainty regarding optimal actions in both ex situ and in situ realms hinders recovery planning. We used structured decision making (SDM) to address key uncertainties regarding both captive breeding and habitat restoration, and we developed short-, medium-, and long-term goals to achieve recovery objectives. By promoting a transparent, logical approach, SDM has proven vital to recovery plan development for flatwoods salamanders. The SDM approach has clear advantages over other previous approaches to recovery efforts, and we suggest that it should be considered for other complex decisions regarding endangered species. | Adaptive management Ambystoma Amphibians Captive breeding Decision analysis Habitat restoration | |
| Subjective risk assessment for planning conservation projects | Environmental Research Letters | Game, Edward T.; Fitzsimons, James A.; Lipsett-Moore, Geoff; McDonald-Madden, Eve | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Successes, Failures and Suggested Future Directions for Ecosystem Restoration of the Middle Sacramento River, California | San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science | Golet, Gregory H.; Brown, David L.; Carlson, Melinda; Gardali, Thomas; Henderson, Adam; Holl, Karen D.; et al. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Successful Community Engagement and Implementation of a Conservation Plan in the Solomon Islands: A Local Perspective | Parks | Kereseka, J | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Suitability of Laurentian Great Lakes for invasive species based on global species distribution models and local habitat | ECOSPHERE | Kramer, Andrew M.; Annis, Gust; Wittmann, Marion E.; Chadderton, William L.; Rutherford, Edward S.; Lodge, David M.; Mason, Lacey; Beletsky, Dmitry; Riseng, Catherine; Drake, John M. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Supercooling of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) on a latitudinal temperature gradient in Texas | Southwestern Naturalist | Quarles, A; Kostecke, RM; Phillips, SA | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Surveillance for West Nile Virus and Vaccination of Free-Ranging Island Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma insularis) on Santa Cruz Island, California | Vector-Borne And Zoonotic Diseases | Boyce, Walter M.; Vickers, Winston; Morrison, Scott A.; Sillett, T. Scott; Caldwell, Luke; Wheeler, Sarah S.; Barker, Christopher M.; Cummings, Robert; Reisen, William K. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Survival and Horizontal Movement of the Freshwater Mussel Potamilus capax (Green, 1832) Following Relocation within a Mississippi Delta Stream System | American Midland Naturalist | Peck, Andrew J.; Harris, John L.; Farris, Jerry L.; Christian, Alan D. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Survival and Mortality of Pumas (Puma concolor) in a Fragmented, Urbanizing Landscape | PLOS ONE | Vickers, T. Winston; Sanchez, Jessica N.; Johnson, Christine K.; Morrison, Scott A.; Botta, Randy; Smith, Trish; Cohen, Brian S.; Huber, Patrick R.; Ernest, Holly B.; Boyce, Walter M. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Survival Of Planted Star Cactus, Astrophytum Asterias, In Southern Texas | Southwestern Naturalist | Reemts, Charlotte M.; Conner, Patrick; Janssen, Gena K.; Wahl, Kimberly | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Survival rates of northern quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria) transplanted into Great South Bay, NY | Journal of Shellfish Research | LoBue, Carl; Clapp, Chris; Doall, Mike | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Surviving urbanization: Maintaining bird species diversity in urban Melbourne | Victorian Naturalist | White, J. G., J. A. Fitzsimons, C. G. Palmer, and M. J. Antos | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Susceptibility of Exotic Annual Grass Seeds to Fire | Invasive Plant Science and Management | Sara B. Sweet, Guy B. Kyser, Joseph M. DiTomaso | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Prescribed burning can control invasive annual grasses that threaten the biological and economic value of California grasslands. Susceptibility of grass seed to burning can depend on burn timing, exposure time, and type of exposure (direct flame heat or convective heat); thus, these factors can influence the success of a prescribed burning program. To further investigate these factors, laboratory simulations were conducted on barb goatgrass, medusahead, and ripgut brome at several stages of seed maturity, as determined by percent moisture of the inflorescences. Seeds were exposed either to direct flame using a Bunsen burner or to heated air in a muffle furnace. Flame treatments were conducted at one temperature (_400 C) and several exposure times (0 to 14 s), depending on the species. Furnace treatments included four temperatures (150, 200, 250, and 300 C) and seven exposure times (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, or 80 s). Seed germination was analyzed for each temperature series to determine the LD50 and LD90 in seconds of exposure time. Susceptibility to furnace treatments, which simulated heat exposure of seeds on the soil surface, was not statistically different within a range of seed moisture levels for all three species. The LD50 values at 250 C (typical soil temperature with grassland fire) ranged from 28 to 49 s, which far exceeds the time of exposure during a typical grassland fire. Susceptibility to flame showed a similar lack of change over maturation of medusahead and barb goatgrass seeds, with LD90 values ranging between 4.8 and 7.4 s for all seed moisture levels. In contrast, ripgut brome seeds exposed to flame showed increasing susceptibility with reduced seed moisture content. The LD90 values for exposure were less than one second for seed moisture levels at or below 10%, compared to 3.7 s for seeds at 55 to 60%. Although flame susceptibility increased for ripgut brome, seeds at all maturation stages were more sensitive than medusahead and barb goatgrass. Additionally, the LD90 values for all three species are attainable under field conditions. Thus, burn prescriptions for these three species are not constrained by maturation stage, but should occur prior to seed drop and when fuel loading is high. This will maximize exposure time of seeds to direct flame. | | |
| Sustainability and biodiversity | Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, second edition | Cavender-Bares, J., J. Heffernan, E. King, S. Polasky, P. Balvanera, and W.C. Clark. Sustainability and biodiversity | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sustainability: map the evidence | Nature | McKinnon, Madeleine C.; Cheng, Samantha H.; Garside, Ruth; Masuda, Yuta J.; Miller, Daniel C. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/528185a | |
| Sustainable Floodplains Through Large-Scale Reconnection to Rivers | Science | Opperman, Jeffrey J.; Galloway, Gerald E.; Fargione, Joseph; Mount, Jeffrey F.; Richter, Brian D.; Secchi, Silvia | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sustainable management of Australia's coastal seascapes: a case for collecting and communicating quantitative evidence to inform decision-making | WETLANDS ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT | Wegscheidl, Carla J.; Sheaves, Marcus; McLeod, Ian M.; Hedge, Paul T.; Gillies, Chris L.; Creighton, Colin | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sustainable management of Great Lakes watersheds dominated by agricultural land use | Journal of Great Lakes Research | Kerr, John M.; DePinto, Joseph V.; McGrath, Dennis; Sowa, Scott P.; Swinton, Scott M. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Runoff of agricultural nutrients and sediments has led to re-eutrophication of lakes and impaired stream health in the Great Lakes Basin since around 2000 following earlier success in protecting water quality. Substantial investment in conservation actions has had insufficient impact, due in part to a limited basis for understanding the likely environmental outcomes of those investments. This article introduces a special section focusing on promoting investment that produces environmental outcomes as opposed to investing in conservation actions with unknown effects. The special section contains articles in three main categories: 1) studies based on fine-grain SWAT and other simulation modeling that can guide the type, amount, and location of conservation investments to increase their environmental impact; 2) edge-of-field measurement studies that provide updated knowledge to assist in further refining models to increase their predictive power; and 3) articles presenting innovative approaches to incentivizing outcome-oriented conservation investment. Implementation approaches discussed include certifying private crop nutrient advisors as recommending only appropriate timing, amount, and placement of nutrients; working within the existing public drain management system to incentivize conservation; and others. The special section shows that advances in SWAT modeling provide a powerful basis for targeting conservation investments to protect water quality in the Great Lakes Basin, while also demonstrating opportunities to further refine the models. It illustrates both the opportunity and the need to engage in more innovative institutional design of agricultural management programs that go beyond the traditional government programs and do more to reward outcomes and not just actions. | watershed modeling; Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT); non-point source pollution; harmful algal bloom; pay for performance; agriculture | |
| Sustainable Water Management in the Southwestern United States: Reality or Rhetoric? | PLoS ONE | Marshall R.M., M.D. Robles, D.R. Majka, and J.A. Hane | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sustainable water use: can certification show the way? | Innovations | Richter, B | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sustaining conservation values in selectively logged tropical forests: the attained and the attainable | Conservation Letters | Putz, Francis E.; Zuidema, Pieter A.; Synnott, Timothy; Pena-Claros, Marielos; Pinard, Michelle A.; Sheil, Douglas; Vanclay, Jerome K.; Sist, Plinio; Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie; Griscom, Bronson; Palmer, John; Zagt, Roderick | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sustaining Our Natural Heritage: Ten (Suggested) Conservation Commandments | Missouriensis | Ladd, Douglas | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sustaining the flow of the world's rivers | Journal American Water Works Association | Richter, Brian | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sustaining the Grassland Sea: Regional Perspectives on Identifying, Protecting and Restoring the Sky Island Region's Most Intact Grassland Valley Landscapes | | Bodner, G.S., P. Warren, D. Gori, K. Sartor, and S. Bassett | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Synergies and Tradeoffs Among Environmental Impacts Under Conservation Planning of Shale Gas Surface Infrastructure | ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT | Milt, Austin W.; Gagnolet, Tamara; Armsworth, Paul R. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Synergistic Patterns of Threat and the Challenges Facing Global Anguillid Eel Conservation | Global Ecology and Conservation | Jacoby, David M.P., John M. Casselman, Vicki Crook, Mari-Beth DeLucia, Hyojin Ahn, Kenzo Kaifu, Tagried Kurwie, et al | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Synthesis and review: delivering on conservation promises: the challenges of managing and measuring conservation outcomes | Environmental Research Letters | Adams, Vanessa M.; Game, Edward T.; Bode, Michael | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Synthesizing Global and Local Datasets to Estimate Jurisdictional Forest Carbon Fluxes in Berau, Indonesia | PLOS ONE | Griscom, Bronson W.; Ellis, Peter W.; Baccini, Alessandro; Marthinus, Delon; Evans, Jeffrey S.; Ruslandi | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| System design and management for restoring penn's woods | Journal of Forestry | Jenkins, DH; Devlin, D; Johnson, NC; Orndorff, SP | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Pennsylvania has embarked on establishing a half-million-acre old-growth system within its 2.1 million acres of state forest. If successful, this system will contribute to the restoration of ecological functions associated with old-growth forests that hav | | |
| Systematic Conservation Planning in the Face of Climate Change: Bet-Hedging on the Columbia Plateau | PLoS ONE | Schloss, Carrie A.; Lawler, Joshua J.; Larson, Eric R.; Papendick, Hilary L.; Case, Michael J.; Evans, Daniel M.; Delap, Jack H.; Langdon, Jesse G. R.; Hall, Sonia A.; Mcrae, Brad H. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Systematic Conservation Planning: A Better Recipe for Managing the High Seas for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use | Conservation Letters | Ban, Natalie C.; Bax, Nicholas J.; Gjerde, Kristina M.; Devillers, Rodolphe; Dunn, Daniel C.; Dunstan, Piers K.; Hobday, Alistair J.; Maxwell, Sara M.; Kaplan, David M.; Pressey, Robert L.; Ardron, Jeff A.; Game, Edward T.; Halpin, Patrick N. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Systematics And Biodiversity | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | Rejmanek, M; Ward, Ps; Webster, Gl; Randall, Jm | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | Men love to wonder, and that is the seed of our science-Ralph Waldo Emerson ife occurs on Earth in such abundant diversity that we have come to take it for granted. Around the world, people use directly tens of thousands of species of microbes, fungi, pla | | |
| Tailoring Global Data to Guide Corporate Investments in Biodiversity, Environmental Assessments and Sustainability | Sustainability | Oakleaf, James R.; Kennedy, Christina M.; Boucher, Timothy; Kiesecker, Joseph | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Talking Big: Lessons Learned from a 9000 Hectare Restoration in the Northern Tallgrass Prairie | Sustainability | Gerla, Philip J.; Cornett, Meredith W.; Ekstein, Jason D.; Ahlering, Marissa A. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Tamm Review: Are fuel treatments effective at achieving ecological and social objectives? A systematic review | Forest Ecology and Management | Elizabeth L. Kalies, Larissa L. Yocom Kent | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | The prevailing paradigm in the western U.S. is that the increase in stand-replacing wildfires in historically frequent-fire dry forests is due to unnatural fuel loads that have resulted from management activities including fire suppression, logging, and grazing, combined with more severe drought conditions and increasing temperatures. To counteract unnaturally high fuel loads, fuel reduction treatments which are designed to reduce fire hazard and improve overall ecosystem functioning have been increasing over the last decade. However, until recently much of what we knew about treatment effectiveness was based on modeling and predictive studies. Now, there are many examples of wildfires burning through both treated and untreated areas, and the effectiveness of treatments versus no action can be evaluated empirically. We carried out a systematic review to address the question: Are fuel treatments effective at achieving ecological and social (saving human lives and property) objectives? We found 56 studies addressing fuel treatment effectiveness in 8 states in the western US. There was general agreement that thin + burn treatments had positive effects in terms of reducing fire severity, tree mortality, and crown scorch. In contrast, burning or thinning alone had either less of an effect or none at all, compared to untreated sites. Most studies focused on carbon storage agreed that treatments do not necessarily store more carbon after wildfire, but result in less post-wildfire emissions and less carbon loss in a wildfire due to tree mortality. Understory responses are mixed across all treatments, and the response of other ecological attributes (e.g., soil, wildlife, water, insects) to treatment post-wildfire represents an important data gap; we provide a detailed agenda for future research. Overall, evidence is strong that thin + burn treatments meet the goal of reducing fire severity, and more research is needed to augment the few studies that indicate treatments protect human lives and property. | Forest restoration; Fuel management; Prescribed fire; Treatment effectiveness; Western dry forests; Wildfire | |
| Tapped out: how can cities secure their water future? | Water Policy | Richter, Brian D.; Abell, David; Bacha, Emily; Brauman, Kate; Calos, Stavros; Cohn, Alex; Disla, Carlos; O'Brien, Sarah Friedlander; Hodges, David; Kaiser, Scott; Loughran, Maria; Mestre, Cristina; Reardon, Melissa; Siegfried, Emma | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Targeting Abundant Fish Stocks while Avoiding Overfished Species: Video and Fishing Surveys to Inform Management after Long-Term Fishery Closures | PLoS One | Starr, Richard M.; Gleason, Mary G.; Marks, Corina I.; Kline, Donna; Rienecke, Steve; Denney, Christian; Tagini, Anne; Field, John C. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Taxonomic uniqueness of the Javan Leopard; an opportunity for zoos to save it | Contributions To Zoology | Gippoliti, Spartaco; Meijaard, Erik | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) is a distinct subspecies, basal to the phylogenetic tree of Asian leopards. At present this taxon is not specifically managed in captive breeding programs in America and Europe. As it is endangered in the | | |
| Temporal and Taxonomic Variability in Response of Fauna to Riparian Restoration | Restoration Ecology | Golet, Gregory H.; Gardali, Thomas; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.; Williams, Neal M. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Temporal assessment of a west Texas stream fish assemblage | Southwestern Naturalist | Bonner, TH; Thomas, C; Williams, CS; Karges, JP | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | We compared fish survey data across 3 collection periods (1952 to 1968, 1976 to 1994, and 2001 to 2002) from Independence Creek (Rio Grande drainage, Terrell County, Texas) to assess long-term changes in fish assemblage structure. The number of s | | |
| Temporal patterns in seedling establishment on pocket gopher disturbances | Oecologia | Forbis, TA; Larmore, J; Addis, E | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Disturbances often facilitate seedling establishment, and can change the species composition of a community by increasing recruitment of disturbance-adapted species. To understand the effects of pocket gopher disturbances on alpine seedling dynam | | |
| Temporary wetlands: challenges and solutions to conserving a 'disappearing' ecosystem | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Calhoun, Aram J. K.; Mushet, David M.; Bell, Kathleen P.; Boix, Dani; Fitzsimons, James A.; Isselin-Nondedeu, Francis | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ten ways remote sensing can contribute to conservation | Conservation Biology | Rose, Robert A.; Byler, Dirck; Eastman, J. Ron; Fleishman, Erica; Geller, Gary; Goetz, Scott; Guild, Liane; Hamilton, Healy; Hansen, Matt; Headley, Rachel; Hewson, Jennifer; Horning, Ned; Kaplin, Beth A.; Laporte, Nadine; Leidner, Allison; Leinagruber, Pe | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Terrain and vegetation structural influences on local avian species richness in two mixed-conifer forests | Remote Sensing Of Environment | Vogeler, Jody C.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Vierling, Lee A.; Evans, Jeffrey; Green, Patricia; Vierling, Kern I. T. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Terrestrial biodiversity | | Nelson, E., D. R. Cameron, J. Regetz, S. Polasky, and G. Daily | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Terrestrial ecosystems of South America | | Sayre, R., Bow, J., Josse, C., Sotomayor, L., & Touval, J | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Terrestrial Reserve Networks Do Not Adequately Represent Aquatic Ecosystems | Conservation Biology | Herbert, Matthew E.; Mcintyre, Peter B.; Doran, Patrick J.; Allan, J. David; Abell, Robin | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Terrestrial Scavenging of Marine Mammals: Cross-Ecosystem Contaminant Transfer and Potential Risks to Endangered California Condors (Gymnogyps californianus) | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY | Kurle, Carolyn M.; Bakker, Victoria J.; Copeland, Holly; Burnett, Joe; Scherbinski, Jennie Jones; Brandt, Joseph; Finkelstein, Myra E. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Terrestrial subsidies of organic carbon support net ecosystem production in temporary forest ponds: Evidence from an ecosystem experiment | Ecosystems | Rubbo, Michael J.; Cole, Jonathan J.; Kiesecker, Joseph M. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Recent research suggests that secondary production in aquatic systems can be driven by inputs of energy from terrestrial sources. Temporary forest ponds appear to be unproductive ecosystems that are reliant upon allochthonous inputs of energy to | | |
| Terrigenous sediment impact on coral recruitment and growth affects the use of coral habitat by recruit parrotfishes (F. Scaridae) | Journal Of Coastal Conservation | DeMartini, E.; Jokiel, P.; Beets, J.; Stender, Y.; Storlazzi, C.; Minton, D.; Conklin, E. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Test of multi-species spawning aggregations | | Heyman, WD | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Testing the effects of ant invasions on non-ant arthropods with high-resolution taxonomic data | ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS | Hanna, Cause; Naughton, Ida; Boser, Christina; Holway, David | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Testing the use of best professional judgment to create biological benchmarks for habitat assessment of wetlands and oak savannas in northwestern Indiana | ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS | Gordon, Brad; Rothrock, Paul E.; Labus, Paul | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The impact of nature experience on willingness to support conservation | PLoS ONE | Zaradic, P. A., O. R. W. Pergams, and P. Kareiva | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The status of wintering Golden-cheeked Warblers in Nicaragua | | King, D. I., E. Herrera, S. Hernandez, C. A. Lively, D. W. Mehlman, J. A. Rappole, and D. Roth | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Background Although the message of Š—“global climate changeŠ— is catalyzing international action, it is local and regional changes that directly affect people and ecosystems and are of immediate concern to scientists, managers, and policy makers. A major | | |
| The ''business'' of conservation | Geotimes | Sawhill, JC | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The 10% Target: Where Do We Stand? | | Spalding, M. D., L. Wood, C. Fitzgerald, and K. Gjerde | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The 1991-1992 rapid ecological assessment of Palau's coral reefs | Coral Reefs | Maragos, JE; Cook, CW | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | The rapid economic assessment identified 45 marine sites worthy of special protection. Major stresses to Palau's coral reefs include sedimentation from soil erosion, overfishing, and damage from periodic storms and waves. Minor stresses include dredge-and | | |
| The abundance, distribution and edge associations of six non-indigenous, harmful plants across North Carolina | Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society | Merriam, RW | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Six species of non-indigenous, harmful plants were surveyed throughout North Carolina: Lonicera japonica, Rosa multiflora, Pueraria lobata, Ligustrum sinense, Ailanthus altissima, and Celastrus orbiculatus. On 417 randomly selected sites across the state, | | |
| The Adaptation for Conservation Targets (ACT) Framework: A Tool for Incorporating Climate Change into Natural Resource Management | Environmental Management | Cross, Molly S.; Zavaleta, Erika S.; Bachelet, Dominique; Brooks, Marjorie L.; Enquist, Carolyn A. F.; Fleishman, Erica; Graumlich, Lisa J.; Groves, Craig R.; Hannah, Lee; Hansen, Lara; Hayward, Greg; Koopman, Marni; Lawler, Joshua J.; Malcolm, Jay; Nordg | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Ammophila problem on the Northwest Coast of North America | Landscape and Urban Planning | Wiedemann, AM; Pickart, A | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Arkansas Endemic Fauna: An Update With Additions, Deletions, A Synthesis Of New Distributional Records, And Changes In Nomenclature | Texas Journal Of Science | McAllister, Chris T.; Robison, Henry W.; Slay, Michael E. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference | | Hoekstra, J. M., J. L. Molnar, M. Jennings, C. Revenga, M. D. Spalding, T. M. Boucher, J. C. Robertson, T. J. Heibel, and K. Ellison | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) industry collapse in Virginia and its implications for the successful management of scallop-seagrass habitats | MARINE POLICY | Oreska, Matthew P. J.; Truitt, Barry; Orth, Robert J.; Luckenbach, Mark W. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The benefits of crops and field management practices to wintering waterbirds in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta of California | Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems | Shuford, W. David; Reiter, Matthew E.; Strum, Khara M.; Gilbert, Michelle M.; Hickey, Catherine M.; Golet, Gregory H. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Agricultural intensification has been a major factor in the loss of global biodiversity. Still, agricultural landscapes provide important habitat for many bird species, particularly in the Central Valley of California, USA, where >90% of the natural wildlife habitat has been lost. As wildlife professionals increasingly work with agricultural producers to promote ‘wildlife-friendly’ farming, it is important to understand the relative value of specific crops and field management practices to birds. The value to wintering waterbirds of seven treatments (crop and management practice combinations) across two crops (corn and winter wheat) was assessed at Staten Island in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta of the Central Valley. Significant variation in the relative abundance of waterbirds was found among management practices, and post-harvest flooding and chopping and rolling (mulching) of corn were most beneficial to waterbirds. As expected, most waterbirds were common in flooded treatments, but geese, cranes and long-legged waders also were numerous in some dry treatments. Our data suggest that a greater waterbird species richness and abundance can be achieved by maintaining a mosaic of dry and flooded crop types, varying water depths and continuing the chop-and-roll practice for flooded corn. The observed benefits of particular crops and field management practices in this study should aid in the development of incentive-based programs to improve the habitat value of other working lands both within, and outside, the Delta. | waterbird diversity; corn; winter wheat; wildlife-friendly agriculture; beneficial field management practices; agriculture | |
| The benefits of crops and field management practices to wintering waterbirds in the Sacramento_San Joaquin River Delta of California | Renewable Agriculture and Food Ststems | Shuford, W.D.; Reiter, M.E.; Strum, K.M.; Gilbert, M.M.; Hickey, C.M.; Golet, G.H. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The biodiversity value of groundwater-dependent ecosystems: A cataloguing of United States federally listed species thatdepend on groundwater | WSP | Emilie Blevins and Allison Aldous | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The biotic environment: terrestrial ecosystems | | Pratt, L. W. C.; Gon III, S. M. | 1998 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The blowgun is mightier than the chainsaw in determining population density of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in the forests of East Kalimantan | Biological Conservation | Marshall, AJ; Nardiyono; Engstrom, LM; Pamungkas, B; Palapa, J; Meijaard, E; Stanley, SA | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Due to its practical relevance to conservation, considerable efforts have been devoted to understanding the effects of logging on orangutan (Pongo spp.) population densities. Despite these efforts, consistent patterns have yet to emerge. We conducted oran | | |
| The breeding biology of the Critically Endangered Seychelles Scops-owl Otus insularis: consequences for conservation and management | Bird Conservation International | Currie, D; Fanchette, R; Millett, J; Hoareau, C; Shah, NJ | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | The endemic Seychelles Scops-owl Otus insularis is a Critically Endangered restricted-range species currently recorded only from the montane forest of Mah’©, the largest (152 km 2) and highest (903 m) island in the granitic Seychelles. Limited re | | |
| The breeding diet of Wedge-tailed Eagles Aquila audax in the absence of rabbits: Kangaroo Island, South Australia | Corella | Fitzsimons, J.A., K. Carlyon, J.L. Thomas, A.B. Rose | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Caribbean coastal marine productivity program (CARICOMP) | Bulletin of Marine Science | Alcolado, PM; Alleng, G; Bonair, K; Bone, D; Buchan, K; Bush, PG; De Meyer, K; Garcia, JR; Garzon-Ferreira, J; Gayle, PMH; Gerace, DT; Geraldes, FX; Jordan-Dahlgren, E; Kjferve, B; Klein, E; Koltes, K; Laydoo, RS; Linton, DM; Ogden, JC; Oxenford, HA; Park | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | CARICOMP is a regional scientific program to study land-sea interaction processes in the Caribbean coastal zone. It has been collecting data since 1992, when a Data Management Centre was established at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica. Initial | | |
| The case for improved forest management (IFM) as a priority REDD plus strategy in the tropics | Tropical Conservation Science | Griscom, Bronson W.; Cortez, Rane | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Challenge of Sustainable Groundwater Management in California | SUSTAINABLE WATER: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS FROM CALIFORNIA | Wendell, Daniel; Hall, Maurice | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The changing role of ecohydrological science in guiding environmental flows | Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques | Acreman, M. C.; Overton, I. C.; King, J.; Wood, P. J.; Cowx, I. G.; Dunbar, M. J.; Kendy, E.; Young, W. J. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The codevelopment of coastal fisheries monitoring methods to support local management | ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY | Schemmel, Eva; Friedlander, Alan M.; Andrade, Pelika; Keakealani, Ku'ulei; Castro, Linda M.; Wiggins, Chad; Wilcox, Bart A.; Yasutake, Yumi; Kittinger, John N. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Condor Bioreserve in Ecuador - Use of the functional landscape approach to conservation of Montane ecosystems | Mountain Research And Development | Benitez, PS | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | The tropical Andes region has extraordinary biological diversity with considerable endemism. The complex topography, climate, geology, and biogeographic history of the Andes have helped create a high turnover in species over distance and along st | | |
| The contribution of long-term research at Gombe National Park to chimpanzee conservation | Conservation Biology | Pusey, Anne E.; Pintea, Lilian; Wilson, Michael L.; Kamenya, Shadrack; Goodall, Jane | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The coral reef crisis: The critical importance of 350 ppm CO2 | Marine Pollution Bulletin | Veron, J. E. N.; Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Lenton, T. M.; Lough, J. M.; Obura, D. O.; Pearce-Kelly, P.; Sheppard, C. R. C.; Spalding, M.; Stafford-Smith, M. G.; Rogers, A. D. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Coral Triangle | | Veron, John (Charlie) E. N.; DeVantier, Lyndon M.; Turak, Emre; Green, Alison L.; Kininmonth, Stuart; Stafford-Smith, M.; Peterson, N. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Coral Triangle Atlas: An Integrated Online Spatial Database System for Improving Coral Reef Management | PLoS ONE | Cros, Annick; Fatan, Nurulhuda Ahamad; White, Alan; Teoh, Shwu Jiau; Tan, Stanley; Handayani, Christian; Huang, Charles; Peterson, Nate; Li, Ruben Venegas; Siry, Hendra Yusran; Fitriana, Ria; Gove, Jamison; Acoba, Tomoko; Knight, Maurice; Acosta, Renerio; | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The costs of avoiding environmental impacts from shale-gas surface infrastructure | CONSERVATION BIOLOGY | Milt, Austin W.; Gagnolet, Tamara D.; Armsworth, Paul R. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Cosumnes River Preserve: 1987-95 fertile ground for new conservation ideas | Fremontia | Reiner, R. | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Cumberland Plateau disjunct paradox and the biodiversity and conservation of pond-breeding amphibians | American Midland Naturalist | Corser, J.D. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The current state of knowledge on mangrove fishery values. | | Hutchison, J., P. zu Ermgassen, M. Spalding | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Mangroves are widely understood to be important habitats for fisheries, supporting resident fish, crustacean, and mollusk populations as well as acting as nursery grounds for species that are targeted by offshore fisheries. There is, however, a lack of quantitative data on fisheries that operate in and around mangroves. We carried out a systematic search to gather data on mangrove fisheries from the scientific literature. We filtered the 4,358 studies returned by the search based on their title and abstract and extracted data from 169 of these. Despite the abundance of literature on mangrove fisheries, we were unable to build a data set of comparable, quantitative data of sufficient size to support numerical modeling approaches. In part, this is due to the variety of mangrove fisheries, which range from small-scale subsistence fishing for mollusks and crabs to large-scale industrialized prawn trawling. This is compounded by the broad range of reporting methods and metrics encountered in the literature. We make a number of recommendations to guide the future reporting of mangrove fisheries to allow for better quantification and comparison of fisheries values at large spatial scales.range of reporting methods and metrics encountered in the literature. We make a number of recommendations to guide the future reporting of mangrove fisheries to allow for better quantification and comparison of fisheries values at large spatial scales. | mangrove | |
| The dangers of black-and-white conservation | Conservation Biology | Wiens, John | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The world is a complex place. To simplify this complexity, people often reduce it to simple eitherŠ—–or choicesŠ—”black or white, do or don't, yes or no, winners or losers, nature or nurture, and so on. Even our computer systems are based on binary logic. | | |
| The decline of native freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida) in California as determined from historical and current surveys | CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME | Howard, Jeanette K.; Furnish, Joseph L.; Box, Jayne Brim; Jepsen, Sarina | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The difficulties of single factor thinking in restoration: Replanting a rare cactus in the Florida Keys. | Biological Conservation | Stiling, P., A. Rossi, and D. Gordon. | 2000 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The disappearing mammal fauna of northern Australia: context, cause, and response | Conservation Letters | Woinarski, John C. Z.; Legge, Sarah; Fitzsimons, James A.; Traill, Barry J.; Burbidge, Andrew A.; Fisher, Alaric; Firth, Ron S. C.; Gordon, Iain J.; Griffiths, Anthony D.; Johnson, Christopher N.; McKenzie, Norm L.; Palmer, Carol; Radford, Ian; Rankmore, | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Distribution of fishes and patterns of biodiversity in the Caura River Basin | Bulletin of Biological Assessment | Chernoff, B., A. Machado-Allison, P. Willink, F. Provenzano and P. Petry | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The distributions of one invasive and two native crayfishes in relation to coarse-scale natural and anthropogenic factors | Freshwater Biology | Westhoff, J. T.; Rabeni, C. F.; Sowa, S. P. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Dynamic Reference Concept: Measuring Restoration Success in a Rapidly Changing No-Analogue Future | Ecological Restoration | Hiers, J.K., R.J. Mitchell, A. Barnett, J.R. Walters, M. Mack, B. Williams, and R. Sutter | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The eBird enterprise: An integrated approach to development and application of citizen science | Biological Conservation | Sullivan, Brian L.; Aycrigg, Jocelyn L.; Barry, Jessie H.; Bonney, Rick E.; Bruns, Nicholas; Cooper, Caren B.; Damoulas, Theo; Dhondt, Andre A.; Dietterich, Tom; Farnsworth, Andrew; Fink, Daniel; Fitzpatrick, John W.; Fredericks, Thomas; Gerbracht, Jeff; | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Ecological Footprint Remains a Misleading Metric of Global Sustainability | Plos Biology | Blomqvist, Linus; Brook, Barry W.; Ellis, Erle C.; Kareiva, Peter M.; Nordhaus, Ted; Shellenberger, Michael | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The ecological future of the north American Bison: Conceiving long-term, large-scale conservation of wildlife | Conservation Biology | Sanderson, Eric W.; Redforda, Kent H.; Weber, Bill; Aune, Keith; Baldes, Dick; Berger, Joel; Carter, Dave; Curtin, Charles; Derr, James; Dobrott, Steve; Fearn, Eva; Fleener, Craig; Forrest, Steve; Gerlach, Craig; Gates, Cormack; Gross, John E.; Gogan, Pet | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Ecological Impact of Biofuels | | Fargione, Joseph E.; Plevin, Richard J.; Hill, Jason D. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The ecological impact of humans and dogs on wildlife in protected areas in eastern North America | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Parsons, Arielle Waldstein; Bland, Christina; Forrester, Tavis; Baker-Whatton, Megan C.; Schuttler, Stephanie G.; McShea, William J.; Costello, Robert; Kays, Roland | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The ecological importance of a recently discovered intertidal sabellariid reef in St. Croix, US Virgin Islands | Caribbean Journal Of Science | McCarthy, Daniel A.; Kramer, Philip; Price, Janice R.; Donato, Candace L. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | In Florida, the reef-building polychaete Phragmatopoma lapidosa is important in enhancing local biodiversity via the shelter it provides for various fish and invertebrate species. While the range of P. lapidosa extends south to Brazil, it is r | | |
| The ecological limits of hydrologic alteration (ELOHA): a new framework for developing regional environmental flow standards | Freshwater Biology | Poff, N. Leroy; Richter, Brian D.; Arthington, Angela H.; Bunn, Stuart E.; Naiman, Robert J.; Kendy, Eloise; Acreman, Mike; Apse, Colin; Bledsoe, Brian P.; Freeman, Mary C.; Henriksen, James; Jacobson, Robert B.; Kennen, Jonathan G.; Merritt, David M.; O' | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Ecology, Status, And Conservation Of 2 Non-Alluvial Wetland Communities In The South-Atlantic And Eastern Gulf Coastal-Plain, Usa | Biological Conservation | Sutter, Rd; Kral, R | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Economics of Deforestation in the Amazon Preface | Economics Of Deforestation In The Amazon: Dispelling The Myths | Campari, Joao S. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The effect of benthic prey abun- dance and size on red knot (Calidris canutus) distribution at an alternative migratory stopover site on the US Atlantic Coast | Journal of Ornithology | Cohen, J. B., S. M. Karpanty, J. D. Fraser, and B. R. Truitt | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The effect of coachwhip presence on body size of North American racers suggests competition between these sympatric snakes | Journal Of Zoology | Steen, D. A.; McClure, C. J. W.; Smith, L. L.; Halstead, B. J.; Dodd, C. K., Jr.; Sutton, W. B.; Lee, J. R.; Baxley, D. L.; Humphries, W. J.; Guyer, C. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The effect of urban growth on landscape-scale restoration for a fire-dependent songbird | JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT | Pickens, Bradley A.; Marcus, Jeffrey F.; Carpenter, John P.; Anderson, Scott; Taillie, Paul J.; Collazo, Jaime A. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The effectiveness of conservation interventions to overcome the urban-environmental paradox | YEAR IN ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY | McDonald, Robert I. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The effectiveness of conservation interventions to overcome the urban_environmental paradox | Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | Robert I. McDonald | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Globally, urbanization is rapidly growing cities and towns at a historically unprecedented rate, and this rapid urban growth is influencing many facets of the environment. This paper reviews the effectiveness of conservation interventions that are designed to increase urban sustainability. It presents evidence for an apparent urban_environmental paradox: while the process of urban growth converts natural habitat to other land covers and degrades natural resources and ecosystem function, the increase in human population can increase demand for natural resources and ecosystem services. The fundamental problem that many conservation interventions try to address is that most facets of the environment are common or public goods, and are hence undervalued in decision making (market failure). The paper presents a threefold classification of conservation interventions in cities: conservation in the city (protecting biodiversity), conservation by the city (reducing per capita resource and energy use), and conservation for cities (projects that maintain or enhance ecosystem services). It ends by discussing methods for spatially targeting conservation interventions of all three types and for quantifying the effectiveness of interventions retrospectively. | | |
| The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation | Nature Communications | F Ferrario, MW Beck, CD Storlazzi, F Micheli, CC Shepard, L Airoldi | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Effectiveness of Coral Reefs for Coastal Risk Reduction and Climate Adaptation | | MW Beck | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The effects of phenology on indirect measures of aboveground biomass in annual grasses | International Journal Of Remote Sensing | Butterfield, H. S.; Malmstroem, C. M. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Remote sensing is increasingly being used to quantify vegetation biomass across large areas, often with algorithms based on calibrated relationships between biomass and indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). To improve capacity | | |
| The effects of pollen removal on the duration of the staminate phase of Centropogon talamancensis | Brenesia | Koptur, S., E.N. Davila, D.R. Gordon, B.J. Davis McPhail, C.G. Murphy and J.B. Slowinski | 1990 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Effects of Sub-Regional Climate Velocity on the Distribution and Spatial Extent of Marine Species Assemblages | PLOS ONE | Kleisner, Kristin M.; Fogarty, Michael J.; McGee, Sally; Barnette, Analie; Fratantoni, Paula; Greene, Jennifer; Hare, Jonathan A.; Luceyl, Sean M.; McGuire, Christopher; Odell, Jay; Saba, Vincent S.; Smith, Laurel; Weaver, Katherine J.; Pinsky, Malin L. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Many studies illustrate variable patterns in individual species distribution shifts in response to changing temperature. However, an assemblage, a group of species that shares a common environmental niche, will likely exhibit similar responses to climate changes, and these community-level responses may have significant implications for ecosystem function. Therefore, we examine the relationship between observed shifts of species in assemblages and regional climate velocity (i.e., the rate and direction of change of temperature isotherms). The assemblages are defined in two sub-regions of the U.S. Northeast Shelf that have heterogeneous oceanography and bathymetry using four decades of bottom trawl survey data and we explore temporal changes in distribution, spatial range extent, thermal habitat area, and biomass, within assemblages. These sub-regional analyses allow the dissection of the relative roles of regional climate velocity and local physiography in shaping observed distribution shifts. We find that assemblages of species associated with shallower, warmer waters tend to shift west-southwest and to shallower waters over time, possibly towards cooler temperatures in the semi-enclosed Gulf of Maine, while species assemblages associated with relatively cooler and deeper waters shift deeper, but with little latitudinal change. Conversely, species assemblages associated with warmer and shallower water on the broad, shallow continental shelf from the Mid-Atlantic Bight to Georges Bank shift strongly northeast along latitudinal gradients with little change in depth. Shifts in depth among the southern species associated with deeper and cooler waters are more variable, although predominantly shifts are toward deeper waters. In addition, spatial expansion and contraction of species assemblages in each region corresponds to the area of suitable thermal habitat, but is inversely related to assemblage biomass. This suggests that assemblage distribution shifts in conjunction with expansion or contraction of thermal habitat acts to compress or stretch marine species assemblages, which may respectively amplify or dilute species interactions to an extent that is rarely considered. Overall, regional differences in climate change effects on the movement and extent of species assemblages hold important implications for management, mitigation, and adaptation on the U.S. Northeast Shelf. | | |
| The efficacy of salvage logging in reducing subsequent fire severity in conifer-dominated forests of Minnesota, USA | Ecological Applications | Fraver, Shawn; Jain, Theresa; Bradford, John B.; D'Amato, Anthony W.; Kastendick, Doug; Palik, Brian; Shinneman, Doug; Stanovick, John | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The efficacy of simple viability models in ecological risk assessment: does density dependence matter? | Ecology | Sabo, J., E. Holmes, and P. Kareiva | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Elusive Pursuit of Interdisciplinarity at the Human-Environment Interface | BioScience | Roy, Eric D.; Morzillo, Anita T.; Seijo, Francisco; Reddy, Sheila M. W.; Rhemtulla, Jeanine M.; Milder, Jeffrey C.; Kuemmerle, Tobias; Martin, Sherry L. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services | BioScience | Jones, N.F., Pejchar, L. & Kiesecker, J.M. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Society's growing demand for clean and abundant energy has repercussions for biodiversity and human well-being. Directives for renewable energy, energy security, and technological advancements such as horizontal drilling in conjunction with hydraulic fracturing have spurred a rapid increase in alternative and unconventional energy production over the last decade. Given the projected increases in oil, gas, and wind energy development, we synthesize and compare known impacts on wildlife mortality, habitat loss, fragmentation, noise and light pollution, invasive species, and changes in carbon stock and water resources. The literature on these impacts is unevenly distributed among energy types, geographic regions, and taxonomic groups. Therefore, we suggest priorities for research and practice, including using a landscape approach to predict and plan for the cumulative effects of development. Understanding the full consequences of energy production is necessary for meeting demand while also safeguarding the ecological systems on which we depend. | | |
| The essential nonscience of eradication programmes: creating conditions for success | Island Invasives: Eradication and Management | Morrison, S. A., K. R. Faulkner, L. A. Vermeer, L. Lozier, and M. R. Shaw | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The evidence and values underlying 'new conservation' | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | Marvier, Michelle; Kareiva, Peter | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The evolving linkage between conservation science and practice at The Nature Conservancy | Journal of Applied Ecology | Kareiva, Peter; Groves, Craig; Marvier, Michelle | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The face of conservation responding to a dynamically changing world | INTEGRATIVE ZOOLOGY | Wiederholt, Ruscena; Trainor, Anne M.; Michel, Nicole; Shirey, Patrick D.; Swaisgood, Ronald R.; Tallamy, Doug; Cook-Patton, Susan C. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | In its 40-year history, the science of conservation has faced unprecedented challenges in terms of environmental damage and rapid global change, and environmental problems are only increasing as greater demands are placed on limited natural resources. Conservation science has been adapting to keep pace with these changes. Here, we highlight contemporary and emerging trends and innovations in conservation science that we believe represent the most effective responses to biodiversity threats. We focus on specific areas where conservation science has had to adjust its approach to address emerging threats to biodiversity, including habitat destruction and degradation, climate change, declining populations and invasive species. We also document changes in attitudes, norms and practices among conservation scientists. A key component to success is engaging and maintaining public support for conservation, which can be facilitated through the use of technology. These recent trends in conservation and management are innovative and will assist in optimizing conservation strategies, increasing our leverage with the general public and tackling our current environmental challenges. | | |
| The faces of Bacidia schweinitzii: molecular and morphological data reveal three new species including a widespread sorediate morph | BRYOLOGIST | Lendemer, James C.; Harris, Richard C.; Ladd, Douglas | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Bacidia schweinitzii is a common crustose lichen that is widespread in eastern North America. It is comprised of three distinct morphotypes differing in apothecial pigmentation. Here we show that molecular data from the mtSSU region affirms the distinctiveness of these morphotypes, prompting the recognition of three species: B. schweinitzii s.str., B. ekmaniana sp. nov. and B. purpurans sp. nov. We also show that a common sorediate crustose lichen, sympatric with B. schweinitzii, represents a monophyletic lineage whose relationship with B. schweinitzii s.str. could not be resolved with certainty using analyses of ITS and mtSSU sequence data. We recognize this sorediate lineage as a distinct species, B. sorediata sp. nov. All four taxa are described, illustrated and mapped. | Bacidiaceae, crustose lichen, pigment morph, sterile crust | |
| The Fate of Coho Salmon Nomads: The Story of an Estuarine-Rearing Strategy Promoting Resilience | Ecology and Society | Koski, K. V. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The feasible supply of RED credits: Less than predicted by technical models | Resources for the Future Issue Brief | Madeira, E.M., M.J. Coren, and C. Streck | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Forest-Drinking Water Connection: Making Woodlands Work for People and Nature | American Water Works Authority Journal | Jenkins, D.H. and S. Repasch | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The former status of the white-shouldered ibis Pseudibis davisoni on the Barito and Teweh Rivers, Indonesian Borneo | Raffles Bulletin Of Zoology | Meijaard, E; van Balen, SB; Nijman, V | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Future of Global Urbanization and the Environment | Solutions | Robert McDonald, Burak Guneralp, W. Zipperer, Peter Marcotullio | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Using findings of the Cities and Biodiversity Outlook (CBO), we propose three specific solutions to mitigate the loss of ecosystem services and biodiversity in our urban and urbanizing landscapes. The CBO identified continued loss of critical habitats for biodiversity conservation and degradation of many important ecosystem services due to urbanization. The fact that most ecosystem services and biodiversity itself are common goods facilitates this loss and degradation. To address this issue, a fundamental solution can be giving value to ecosystem services and biodiversity in the marketplace and firmly incorporating them in urban planning processes. This solution can be achieved with a three-pronged approach: (1) ecosystem services can be conceived as a utility similar to the provision of electricity and water, and cities can structure their governance and urban planning processes to ensure adequate ecosystem service provision; (2) the local level solutions, especially in places where urban expansion encroaches upon biodiversity hotspots, can go a long way in the conservation of biodiversity at the global level; and (3) the well-being of biodiversity and the sustainability of ecosystem services in the face of humanityÍs massive urbanization require coordination by governments at all levels. Thus, as the world becomes ever more urban, urban decision-makers and citizens will need to not only re-connect to nature, but also adopt policies to integrate nature into our daily lives. | | |
| The future role of dams in the United States of America | WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH | Ho, Michelle; Lall, Upmanu; Allaire, Maura; Devineni, Naresh; Kwon, Hyun Han; Pal, Indrani; Raff, David; Wegner, David | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The geography of mammals and rivers in mainland Southeast Asia | | Meijaard, E. and Groves, C.P | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Gray Zone: relationships between habitat loss and marine diversity and their applications in conservation | Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology | L Airoldi, D Balata, MW Beck | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The growth of easements as a conservation tool | PLoS ONE | Fishburn, I. S., P. Kareiva, K. J. Gaston, and P. R. Armsworth | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Background The numerous studies examining where efforts to conserve biodiversity should be targeted are not matched by comparable research efforts addressing how conservation investments should be structured and what balance of conservation approaches wor | | |
| The herpetofauna of Sonora, Mexico, with comparisons to adjoining states | Checklist | Enderson, E.F., Quijada-Mascare_as, A., Turner, D.S., Rosen, P.C., Bezy, R.L. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Situated in the topographically complex transition between the Neotropics and the temperate biomes of North America, the state of Sonora, Mexico, has an extraordinarily diverse herpetofauna. Surprisingly little research has been conducted on the | | |
| The Herpetofauna of the Camp Shelby Joint Forces Training Center in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi | Southeastern Naturalist | Lee, James R. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Hidden Frontier of Forest Degradation: A Review of the Science, Policy and Practice of Reducing Degradation Emissions | | Bronson Griscom, David Ganz, Nicole Virgilio, Fran Price, Jeff Hayward, Rane Cortez, Gary Dodge, Jack Hurd, Frank L. Lowenstein, Bill Stanley | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The high-elevation population of Mountain Plovers in Colorado | Condor | Wunder, MB; Knopf, FL; Pague, CA | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | We surveyed a discrete population of Mountain Plovers (Charadrius montanus) in South Park, Park County, Colorado, to determine the size and relative contribution of this geographically isolated area to the global population of plovers. First, we | | |
| The high-population of mountain plovers in Colorado | The Condor | Wunder, M. B., F. L. Knopf, and C. A. Pague | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Human Footprint in Mexico: Physical Geography and Historical Legacies | PLOS ONE | Gonzalez-Abraham, Charlotte; Ezcurra, Exequiel; Garcillan, Pedro P.; Ortega-Rubio, Alfredo; Kolb, Melanie; Bezaury Creel, Juan E. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The humphead wrasse, Cheilinus undulatus: synopsis of a threatened and poorly known giant coral reef. | Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries | Sadovy, Y; Kulbicki, M; Labrosse, P; Letourneur, Y; Lokani, P; Donaldson, TJ | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The hydromorphology of an urbanizing watershed using multivariate elasticity | ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES | Allaire, Maura C.; Vogel, Richard M.; Kroll, Charles N. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The identification, conservation, and management of estuarine and marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates: A better understanding of the habitats that serve as nurseries for marine species and the factors that create site-specific variability in nursery quality will improve conservation and management of these areas | BioScience | Beck, M. W., Heck Jr, K. L., Able, K. W., Childers, D. L., Eggleston, D. B., Gillanders, B. M., ... & Weinstein, M. P. | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Illinois River-Floodplain ecosystem: Conservation planning on a watershed-scale | | Olmstead, CJ; Nelson, M | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The impact of climate change on California's ecosystem services (vol 109, S465, 2011) | Climatic Change | Shaw, M. Rebecca; Pendleton, Linwood; Cameron, D. Richard; Morris, Belinda; Bachelet, Dominique; Klausmeyer, Kirk; MacKenzie, Jason; Conklin, David R.; Bratman, Gregory N.; Lenihan, James; Haunreiter, Erik; Daly, Christopher; Roehrdanz, Patrick R. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The impact of combined grass and wetland easements on agricultural land values in South Dakota | Journal of Property Economics | Shultz, S. and D. Pool | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Introduction An understanding of the impact of conservation easements on the resale values of land in production agriculture is essential for the calculation of" fair market" easement payment values by numerous federal and state agencies and non-governmen | | reprinted from the Journal of Farm Managers and Rural Appraisers, agriculture |
| The impact of ENSO on coral heat stress in the western equatorial Pacific | GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY | Kleypas, Joan A.; Castruccio, Frederic S.; Curchitser, Enrique N.; Mcleod, Elizabeth | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | The Coral Triangle encompasses an extensive region of coral reefs in the western tropical Pacific with marine resources that support millions of people. As in all other reef regions, coral reefs in the Coral Triangle have been impacted by anomalously high ocean temperature. The vast majority of bleaching observations to date have been associated with the 1998 La NiÐa phase of ENSO. To understand the significance of ENSO and other climatic oscillations to heat stress in the Coral Triangle, we use a 5-km resolution Regional Ocean Model System for the Coral Triangle (CT-ROMS) to study ocean temperature thresholds and variability for the 1960_2007 historical period. Heat-stress events are more frequent during La NiÐa events, but occur under all climatic conditions, reflecting an overall warming trend since the 1970s. Mean sea surface temperature (SST) in the region increased an average of ~ 0.1 ÁC per decade over the time period, but with considerable spatial variability. The spatial patterns of SST and heat stress across the Coral Triangle reflect the complex bathymetry and oceanography. The patterns did not change significantly over time or with shifts in ENSO. Several regions experienced little to no heat stress over the entire period. Of particular interest to marine conservation are regions where there are few records of coral bleaching despite the presence of significant heat stress, such as in the Banda Sea. Although this may be due to under-reporting of bleaching events, it may also be due to physical factors such as mixing and cloudiness, or biological factors that reduce sensitivity to heat stress. | | |
| The impact of giant panda foraging on bamboo dynamics in an isolated environment | Plant Ecology | Hull, Vanessa; Shortridge, Ashton; Liu, Bin; Bearer, Scott; Zhou, Xiaoping; Huang, Jinyan; Zhou, Shiqiang; Zhang, Hemin; Ouyang, Zhiyun; Liu, Jianguo | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The impacts and opportunities of oil palm in Southeast Asia. What do we know and what do we need to know? | CIFOR Occasional Paper | Sheil, D., A. Casson, E. Meijaard, M. van Noordwijk, J. Gaskell, J. Sunderland-Groves, K. Wertz, and M. Kanninen | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The implementation challenge: Taking stock of government policies to protect and restore environmental flows | | Le Quesne T, Kendy E, Weston D. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation | Biological Conservation | Mcdonald, Robert I.; Kareiva, Peter; Formana, Richard T. T. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Due to human population growth and migration, there will be nearly 2 billion new urban residents by 2030, yet the consequences of both current and future urbanization for biodiversity conservation are poorly known. Here we show that urban growth will have | | |
| The Importance of Benthic Habitats for Coastal Fisheries | BIOSCIENCE | Kritzer, Jacob P.; Delucia, Mari-Beth; Greene, Emily; Shumway, Caroly; Topolski, Marek F.; Thomas-Blate, Jessie; Chiarella, Louis A.; Davy, Kay B.; Smith, Kent | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Importance of Conserving Biodiversity Outside of Protected Areas in Mediterranean Ecosystems | PLoS ONE | Cox, Robin L.; Underwood, Emma C. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The importance of interdisciplinary research in conservation networks: lessons from south-eastern Australia | | Fitzsimons, James; Wescott, Geoff | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Importance Of Selecting A Sampling Model Before Data-Collection - An Example Using The Endangered Humboldt Milk-Vetch (Astragalus-Agnicidus Barneby) | Natural Areas Journal | Pickart, Aj; Stauffer, Hb | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Importance of Species: Perspectives on Expendability and Triage | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Kareiva, P and S. Levin (editors) | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | A great many species are threatened by the expanding human population. Though the public generally favors environmental protection, conservation does not come without sacrifice and cost. Many decision makers wonder if every species is worth the trouble. O | | |
| The importance of the floodplain in the life cycle of migratory fishes in central Amazon | | Cox, C.F. and P. Petry | 1991 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The importance of understanding self-governance efforts in coastal fisheries in Peru: insights from La Islilla and Ilo | BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE | Nakandakari, Alexis; Caillaux, Matias; Zavala, Jose; Gelcich, Stefan; Ghersi, Fernando | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The influence of a threatened species focus on conservation planning in East Kalimantan, Indonesia | Conservation Biology | Drummond, S. P., K. Wilson, E. Meijaard, M. Watts, R. Dennis, L. Christy, and H. P. Possingham | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The influence of flow impoundment and river regulation on the distribution of riverine macroinvertebrates at Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA | Hydrobiologia | Grubbs, SA; Taylor, JM | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | The effects of impoundment by a low-head dam and hypolimnetic release from a reservoir on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages were studied in two lowland rivers. The first river (Green River) was initially divided into three zones (impounded, t | | |
| The influence of habitat on the size distribution of groupers in the upper Florida Keys | Environmental Biology of Fishes | Sluka, R; Sullivan, KM | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | Synopsis The influence of habitat on the size distribution of groupers was examined at sites in the middle and upper Florida Keys. Transects were used to quantify the size distribution of groupers at study sites. There were significant differences in the | | |
| The interrelationship of hydrology and biology in a Tennessee stream, USA | Ecohydrology | Elkin, Kimberly; Lanier, Susan; Rebecca, Monette | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The intrinsic vulnerability to fishing of coral reef fishes and their differential recovery in fishery closures | Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries | Abesamis, Rene A.; Green, Alison L.; Russ, Garry R.; Jadloc, Claro Renato L. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The IPBES Conceptual Framework - connecting nature and people | Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability | DÕaz, S., Demissew, S., Carabias, J., Joly, C. ƒ Tallis, H. and 79 others | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | The first public product of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is its Conceptual Framework. This conceptual and analytical tool, presented here in detail, will underpin all IPBES functions and provide structure and comparability to the syntheses that IPBES will produce at different spatial scales, on different themes, and in different regions. Salient innovative aspects of the IPBES Conceptual Framework are its transparent and participatory construction process and its explicit consideration of diverse scientific disciplines, stakeholders, and knowledge systems, including indigenous and local knowledge. Because the focus on co-construction of integrative knowledge is shared by an increasing number of initiatives worldwide, this framework should be useful beyond IPBES, for the wider research and knowledge-policy communities working on the links between nature and people, such as natural, social and engineering scientists, policy-makers at different levels, and decision-makers in different sectors of society. | | |
| The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems: motivations, challenges and applications. | Conservation Letters | Keith, D.A., J.P. RodrÕguez, T.M. Brooks, M.A. Burgman, E.G. Barrow, L. Bland, P.J. Comer, J. Franklin, J. Link, M.A. McCarthy, R.M. Miller, N.J. Murray, J. Nel, E. Nicholson, M.A. Olivera-Miranda, T.J. Regan, K.M. RodrÕguez-Clark, M. Rouget, M.D. Spalding | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | In response to growing demand for ecosystem-level risk assessment in biodiversity conservation, and rapid proliferation of locally tailored protocols, the IUCN recently endorsed new Red List criteria as a global standard for ecosystem risk assessment. Four qualities were sought in the design of the IUCN criteria: generality; precision; realism; and simplicity. Drawing from extensive global consultation, we explore trade-offs among these qualities when dealing with key challenges, including ecosystem classification, measuring ecosystem dynamics, degradation and collapse, and setting decision thresholds to delimit ordinal categories of threat. Experience from countries with national lists of threatened ecosystems demonstrates well-balanced trade-offs in current and potential applications of Red Lists of Ecosystems in legislation, policy, environmental management and education. The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems should be judged by whether it achieves conservation ends and improves natural resource management, whether its limitations are outweighed by its benefits, and whether it performs better than alternative methods. Future development of the Red List of Ecosystems will benefit from the history of the Red List of Threatened Species which was trialed and adjusted iteratively over 50 years from rudimentary beginnings. We anticipate the Red List of Ecosystems will promote policy focus on conservation outcomes in situ across whole landscapes and seascapes. | Ecosystems | |
| The lichen genus Chrysothrix in the Ozark Ecoregion, including a preliminary treatment for eastern and central North America | Opuscula Philolichenum | RICHARD C. HARRIS & DOUGLAS LADD | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The loss of natural habitats and the addition of artificial substrata | | L Airoldi, SD Connell, MW Beck | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Loss of Species: Mangrove Extinction Risk and Geographic Areas of Global Concern | PLoS ONE | Polidoro, Beth A.; Carpenter, Kent E.; Collins, Lorna; Duke, Norman C.; Ellison, Aaron M.; Ellison, Joanna C.; Farnsworth, Elizabeth J.; Fernando, Edwino S.; Kathiresan, Kandasamy; Koedam, Nico E.; Livingstone, Suzanne R.; Miyagi, Toyohiko; Moore, Gregg E | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Lower Roanoke River Bioreserve Project - A model for private-public partnerships, North Carolina | | Lynch, JM | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Mackinaw River Project | | Rudin, D; Simpson, D | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Malay Weasel Mustela nudipes: distribution, natural history and a global conservation status review | Small Carnivore Conservation | Duckworth, JW, BPH-H Lee, E Meijaard, and S Meiri | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Summary The Malay Weasel Mustela nudipes inhabits only the Sundaic sub-region of South-East Asia and has never been studied in the field. Overall, it is recorded only rather rarely. Given major declines in many better-known Sundaic forest vertebrates, rec | | |
| The Many Elements of Traditional Fire Knowledge: Synthesis, Classification, and Aids to Cross-cultural Problem Solving in Fire-dependent Systems Around the World | Ecology and Society | Huffman, Mary R. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Mexican Drought Atlas: Tree-ring reconstructions of the soil moisture balance during the late pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern eras | QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS | Stahle, David W.; Cook, Edward R.; Burnette, Dorian J.; Villanueva, Jose; Cerano, Julian; Burns, Jordan N.; Griffin, Daniel; Cook, Benjamin I.; Acuna, Rodolfo; Torbenson, Max C. A.; Szejner, Paul; Howard, Ian M. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Micronesia Challenge: Assessing the Relative Contribution of Stressors on Coral Reefs to Facilitate Science-to-Management Feedback | PLoS ONE | Houk, P., R Camacho, S. Johnson, M .McLean, S. Maxin, J. Anson, E. Joseph, O. Nedlic, M. Luckymis, K. Adams, D. Hess, E. Kabua, A. Yalon, E. Buthung, C. Graham, T. Leberer, B. Taylor, R. van Woesik | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Myall Lakes: patterns and processes in an unusual coastal lake system in eastern Australia - Preface | Hydrobiologia | Wilson, Joanne | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The National Fish Habitat Action Plan: A partnership approach to protect and restore fish populations | Journal of the American Water Works Association | Higgins, J. V | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The National Wind Erosion Research Network: Building a standardized long-term data resource for aeolian research, modeling and land management | AEOLIAN RESEARCH | Webb, Nicholas P.; Herrick, Jeffrey E.; Van Zee, Justin W.; Courtright, Ericha M.; Hugenholtz, Christopher H.; Zobeck, Ted M.; Okin, Gregory S.; Barchyn, Thomas E.; Billings, Benjamin J.; Boyd, Robert; Clingan, Scott D.; Cooper, Brad F.; Duniway, Michael C.; Derner, Justin D.; Fox, Fred A.; Haystad, Kris M.; Heilman, Philip; LaPlante, Valerie; Ludwig, Noel A.; Metz, Loretta J.; Nearing, Mark A.; Norfleet, M. Lee; Pierson, Frederick B.; Sanderson, Matt A.; Sharratt, Brenton S.; Steiner, Jean L.; Tatarko, John; Tedela, Negussie H.; Toledo, David; Unnasch, Robert S.; Van Pelt, R. Scott; Wagner, Larry | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The natural flow regime | BioScience | Poff, NL; Allan, JD; Bain, MB; Karr, JR; Prestegaard, KL; Richter, BD; Sparks, RE; Stromberg, JC | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | H umans have long been fascinated by the dynamism of free-flowing waters. Yet we have expended great effort to tame rivers for transportation, water supply, flood control, agriculture, and power generation. It is now recognized that harnessing of streams | agriculture | |
| The Nature Conservancy bison herd report | Proceedings of the North American public bison herds symposium | Hamilton, R.G. | 1993 | 2017/12/14 | | | La Crosse, WI. |
| The Nature Conservancy in Shangrila: Transnational conservation and its critiques | | Moseley, R.K., and R.B. Mullen | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Nature ConservancyÍs Conservation Accomplishments at Risk _ Abating the Threat of Invasive Species | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Sklad, E.A., A.M. Bartuska, J.A. Randall, B.A. Rice, I.M. Tu, and D.R. Gordon | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The need for new ocean conservation strategies in a high-carbon dioxide world | Nature Climate Change | Rau, Greg H.; McLeod, Elizabeth L.; Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Next Frontier: Projecting the Effectiveness of Broad-scale Forest Conservation Strategies | | Silbernagel, Janet; Price, Jessica; Swaty, Randy; Miller, Nicholas | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Odonata of Mississippi | Bulletin of American Odonatology | Krotzer, R.S., J.T. Bried, and M.J. Krotzer | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Pacific salmon wars: What science brings to the challenge of recovering species | Annual Review of Ecology And Systematics | Ruckelshaus, MH; Levin, P; Johnson, JB; Kareiva, PM | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | Politicians, scientists, government agencies, and the public are all engaged in recovery planning for Pacific salmon. In order for science to fulfill its potential in the arena of salmon recovery planning, several shortcomings of the science and its appli | | |
| The path back: oaks (Quercus spp.) facilitate longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) seedling establishment in xeric sites | ECOSPHERE | Loudermilk, E. Louise; Hiers, J. Kevin; Pokswinski, Scott; O'Brien, Joseph J.; Barnett, Analie; Mitchell, Robert J. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Understanding plant_plant facilitation is critical for predicting how plant community function will respond to changing disturbance and climate. In longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) ecosystems of the southeastern United States, understanding processes that affect pine reproduction is imperative for conservation efforts that aim to maintain ecosystem resilience across its wide geographic range and edaphic gradients. Variation in wildland fire and plant_plant interactions may be overlooked in ñcoarse filterî restoration management, where actions are often prescribed over a variety of ecological conditions with an assumed outcome. For example, hardwood reduction techniques are commonly deemed necessary for ecological restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems, as hardwoods are presumed competitors with longleaf pine seedlings. Natural regeneration dynamics are difficult to test experimentally given the infrequent and irregular mast seed events of the longleaf pine. Using a long-term, large-scale restoration experiment and a long-term monitoring data site at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida (USA), this study explores the influence of native fire-intolerant oaks on longleaf regeneration. We test for historical observations of hardwood facilitation against the null hypothesis of competitive exclusion. Our results provide evidence of hardwood facilitation on newly germinated longleaf pine seedlings ( | | |
| The persistence and conservation of Borneo's mammals in lowland rain forests managed for timber: observations, overviews and opportunities | Ecological Research | Meijaard, E.; Sheil, D. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Lowland rainforests on Borneo are being degraded and lost at an alarming rate. Studies on mammals report species responding in various ways to habitat changes that occur in commercial forestry concessions. Here we draw together information on the | | |
| The political economy of frontier expansion and deforestation in the Amazon | Economics Of Deforestation In The Amazon: Dispelling The Myths | Campari, Joao S. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Potential for Double-Loop Learning to Enable Landscape Conservation Efforts | Environmental Management | Petersen, Brian; Montambault, Jensen; Koopman, Marni | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The potential to integrate blue carbon into MPA design and management | AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS | Howard, Jennifer; McLeod, Elizabeth; Thomas, Sebastian; Eastwood, Erin; Fox, Matthew; Wenzel, Lauren; Pidgeon, Emily | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The power of partnerships: Landscape scale conservation through public/private collaboration | Natural Areas Journal | Higgins, Alison; Serbesoff-King, Kristina; King, Matthew; O'Reilly-Doyle, Kathy | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Invasive exotic plants know no boundaries. If public conservation lands' managers wish to achieve long-term success, it is critical for them to reach out and collaborate with all stakeholders, including private landowners. In Florida, many region | | |
| The Prevalence and Status of Conservative Prairie and Sand Savanna Insects in the Chicago Wilderness Region | Natural Areas Journal | Panzer, Ron; Gnaedinger, Karl; Derkovitz, George | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The promise and pitfalls of systematic conservation planning | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | McDonald, Robert I. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The protective role of coastal marshes: a systematic review and meta-analysis | PLoS ONE | CC Shepard, CM Crain, MW Beck | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The quest for the optimal payment for environmental services program: Ambition meets reality, with useful lessons | Forest Policy And Economics | Kroeger, Timm | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The questionable effectiveness of science spending by international conservation organizations in the tropics | Conservation Biology | Cleary, D | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | The general context of conservation in the tropicsŠ—”in the Amazon basin and elsewhereŠ—”is stagnant or declining funding and rapidly growing threat levels. For conservation programs this makes strategic deployment of limited conservation resour | | |
| The Red Knot (Calidris canutus rufa) decline in the western hemisphere: is there a lemming connection? | Canadian Journal Of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie | Fraser, J. D.; Karpanty, S. M.; Cohen, J. B.; Truitt, B. R. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The relationship between female brooding and male nestling provisioning: does climate underlie geographic variation in sex roles? | JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY | Yoon, Jongmin; Sofaer, Helen R.; Sillett, T. Scott; Morrison, Scott A.; Ghalambor, Cameron K. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The relevance of wetland conservation in arid regions: A re-examination of vanishing communities in the American Southwest | Journal Of Arid Environments | Minckley, T. A.; Turner, D. S.; Weinstein, S. R. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The response of wintering Kirtland's Warblers to food patch dynamics in The Bahamas and its implications for conservation on the wintering grounds. | Journal of Ornithology | Currie, D.; Wunderle Jr, J. M.; Ewert, D. N. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The role of benefit transfer in ecosystem service valuation | ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS | Richardson, Leslie; Loomis, John; Kroeger, Timm; Casey, Frank | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Role of Disturbance in Habitat Restoration and Management for the Eastern Regal Fritillary Speyeria idalia idalia) at a Military Installation in Pennsylvania | Ecological Restoration | Latham, RE, D Zercher, P McElhenny, P Mooreside, and B Ferster | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The role of ecosystems in coastal protection: Adapting to climate change and coastal hazards | Ocean and Coastal Management | Spalding, M. D., Ruffo, S., Lacambra, C., Meliane, I., Hale, L. Z., Shepard, C. C., & Beck, M. W. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The role of herbivores in Great Plains conservation: comparative ecology of bison and cattle | Ecosphere | Allred, Brady W.; Fuhlendorf, Samuel D.; Hamilton, Robert G. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | The Great Plains of North America evolved with significant influence from bison (Bison bison), but is presently dominated by cattle (Bos taurus). While there are a variety of opinions concerning differences between these two species, there is a lack of scientific comparisons, including those that incorporate important ecological variation. We developed a framework to study and compare the grazing behavior and effects of bison and cattle within grassland ecosystems. Environmental (e.g., resource distribution, disturbance) and animal (e.g., number, social organization) factors play a critical role in determining grazing effects and should be incorporated into discussions that compare the effects of bison and cattle. Using this framework we specifically compare the grazing behavior of both species in tallgrass prairie and discuss the implications of these differences in the context of conservation. We collared bison and cattle with global positioning systems and used resource selection functions to estimate the importance of various environmental factors on site selection. Both species preferred recently burned areas and avoided steeper slopes. Cattle selected areas that were closer to water, while bison were not limited by distance to water; cattle also preferred areas with woody vegetation, while bison avoided them. Incorporating broad scale environmental complexity allows for an effective comparison of ecological differences between bison and cattle. While there are similarities and differences in these species, a comprehensive analysis of all conditions and scenarios is not possible. It is clear, however, that the greatest differences between these species will likely be evident from broad scale studies across complex landscapes. In addition to species, conservation and land managers need to consider other environmental factors that are critical to grazing effects and overall conservation. | fire; grassland; grazing; herbivory; restoration; species comparisons; tallgrass prairie | |
| The Role of Local Ecological Knowledge in the Conservation and Management of Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations | Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations: Biology, Research And Management | Hamilton, Richard; de Mitcheson, Yvonne Sadovy; Aguilar-Perera, Alfonso | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The role of marine protected areas in alleviating poverty in the Asia-Pacific | | van Beukering, Pieter J. H.; Scherl, Lea M.; Leisher, Craig | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The role of nearshore ecosystems as fish and shellfish nurseries. | Issues in Ecology | Beck, M. W., Heck, K. L. Jr. , Able, K. W., Childers, D. L., Eggleston, D. B., Gillanders, B. M., Halpern, B., Hays, C. G., Hoshino, K., Minello, T. J., Orth, R. J. Sheridan, P. F., Weinstein, M. P. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Role of Phragmites australis in Mediating Inland Salt Marsh Migration in a Mid-Atlantic Estuary | PLoS ONE | Smith, Joseph A. M. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world | AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS | Hermoso, Virgilio; Abell, Robin; Linke, Simon; Boon, Philip | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The role of refugia and dispersal in primary succession on Mount St. Helens, Washington | Journal of Vegetation Science | Fuller, R.N. and del Moral, R. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | An intense lateral blast devastated Mount St. Helens in 1980, but forest understory species survived in some north-slope'refugia'. We explored the effects of refugia on colonization of barren pumice in 1997 and 1998, 18 yr after the eruption. The | | |
| The role of science in supporting marine protected area network planning and design in California | Ocean and Coastal Management | Saarman, Emily; Gleason, Mary; Ugoretz, John; Airame, Satie; Carr, Mark; Fox, Evan; Frimodig, Adam; Mason, Tom; Vasques, Jason | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The role of the National Wildlife Refuge System in conserving biodiversity: Existing challenges and future needs | | Cassidy, TJ; Kania, GS | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Sage-Grouse Habitat Mortgage: Effective Conifer Management in Space and Time | RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT | Boyd, Chad S.; Kerby, Jay D.; Svejcar, Tony J.; Bates, Jon D.; Johnson, Dustin D.; Davies, Kirkw. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The science of targeting within landscapes and watersheds to improve conservation effectiveness | Managing Agricultural Landscapes for Environmental Quality: Strengthening the Science Base | Walter, T, M Dosskey, M Khanna, J Miller, M Tomer, and J Wiens | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| The sounds of silence: Listening to the villagers to learn about orangutans | Significance | Mengersen, K., E. Meijaard, J. Wells, L. Christy, and D. Buchori | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The spatiotemporal dynamics of habitat use by blacktip (Carcharhinus limbatus) and lemon (Negaprion brevirostris) sharks in nurseries of St. John, United States Virgin Islands | Marine Biology | Legare, Bryan; Kneebone, Jeff; DeAngelis, Bryan; Skomal, Gregory | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The state of legislation and policy protecting Australia's mangrove and salt marsh and their ecosystem services | MARINE POLICY | Rogers, Kerrylee; Boon, Paul I.; Branigan, Simon; Duke, Norman C.; Field, Colin D.; Fitzsimons, James A.; Kirkman, Hugh; Mackenzie, Jock R.; Saintilan, Neil | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The State of the Birds 2014 Watch List | | Rosenberg, K.V., D. Pashley, B. Andres, P. J. Blancher, G.S. Butcher, W.C. Hunter, D. Mehlman, A.O. Panjabi, M. Parr, G. Wallace, and D. Wiedenfeld | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The stream-dwelling tadpole of Hyloscirtus charazani (Anura : Hylidae) from Andean Bolivia | Studies On Neotropical Fauna And Environment | Lotters, S; Reichle, S; Faivovich, J; Bain, RH | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The sum is greater than the parts | Conservation Biology | Molnar, J., Marvier, M. and P. Kareiva | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | The practice of conservation and the designation of protected areas are clearly in the best interest of humankind and are embraced by a large fraction of the world's peoples and governments. The goals of conservation, however, and thus the targets and pri | | |
| The sustainability of subsistence hunting in the neotropics | Conservation Biology | Alvard, MS; Robinson, JG; Redford, KH; Kaplan, H | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | Hunting is an important component of native subsistence strategies in Amazonia. It is also a serious threat to biodiversity in some areas. We present data on the faunal harvests of two native Neotropical subsistence hunting peoples, Machiguenga | | |
| The theory behind, and the challenges of, conserving nature's stage in a time of rapid change | CONSERVATION BIOLOGY | Lawler, Joshua J.; Ackerly, David D.; Albano, Christine M.; Anderson, Mark G.; Dobrowski, Solomon Z.; Gill, Jacquelyn L.; Heller, Nicole E.; Pressey, Robert L.; Sanderson, Eric W.; Weiss, Stuart B. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The threat of invasive alien species to biological diversity: setting a future course | Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | Chornesky, E.A. and J.M. Randall | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Over the past decade, mounting evidence has shown the pervasive and escalating harmful impacts of invasive alien species on native species and ecosystems. Thousands of non-native species are established in the United States and many more worldwide. Few ar | | |
| The total number of naturalized species can be a reliable predictor of the number of alien pest species | Diversity and Distributions | Rejmanek, M; Randall, JM | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | In her recent paper, Shawna J. Dark (2004) concluded that the distributions of 'invasive alien plants' and 'non-invasive alien plants' in California were significantly correlated. She found the highest numbers of both 'invasive'and 'non-invasive'species i | | |
| The turnover hypothesis of Amazon deforestation: conceptual framework | Economics Of Deforestation In The Amazon: Dispelling The Myths | Campari, Joao S. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The unglamorous essential foundation of conservation science | Oryx | Salafsky, N; Salzer, D | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | There has been a growing interest among biodiversity conservation practitioners and organizations in concepts such as monitoring, adaptive management, evidencebased conservation, and learning networks (see for example Bill Sutherland's Editorial in the . | | |
| The Use of Prescribed Fire to Control Invasive Exotic Weeds at Jepson Prairie Preserve | | Pollak, O.; Kan, T. | 1998 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The use of regional advance mitigation planning (RAMP) to integrate transportation infrastructure impacts with sustainability; a perspective from the USA | Environmental Research Letters | Thorne, James H.; Huber, Patrick R.; O'Donoghue, Elizabeth; Santos, Maria J. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Use Of Social Cues In Habitat Selection By Wetland Birds | Condor | Ward, Michael P.; Benson, Thomas J.; Semel, Brad; Herkert, James R. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Value of Coastal Wetlands for Flood Damage Reduction in the Northeastern USA | SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | Narayan, Siddharth; Beck, Michael W.; Wilson, Paul; Thomas, Christopher J.; Guerrero, Alexandra; Shepard, Christine C.; Reguero, Borja G.; Franco, Guillermo; Ingram, Jane Carter; Trespalacios, Dania | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | As exposure to coastal hazards increases there is growing interest in nature-based solutions for risk reduction. This study uses high-resolution flood and loss models to quantify the impacts of coastal wetlands in the northeastern USA on (i) regional flood damages by Hurricane Sandy and (ii) local annual flood losses in Barnegat Bay in Ocean County, New Jersey. Using an extensive database of property exposure, the regional study shows that wetlands avoided $625 Million in direct flood damages during Hurricane Sandy. The local study combines these models with a database of synthetic storms in Ocean County and estimates a 16% average reduction in annual flood losses by salt marshes with higher reductions at lower elevations. Together, the studies quantify the risk reduction ecosystem services of marsh wetlands. Measuring these benefits in collaboration with the risk modelling industry is crucial for assessing risk accurately and, where appropriate, aligning conservation and risk reduction goals. | Ecosystem servicesNatural hazards | |
| The value of ecosystem services provided by the US National Wildlife Refuge System in the contiguous US | Ecological Economics | Ingraham, Molly W.; Foster, Shonda Gilliland | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The value of flexibility in conservation financing | CONSERVATION BIOLOGY | Lennox, Gareth D.; Fargione, Joseph; Spector, Sacha; Williams, Gwyn; Armsworth, Paul R. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| THE VALUE OF LAND RESTORATION AS A RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE | LAND RESTORATION: RECLAIMING LANDSCAPES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE | Lomax, Guy | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The vascular plant flora of the south Puget Sound prairies. Washington, USA | Davidsonia | Dunwiddie, P., E. Alverson, A. Stanley, R. Gilbert, S. Pearson, D. Hays, J. Arnett, E. Delvin, D. Grosboll, & C. Marschner | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The voice of the fishermen of the Gulf of Honduras: Improving regional fisheries management through fisher participation | Fisheries Research | Heyman, William D.; Granados-Dieseldorff, Pablo | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The vulnerability of Amazon freshwater ecosystems | Conservation Letters | Castello, Leandro; McGrath, David G.; Hess, Laura L.; Coe, Michael T.; Lefebvre, Paul A.; Petry, Paulo; Macedo, Marcia N.; Reno, Vivian F.; Arantes, Caroline C. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The watershed approach: Lessons learned through a collaborative effort | National Wetlands Newsletter | Wilkinson, Jessica, Mark P. Smith, and Nicholas Miller | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The Watershed Conservation Screening Tool: A Resource for Large Water Users | JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION | Mcdonald, Robert I. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| The World's Protected Areas. Status, values, and prospects in the twenty-first century. | | Stuart Chape, Mark D. Spalding, M.D. Jenkins | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | protected areas | |
| Think before you plan: Introducing preplanning considerations in conservation | Journal of Indonesian Natural History | Meijaard, E., C. Leisher, E.T. Game, and C. Groves | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Thinking about knowing: conceptual foundations for interdisciplinary environmental research | Environmental Conservation | Khagram, Sanjeev; Nicholas, Kimberly A.; Bever, Dena Macmynowski; Warren, Justin; Richards, Elizabeth H.; Oleson, Kirsten; Kitzes, Justin; Katz, Rebecca; Hwang, Rebeca; Goldman, Rebecca; Funk, Jason; Brauman, Kate A. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Thinking Big: Lessons Learned from a Landscape-Scale Approach to Coastal Habitat Conservation | COASTAL MANAGEMENT | Chabot, Helen; Farrow, Dan; York, Dawn; Harris, Janine; Cosentino-Manning, Natalie; Watson, Lani; Hum, Kim; Wiggins, Chad | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Thinking outside of the lake: Can controls on nutrient inputs into Lake Erie benefit stream conservation in its watershed? | JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH | Keitzer, S. Conor; Ludsin, Stuart A.; Sowa, Scott P.; Annis, Gust; Arnold, Jeff G.; Daggupati, Prasad; Froehlich, August M.; Herbert, Matt E.; Johnson, Mari-Vaughn V.; Sasson, Anthony M.; Yen, Haw; White, Mike J.; Rewa, Charles A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Threats and biodiversity in the mediterranean biome | Diversity and Distributions | Underwood, Emma C.; Viers, Joshua H.; Klausmeyer, Kirk R.; Cox, Robin L.; Shaw, M. Rebecca | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Threats to imperiled freshwater fauna | Conservation Biology | Richter, BD; Braun, DP; Mendelson, MA; Master, LL | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | Threats to imperiled freshwater fauna in the US were assessed through an experts survey addressing anthropogenic stressors and their sources. Specifically, causes of historic declines and current limits to recovery were identified for 135 imperiled freshw | | |
| Three levels of monitoring intensity for rare plant species | Natural Areas Journal | Menges, E.S. and D.R. Gordon | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Three new species of western California springsnails previously confused with Pyrgulopsis stearnsiana (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) | ZooKeys | Hershler, Robert; Liu, Hsiu-Ping; Babbitt, Caitlin; Kellogg, Michael G.; Howard, Jeanette K. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | We describe three new, allopatric species of springsnails (genus Pyrgulopsis) from western California (P. lindae, P. ojaiensis, P. torrida) that were previously identified as P. stearnsiana. The new species are differentiated from P. stearnsiana and each other both by mtCOI sequences (3.9-9.9%) and details of penial morphology. We also provide a phylogeny with increased sampling which confirms a previous finding that P. stearnsiana sensu stricto is paraphyletic relative to two other California species (P. diablensis, P. giulianii). Our molecular and morphological evidence suggests that P. stearnsiana paraphyly is an artifact of conservative taxonomy, however additional studies utilizing rapidly evolving genetic markers will be needed to confidently tease apart the cryptic diversity in this widely ranging springsnail. The new species described herein are narrowly distributed and vulnerable to anthropogenic stressors. The single known population of P. torrida may have become extirpated between 2000 and 2015. | Gastropoda; United States; freshwater; taxonomy; conservation | |
| Thresholds and multiple scale interaction of environment, resource use, and market proximity on reef fishery resources in the Solomon Islands | Biological Conservation | Brewer, Tom D.; Cinner, Joshua E.; Green, Alison; Pandolfi, John M. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Reef fish are critical in maintaining the ecological function of coral reefs and providing food security for coastal communities in developing countries. Reef fishery stocks are under increasing threat from factors such as climate-related habitat degradat | | |
| Timber, Fuel, and Fiber | | Sampson, R.N., N. Bystriakova, S. Brown, P. Gonzalez, L.C. Irland, P. Kauppi, R. Sedjo, and I.D. Thompson | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| TNC Raja Ampat marine protect area perception monitoring trend analysis | | Hess, S., S.N. Larsen, and C. Leisher | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| TNC's whole-system freshwater conservation projects | | Kendy E, Smith MP, Higgins J, Benjamin G, Hawes T, Lutz K, McGrath D, Reuter M. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| To introduce or not to introduce: trade-offs of non-indigenous organisms | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | Daehler, C.C. and D.R. Gordon | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Tolerance of frugivorous birds to habitat disturbance in a tropical cloud forest | Biological Conservation | Gomes, L.G.L., V. Oostra, V. Nijman, A.M. Cleef, M. Kappelle | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | In view of the continued decline in tropical forest cover around the globe, forest restoration has become a key tool in tropical rainforest conservation. One of the mainŠ—–and least expensiveŠ—–restoration strategies is natural forest regeneration. By aid | | |
| Top 40 Priorities for Science to Inform US Conservation and Management Policy | BioScience | Fleishman, Erica; Blockstein, David E.; Hall, John A.; Mascia, Michael B.; Rudd, Murray A.; Scott, J. Michael; Sutherland, William J.; Bartuska, Ann M.; Brown, A. Gordon; Christen, Catherine A.; Clement, Joel P.; DellaSala, Dominick; Duke, Clifford S.; Ea | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Topography influences the distribution of autumn frost damage on trees in a Mediterranean-type Eucalyptus forest | Trees-Structure And Function | Matusick, George; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Brouwers, Niels C.; Hardy, Giles St. J. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Toward a community ecology of landscapes: predicting multiple predator-prey interactions across geographic space | ECOLOGY | Schmitz, Oswald J.; Miller, Jennifer R. B.; Trainor, Anne M.; Abrahms, Briana | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Toward Best Practices for Developing Regional Connectivity Maps | Conservation Biology | Beier, Paul; Spencer, Wayne; Baldwin, Robert F.; McRae, Brad H. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Toward representative protection of the world's coasts and oceans-progress, gaps, and opportunities | Conservation Letters | Spalding, Mark D.; Fish, Lucy; Wood, Louisa J. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Towards a comprehensive strategy to recover river herring on the Atlantic seaboard: lessons from Pacific salmon | Ices Journal Of Marine Science | Bowden, Alison A. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Towards an environmental history of the Amazon: From prehistory to the nineteenth century | Latin American Research Review | Cleary, D | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | This article reviews the environmental history of the Amazon basin from early prehistory to the 1850s, concluding at the start of the rubber boom. It argues that the Amazon's past can be understood in terms of a transition from wilderness to landscape, in | | |
| Towards dynamic flow regime management for floodplain restoration in the Atchafalaya River Basin, Louisiana | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY | Kozak, Justin P.; Bennett, Micah G.; Piazza, Bryan P.; Remo, Jonathan W. F. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | This study proposes a novel approach for establishing adaptive environmental-flow prescriptions for rivers, channels, and floodways with substantial flow augmentation and a limited decision space using the highly altered Atchafalaya River Basin (ARB) in Louisiana as an example. Development of the ARB into the primary floodway of the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project has contributed to hydrologic changes basin-wide that have altered the river-floodplain interface threatening important ecosystems, notably the expansive baldcypress-water tupelo swamp forests. Current restoration efforts only address the spatial distribution of water in local areas of the basin; however, the timing, frequency, magnitude, and duration of ecologically-important high and low flows are determined at the basin-wide scale by the daily implementation of a federal flow mandate that limits available water management options. We used current hydrologic conditions and established flow-ecology relationships from the literature to develop an environmental flow prescription for the ARB that provides basin-wide flow targets to complement ongoing restoration efforts. Hydrologic analysis of current flows and the flow-ecology requirements for these wetland forests revealed an overlap in the range of flow variability under the current water management model, suggesting environmental flows can be complementary with the desired hydraulic and geomorphic characteristics of the floodway. The result is a first step towards an adaptive flow regime that strives to balance important flow-ecology relationships within a decision space limited by a federal flow mandate. We found high potential for success in managing water for nature while accommodating other management needs for the river. | Environmental flow; Water management; Flood mitigation; Floodplains; Wetland forest | |
| Towards integrated social-ecological sustainability indicators: Exploring the contribution and gaps in existing global data | ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS | Selomane, Odirilwe; Reyers, Belinda; Biggs, Reinette; Tallis, Heather; Polasky, Stephen | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Tracking Progress Toward the 2010 Biodiversity Target and Beyond | Science | Walpole, Matt; Almond, Rosamunde E. A.; Besancon, Charles; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid; Carr, Genevieve M.; Collen, Ben; Collette, Linda; Davidson, Nick C.; Dulloo, Ehsan; Fazel, Asghar M.; Galloway, James N.; Gill, Michael; Goverse, | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Trade-offs between data resolution, accuracy, and cost when choosing information to plan reserves for coral reef ecosystems | Journal of Environmental Management | Vivitskaia J. Tullocha, Carissa J. Klein, Stacy D. Jupiter, Ayesha I.T. Tulloch, Chris Roelfsema, Hugh P. Possingham | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation planners must reconcile trade-offs associated with using biodiversity data of differing qualities to make decisions. Coarse habitat classifications are commonly used as surrogates to design marine reserve networks when fine-scale biodiversity data are incomplete or unavailable. Although finely-classified habitat maps provide more detail, they may have more misclassification errors, a common problem when remotely-sensed imagery is used. Despite these issues, planners rarely consider the effects of errors when choosing data for spatially explicit conservation prioritizations. Here we evaluate trade-offs between accuracy and resolution of hierarchical coral reef habitat data (geomorphology and benthic substrate) derived from remote sensing, in spatial planning for Kubulau District, Fiji. For both, we use accuracy information describing the probability that a mapped habitat classification is correct to design marine reserve networks that achieve habitat conservation targets, and demonstrate inadequacies of using habitat maps without accuracy data. We show that using more detailed habitat information ensures better representation of biogenic habitats (i.e. coral and seagrass), but leads to larger and more costly reserves, because these data have more misclassification errors, and are also more expensive to obtain. Reduced impacts on fishers are possible using coarsely-classified data, which are also more cost-effective for planning reserves if we account for data collection costs, but using these data may under-represent reef habitats that are important for fisheries and biodiversity, due to the maps low thematic resolution. Finally, we show that explicitly accounting for accuracy information in decisions maximizes the chance of successful conservation outcomes by reducing the risk of missing conservation representation targets, particularly when using finely classified data. | Marine protected area; Conservation; Spatial planning; Cost-effectiveness; Surrogate; Habitat classification | |
| Trade-offs in identifying global conservation priority areas | | Murdoch, W. M., Bode, J. Hoekstra, P. Kareiva, S. Polasky, H. P. Possingham, K. A. Wilson | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Trade-offs in making ecosystem services and human well-being conservation priorities | | Benner (nee Goldman), R. L., Daily, G. C. and Kareiva, P | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Trading carbon for food: Global comparison of carbon stocks vs. crop yields on agricultural land | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | West, Paul C.; Gibbs, Holly K.; Monfreda, Chad; Wagner, John; Barford, Carol C.; Carpenter, Stephen R.; Foley, Jonathan A. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Trajectories and magnitude of change in coral reef fish populations in Philippine marine reserves: a meta-analysis | Coral Reefs | Maliao, R. J.; White, A. T.; Maypa, A. P.; Turingan, R. G. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Trajectories of change in sagebrush steppe vegetation communities in relation to multiple wildfires | Ecological Applications | Davies, G. M.; Bakker, J. D.; Dettweiler-Robinson, E.; Dunwiddie, P. W.; Hall, S. A.; Downs, J.; Evans, J. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Trans-boundary infrastructure and land cover change: Highway paving and community-level deforestation in a tri-national frontier in the Amazon | Land Use Policy | Perz, Stephen G.; Qiu, Youliang; Xia, Yibin; Southworth, Jane; Sun, Jing; Marsik, Matthew; Rocha, Karla; Passos, Veronica; Rojas, Daniel; Alarcon, Gabriel; Barnes, Grenville; Baraloto, Christopher | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Transboundary conservation: An ecoregional approach to protect neotropical migratory birds in South America | Environmental Management | Roca, R; Adkins, L; Wurschy, MC; Skerl, K | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | Future conservation efforts will need to transcend geopolitical boundaries in efforts to protect entire landscapes and ecosystems. Neotropical migratory birds are as a group a useful conservation tool for linking diverse landscapes and people due | | |
| Transferring landscape ecological knowledge in a multi-partner landscape: the Border Lakes region of Minnesota and Ontario | | Lytle, D.E., M.W. Cornett and M.S. Harkness | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Translocation of species into conservation areas: A key for natural resource managers | Natural Areas Journal | Gordon, D.R. | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Tree diameter increments following silvicultural treatments in a dipterocarp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia: A mixed-effects modelling approach | FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT | Ruslandi; Cropper, W. P., Jr.; Putz, F. E. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Tree diversity in relation to maximum tree height: evidence for the harshness hypothesis of species diversity gradients | ECOLOGY LETTERS | Marks, Christian O.; Muller-Landau, Helene C.; Tilman, David | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Tree diversity, tree height and environmental harshness in eastern and western North America | Ecology Letters | Christian O. Marks, Helene C. Muller-Landau, David Tilman | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Does variation in environmental harshness explain local and regional species diversity gradients? We hypothesise that for a given life form like trees, greater harshness leads to a smaller range of traits that are viable and thereby also to lower species diversity. On the basis of a strong dependence of maximum tree height on site productivity and other measures of site quality, we propose maximum tree height as an inverse measure of environmental harshness for trees. Our results show that tree species richness is strongly positively correlated with maximum tree height across multiple spatial scales in forests of both eastern and western North America. Maximum tree height co-varied with species richness along gradients from benign to harsh environmental conditions, which supports the hypothesis that harshness may be a general mechanism limiting local diversity and explaining diversity gradients within a biogeographic region. | | |
| Tree responses to longleaf pine sandhill restoration treatments in NW Florida | Forest Ecology and Management | Provencher, D. R. Gordon, L., B. Herring, H. L. Rodgers, G. W. Tanner, J. L. Hardesty, and L. A. Brennan | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Tree-ring dating the 1700 Cascadia earthquake | Nature | Yamaguchi, DK; Atwater, BF; Bunker, DE; Benson, BE; Reid, MS | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | Geological evidence shows that an earthquake attended by a tsunami, or a series of such earthquakes, ruptured at least 900 km of the Cascadia subduction zonealong the west coast of North America between the years 1700 and 1720 1. Satake et al. 2 found evi | | |
| Trends in Piping Plover Reproduction at Jones Beach State Park, NY, 1995-2007 | Northeastern Naturalist | McIntyre, Annie F.; Heath, Julie A.; Jannsen, Joseph | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Trends in reproductive success of Hawaiian seabirds: is guild membership a good criterion for choosing indicator species? | Biological Conservation | Dearborn, DC; Anders, AD; Flint, EN | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | Because it is rarely possible to monitor all species that occur in sensitive or threatened ecosystems, much theoretical consideration has been given to the process of choosing indicator species. We evaluated whether foraging guild classification or nest s | | |
| Trophic considerations in eradicating multiple pests | Island Invasives: Eradication and Management | Morrison, S.A | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Tropical Marine EBM Feasibility: A Synthesis of Case Studies and Comparative Analyses | Coastal Management | Christie, Patrick; Pollnac, Richard B.; Fluharty, David L.; Hixon, Mark A.; Lowry, Gordon K.; Mahon, Robin; Pietri, Diana; Tissot, Brian N.; White, Alan T.; Armada, Nygiel; Eisma-Osorio, Rose-Liza | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | This overview compares and synthesizes the articles of this theme issue. It highlights that progress has been made toward the goals of marine ecosystem-based management (EBM) in tropical regions. Four key findings are presented:(1) Tailoring EBM to specif | | |
| Tropical montane cloud forests: State of knowledge and sustainability perspectives in a changing world | | Bruijnzeel, L. A., M. Kappelle, M. Mulligan, and F. N. Scatena | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Tropical Montane Forests | | Kappelle, M | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Turnover on farming plots | Economics Of Deforestation In The Amazon: Dispelling The Myths | Campari, Joao S. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Two challenges for U.S. irrigation due to climate change: increasing irrigated area in wet states and increasing irrigation rates in dry states | PLoS ONE | McDonald, R. and E. Girvetz | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Two new pinicolous Arthonia (Arthoniaceae; Arthoniomycetes) from the Delmarva Peninsula of the Atlantic Coastal Plain in eastern North America | BRYOLOGIST | Lendemer, James C.; Ray, David | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Two new non-lichenized Arthonia are described from the branches and wood of pine trees (Pinus spp.) in the Coastal Plain of southeastern North America. Arthonia samdykeana is a characterized by its lack of photobiont, large irregularly shaped ascomata, and 6Ð9(Ð10Ð12)-celled ascospores that are macrocephallic. Arthonia gutberletiana is characterized by its lack of photobiont, black circular apothecia with persistent margins, hyaline 2-celled ascospores and occurrence on pine wood. | Industrial forestry, lichenization, mycobiont | |
| Two new species of Phacelia (Hydrophyllaceae) from the southwestern United States | Novon | Atwood, ND; Smith, FJ; Knight, TA | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | Phacelia filiae ND Atwood, FJ Smith & TA Knight is an undescribed species from Clark, Nye, and Lincoln Counties, Nevada. It is closely related to Phacelia parishii of California, Arizona, and Nevada and Phacelia beatleyae of southern Nevada. Phacelia petr | | |
| Two scales are better than one: Monitoring multiple-use northern temperate forests | Forest Ecology and Managment | Mark A. White, Meredith W. Cornett, Peter T. Wolter | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Managing forests for multiple, often conflicting values, coupled with the uncertainty of global environmental change, requires a more flexible approach to maintaining functioning ecosystems into the future. Adaptive management offers such flexibility, but is often hampered by a lack of targeted monitoring data collected in a consistent mannerÑthe evidence base. Moreover, effective management of expansive forest ecosystems requires data on both landscape scale processes, as well as finer-scale data on vegetation structure and composition. To address the challenges of adaptive management in forest ecosystems, we tested the ability of a small set of multi-scale indicators to inform management of MinnesotaÕs Northern Great Lakes forest. Using remotely sensed and field data, we monitored changes in forest condition over a 20-year period in the 42,000 ha Manitou forest landscape in northeastern Minnesota. We used multi-temporal remote sensing data to assess landscape-scale changes in disturbance rates, patch size and age structure. With field data, we used a chronosequence method to assess management effects over time on finer scale characteristics such as canopy composition, tree regeneration, vertical structure and coarse woody debris. Combining remotely sensed and field data provided a more robust evidence base for decision-making than either approach could have provided alone. For example, examining remote-sensing data alone indicates that the rate of severe disturbance (timber harvest) peaked during the 20-year analysis period, and has declined in recent years. As disturbance rates declined, patch size and the proportion of forest in later successional stages all increased from year 2000 levels. These indicators of landscape structure showed positive shifts towards conservation objectives, but only tell part of the whole story. Field data elucidate a number of negative trends, including poor regeneration of key species (Picea glauca, Pinus strobus, Thuja occidentalis, Betula alleghaniensis), and simplified structure in young and mature growth stages. In addition, much of the mature forest transitioning into later-successional growth stages lacks the long-lived species and structural characteristics needed to develop late-successional conditions. An evidence base compiled from data gathered at both the stand and landscape scale provides the flexibility on which sound adaptive management depends. | Adaptive management; Evidence base; Complexity; Adaptive capacity; Species diversity; Remote sensing | |
| Umbrella potential of plants and dragonflies for wetland conservation: a quantitative case study using the umbrella index | Journal of Applied Ecology | Bried, JT, BD Herman, and GN Ervin | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Summary 1. Shortcuts to measuring biodiversity enable prioritization of conservation effort in the face of limited time, personnel and funding. The conservation umbrella approach focuses management effort according to individual species that may confer pr | | |
| Una sinopsis de la herpetofauna con comentarios sobre las prioridades en investigacion y conservacion | | Enderson, E. F., A. Quijada-Mascarenas, D. S. Turner, R. L. Bezy, and P. C. Rosen | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Uncertainty analysis of least-cost modeling for designing wildlife linkages | Ecological Applications | Beier, Paul; Majka, Daniel R.; Newell, Shawn L. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Least-cost models for focal species are widely used to design wildlife corridors. To evaluate the least-cost modeling approach used to develop 15 linkage designs in southern California, USA, we assessed robustness of the largest and least constrained link | | |
| Unconventional oil and gas spills: Materials, volumes, and risks to surface waters in four states of the US | SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT | Maloney, Kelly O.; Baruch-Mordo, Sharon; Patterson, Lauren A.; Nicot, Jean-Philippe; Entrekin, Sally A.; Fargione, Joseph E.; Kiesecker, Joseph M.; Konschnik, Kate E.; Ryan, Joseph N.; Trainor, Anne M.; Saiers, James E.; Wiseman, Hannah J. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Extraction of oil and gas from unconventional sources, such as shale, has dramatically increased over the past ten years, raising the potential for spills or releases of chemicals, waste materials, and oil and gas. We analyzed spill data associated with unconventional wells from Colorado, New Mexico, North Dakota and Pennsylvania from 2005 to 2014, where we defined unconventional wells as horizontally drilled into an unconventional formation. We identified materials spilled by state and for each material we summarized frequency, volumes and spill rates. We evaluated the environmental risk of spills by calculating distance to the nearest stream and compared these distances to existing setback regulations. Finally, we summarized relative importance to drinking water in watersheds where spills occurred. Across all four states, we identified 21,300 unconventional wells and 6622 reported spills. The number of horizontal well bores increased sharply beginning in the late 2000s; spill rates also increased for all states except PA where the rate initially increased, reached a maximum in 2009 and then decreased. Wastewater, crude oil, drilling waste, and hydraulic fracturing fluid were the materials most often spilled; spilled volumes of these materials largely ranged from 100 to 10,000 L. Across all states, the average distance of spills to a stream was highest in New Mexico (1379 m), followed by Colorado (747 m), North Dakota (598 m) and then Pennsylvania (268 m), and 7.0, 13.3, and 20.4% of spills occurred within existing surface water setback regulations of 30.5, 61.0, and 91.4 m, respectively. Pennsylvania spills occurred in watersheds with a higher relative importance to drinking water than the other three states. Results from this study can inform risk assessments by providing improved input parameters on volume and rates of materials spilled, and guide regulations and the management policy of spills. | Shale oil and gas; Hydraulic fracturing; Extraction; Spill rates; Wells; Colorado; New Mexico; North Dakota; Pennsylvania; Setback regulations | |
| Unconventional Oil and Gas Spills: Risks, Mitigation Priorities, and State Reporting Requirements | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY | Patterson, Lauren A.; Konschnik, Katherine E.; Wiseman, Hannah; Fargione, Joseph; Maloney, Kelly O.; Kiesecker, Joseph; Nicot, Jean-Philippe; Baruch-Mordo, Sharon; Entrekin, Sally; Trainor, Anne; Saiers, James E. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Rapid growth in unconventional oil and gas (UOG) has produced jobs, revenue, and energy, but also concerns over spills and environmental risks. We assessed spill data from 2005 to 2014 at 31_481 UOG wells in Colorado, New Mexico, North Dakota, and Pennsylvania. We found 2Ð16% of wells reported a spill each year. Median spill volumes ranged from 0.5 m3 in Pennsylvania to 4.9 m3 in New Mexico; the largest spills exceeded 100 m3. Seventy-five to 94% of spills occurred within the first three years of well life when wells were drilled, completed, and had their largest production volumes. Across all four states, 50% of spills were related to storage and moving fluids via flowlines. Reporting rates varied by state, affecting spill rates and requiring extensive time and effort getting data into a usable format. Enhanced and standardized regulatory requirements for reporting spills could improve the accuracy and speed of analyses to identify and prevent spill risks and mitigate potential environmental damage. Transparency for data sharing and analysis will be increasingly important as UOG development expands. We designed an interactive spills data visualization tool (http://snappartnership.net/groups/hydraulic-fracturing/webapp/spills.html) to illustrate the value of having standardized, public data. | | |
| Understanding and managing human threats to the coastal marine environment | Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | CM Crain, BS Halpern, MW Beck, CV Kappel | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Understanding climate change impacts and vulnerability | | Gross, J. K. Johnson, P. Glick, and K. Hall | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Understanding fen hydrology across multiple scales | HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES | Sampath, Prasanna Venkatesh; Liao, Hua-Sheng; Curtis, Zachary Kristopher; Herbert, Matthew E.; Doran, Patrick J.; May, Christopher A.; Landis, Douglas A.; Li, Shu-Guang | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Understanding rarity: A review of recent conceptual advances and implications for conservation of rare species | The Forestry Chronicle | Drever, C.R., M.C. Drever and D.J.H. Sleep | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Understanding the contribution of habitats and regional variation to long-term population trends in tricolored blackbirds | Ecology and Evolution | Graves, E.E., M. Holyoak, T. Rodd Kelsey, and R.J. Meese | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Understanding the Groundwater Hydrology of a Geographically-Isolated Prairie Fen: Implications for Conservation | PLOS ONE | Sampath, Prasanna Venkatesh; Liao, Hua-Sheng; Curtis, Zachary Kristopher; Doran, Patrick J.; Herbert, Matthew E.; May, Christopher A.; Li, Shu-Guang | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | The sources of water and corresponding delivery mechanisms to groundwater-fed fens are not well understood due to the multi-scale geo-morphologic variability of the glacial landscape in which they occur. This lack of understanding limits the ability to effectively conserve these systems and the ecosystem services they provide, including biodiversity and water provisioning. While fens tend to occur in clusters around regional groundwater mounds, Ives Road Fen in southern Michigan is an example of a geographically-isolated fen. In this paper, we apply a multi-scale groundwater modeling approach to understand the groundwater sources for Ives Road fen. We apply Transition Probability geo-statistics on more than 3000 well logs from a state-wide water well database to characterize the complex geology using conditional simulations. We subsequently implement a 3-dimensional reverse particle tracking to delineate groundwater contribution areas to the fen. The fen receives water from multiple sources: local recharge, regional recharge from an extensive till plain, a regional groundwater mound, and a nearby pond. The regional sources deliver water through a tortuous, 3-dimensional ñpipelineî consisting of a confined aquifer lying beneath an extensive clay layer. Water in this pipeline reaches the fen by upwelling through openings in the clay layer. The pipeline connects the geographically-isolated fen to the same regional mound that provides water to other fen clusters in southern Michigan. The major implication of these findings is that fen conservation efforts must be expanded from focusing on individual fens and their immediate surroundings, to studying the much larger and inter-connected hydrologic network that sustains multiple fens. | | |
| Understory restoration in longleaf pine sandhills | Natural Areas Journal | Cox, A.C., D.R. Gordon, J.L. Slapcinsky, and G.S. Seamon | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Updating conservation priorities over 111 years of species observations | Journal of Applied Ecology | Milt, Austin W.; Palmer, Sally R.; Armsworth, Paul R. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Upgrading Marine Ecosystem Restoration Using Ecological_Social Concepts | BioScience | Abelson, A., Halpern, B.S., Reed, D.C., Orth, R.J., Kendrick, G.A., Beck, M.W., Belmaker, J., Krause, G., Edgar, G.J., Airoldi, L., Brokovich, E., France, R., Shashar, N., Blaeij, A. de, Stambler, N., Salameh, P., Shechter, M. & Nelson, P.A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation and environmental management are principal countermeasures to the degradation of marine ecosystems and their services. However, in many cases, current practices are insufficient to reverse ecosystem declines. We suggest that restoration ecology, the science underlying the concepts and tools needed to restore ecosystems, must be recognized as an integral element for marine conservation and environmental management. Marine restoration ecology is a young scientific discipline, often with gaps between its application and the supporting science. Bridging these gaps is essential to using restoration as an effective management tool and reversing the decline of marine ecosystems and their services. Ecological restoration should address objectives that include improved ecosystem services, and it therefore should encompass social_ecological elements rather than focusing solely on ecological parameters. We recommend using existing management frameworks to identify clear restoration targets, to apply quantitative tools for assessment, and to make the re-establishment of ecosystem services a criterion for success. | | |
| Upstream solutions to coral reef conservation: The payoffs of smart and cooperative decision-making | Journal of Environmental Management | Kirsten L.L. Oleson, Kim A. Falinski, Joey Lecky Clara Rowe, Carrie V. Kappel, Kimberly A.Selkoe, Crow White | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Land-based source pollutants (LBSP) actively threaten coral reef ecosystems globally. To achieve the greatest conservation outcome at the lowest cost, managers could benefit from appropriate tools that evaluate the benefits (in terms of LBSP reduction) and costs of implementing alternative land management strategies. Here we use a spatially explicit predictive model (InVEST-SDR) that quantifies change in sediment reaching the coast for evaluating the costs and benefits of alternative threat-abatement scenarios. We specifically use the model to examine trade-offs among possible agricultural road repair management actions (water bars to divert runoff and gravel to protect the road surface) across the landscape in West Maui, Hawaii, USA. We investigated changes in sediment delivery to coasts and costs incurred from management decision-making that is (1) cooperative or independent among landowners, and focused on (2) minimizing costs, reducing sediment, or both. The results illuminate which management scenarios most effectively minimize sediment while also minimizing the cost of mitigation efforts. We find targeting specific ÒhotspotsÓ within all individual parcels is more cost-effective than targeting all road segments. The best outcomes are achieved when landowners cooperate and target cost-effective road repairs, however, a cooperative strategy can be counter-productive in some instances when cost-effectiveness is ignored. Simple models, such as the one developed here, have the potential to help managers make better choices about how to use limited resources. | Sediment, Roads Trade-off analysis, Cost-effectiveness, Cooperation, Coral reef, Resource management, Watershed, Land-sea interface, Soil erosion | |
| Urban effects, distance, and protected areas in an urbanizing world | Landscape and Urban Planning | Mcdonald, Robert I.; Forman, Richard T. T.; Kareiva, Peter; Neugarten, Rachel; Salzer, Dan; Fisher, Jon | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Urban forests and pollution mitigation: Analyzing ecosystem services and disservices | Environmental Pollution | Escobedo, Francisco J.; Kroeger, Timm; Wagner, John E. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Urban growth, climate change, and freshwater availability | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | McDonald, Robert I.; Green, Pamela; Balk, Deborah; Fekete, Balazs M.; Revenga, Carmen; Todd, Megan; Montgomery, Mark | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| US Natural Resources and Climate Change: Concepts and Approaches for Management Adaptation | Environmental Management | West, Jordan M.; Julius, Susan H.; Kareiva, Peter; Enquist, Carolyn; Lawler, Joshua J.; Petersen, Brian; Johnson, Ayana E.; Shaw, M. Rebecca | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Use of a natural river water flow-through culture system for rearing juvenile freshwater mussels (Bivalvia : Unionidae) and evaluation of the effects of substrate size, temperature, and stocking density | American Malacological Bulletin | Beaty, BB; Neves, RJ | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Use of generalised dissimilarity modelling to improve the biological discrimination of river and stream classifications | Freshwater Biology | Leathwick, J. R.; Snelder, T.; Chadderton, W. L.; Elith, J.; Julian, K.; Ferrier, S. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Use of GIS to Prioritize Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) Control on Camp Shelby Joint Forces Training Center, Mississippi | Invasive Plant Science and Management | Yager, Lisa Y.; Smith, Matt | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Use of Historical Logging Patterns to Identify Disproportionately Logged Ecosystems within Temperate Rainforests of Southeastern Alaska | Conservation Biology | Albert, David M.; Schoen, John W. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Use of limestone karst forests by Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in the Sangkulirang Peninsula, East Kalimantan, Indonesia | American Journal of Primatology | Marshall, A J, L A Salas, S Stephens, Nardiyono, L Engstr_m, E Meijaard, and S A Stanley | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) are confined to the lowland and midelevation forests of the large Southeast Asian island of Borneo [Rijksen & Meijaard, 1999]. At all locations for which we have reliable data, orangutan populations appear to be in dram | | |
| Use of Linkage Mapping and Centrality Analysis Across Habitat Gradients to Conserve Connectivity of Gray Wolf Populations in Western North America | Conservation Biology | Carroll, Carlos; McRae, Brad H.; Brookes, Allen | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Use of meteorological data to predict mosquito-borne encephalitis risk in California: Preliminary observations in Kern county | | Reisen, WK | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Use of monitoring data to support conservation management and policy decisions in Micronesia | CONSERVATION BIOLOGY | Montambault, Jensen Reitz; Wongbusarakum, Supin; Leberer, Trina; Joseph, Eugene; Andrew, Wayne; Castro, Fran; Nevitt, Brooke; Golbuu, Yimnang; Oldiais, Noelle W.; Groves, Craig R.; Kostka, Willy; Houk, Peter | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Use of patch selection models as a decision support tool to evaluate mitigation strategies of human-wildlife conflict | Biological Conservation | Baruch-Mordo, Sharon; Webb, Colleen T.; Breck, Stewart W.; Wilson, Kenneth R. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Use of resistance surfaces for landscape genetic studies: considerations for parameterization and analysis | Molecular Ecology | Spear, Stephen F.; Balkenhol, Niko; Fortin, Marie-Josee; McRae, Brad H.; Scribner, Kim | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using a multiscale, probabilistic approach to identify spatial-temporal wetland gradients | REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT | Gabrielsen, Charlotte G.; Murphy, Melanie A.; Evans, Jeffrey S. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using anurans as bioindicators of PCB contaminated streams | Journal Of Herpetology | DeGarady, CJ; Halbrook, RS | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Because polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) persist in the environment and are lipophilic they can accumulate in wildlife. Little is known about accumulation or effects of PCBs in anurans; therefore, we chose them for study at a PCB contaminated Sup | | |
| Using Circuit Theory To Model Connectivity In Ecology, Evolution, And Conservation | Ecology | McRae, Brad H.; Dickson, Brett G.; Keitt, Timothy H.; Shah, Viral B. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using cultural ecosystem services to inform restoration priorities in the Laurentian Great Lakes | FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT | Allan, J. David; Smith, Sigrid D. P.; McIntyre, Peter B.; Joseph, Christine A.; Dickinson, Caitlin E.; Marino, Adrienne L.; Biel, Reuben G.; Olson, James C.; Doran, Patrick J.; Rutherford, Edward S.; Adkins, Jeffrey E.; Adeyemo, Adesola O. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using Ecological Land Units for Conservation Planning in a Southwestern Ohio Watershed | Natural Areas Journal | Zimmerman, C. L.; Runkle, J. R. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using ecoregional assessments to predict the biodiversity impacts of major transportation corridors | | Kelly, E.M., K. Freeman, and D.R. Gordon | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | Atlanta, GA |
| Using ecosystem services valuation to measure the economic impacts of land-use changes on the Spanish Mediterranean coast (El Maresme, 1850-2010) | REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE | Dupras, Jerome; Parcerisas, Lluis; Brenner, Jorge | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using expert knowledge to develop a vulnerability and adaptation framework and methodology for application in tropical island communities | Coastal Management | Mcleod, E., B. Szuster, E.L. Tompkins, N. Marshall, T. Downing, S. Wongbusarakum, A. Patwardhan, M. Hamza, C. Anderson, S. Bharwani, L. Hansen, P. Rubinoff | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Climate change threatens tropical coastal communities and ecosystems. Governments, resource managers, and communities recognize the value of assessing the social and ecological impacts of climate change, but there is little consensus on the most effective framework to support vulnerability and adaptation assessments. The framework presented in this research is based on a gap analysis developed from the recommendations of climate and adaptation experts. The article highlights social and ecological factors that affect vulnerability to climate change; adaptive capacity and adaptation options informing policy and conservation management decisions; and a methodology including criteria to assess current and future vulnerability to climate change. The framework is intended for conservation practitioners working in developing countries, small island nations, and traditional communities. It identifies core components that assess climate change impacts on coastal communities and environments at the local scale, and supports the identification of locally relevant adaptation strategies. Although the literature supporting vulnerability adaptation assessments is extensive, little emphasis has been placed on the systematic validation of these tools. To address this, we validate the framework using the Delphi technique, a group facilitation technique used to achieve convergence of expert opinion, and address gaps in previous vulnerability assessments. | | |
| Using fire and bison to restore a functional tallgrass prairie landscape | | Hamilton, R.G. | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using fire to control skunk vine (Paederia foetida) in an invaded sandhill | | Gordon, D.R., G.D. Gann, S.C. Morrison, and J.H. Fisher | 1999 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using food-web theory to conserve ecosystems | NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | McDonald-Madden, E.; Sabbadin, R.; Game, E. T.; Baxter, P. W. J.; Chades, I.; Possingham, H. P. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using fuzzy C-means and local autocorrelation to cluster satellite-inferred burn severity classes | International Journal of Wildland Fire | Holden, Zachary A.; Evans, Jeffrey S. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using Gambusia affinis growth and condition to assess estuarine habitat quality: a comparison of indices | Marine Ecology Progress Series | Piazza, Bryan P.; La Peyre, Megan K. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using Models To Assess Fire Regime Conditions And Develop Restoration Strategies In Grassland Systems At Landscape And Global Scales | | Shlisky, Ayn J.; Hickey, S.; Bragg, T. B. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using multiple watershed models to assess the water quality impacts of alternate land development scenarios for a small community | CATENA | Sharifi, Amirreza; Yen, Haw; Boomer, Kathleen M. B.; Kalin, Latif; Li, Xuyong; Weller, Donald E. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in North America, is impaired by excess nutrient discharges, especially from urban and agricultural land. Watershed simulation models have provided key insights to understanding land-to-water connections, but rarely are these models applied to guide local land management to explore and communicate uncertainty in the model predictions. In this study, three watershed simulation models; the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), the Generalized Watershed Loading Function (GWLF) model, and the Chesapeake Bay Program's Chesapeake Watershed Model (CBP-CWM) were implemented to predict water, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus discharges from small tributaries in the town of Queenstown, Maryland, USA. Based on our evaluation metrics, none of the models consistently provided better results. In general, there was a good agreement on annual average water flow between the SWAT and CBP-CWM models, and the GWLF and CBP-CWM models predicted similar TN and TP loads. Each model has strengths and weaknesses in flow and nutrient predictions, and predictions differed among models even when models were initialized with the same data. Using multiple models may enhance the quality of model predictions and the decision making process. However, it could also be the case that the complexity of implemented watershed models and resolution of our understanding currently are not yet suited to provide scientifically credible solutions. | watershed modeling; multiple model comparisons; SWAT; GWLF; CBP-CWM; Chesapeake Bay; agriculture | |
| Using Past, Present And Future Estimates Of Water Filtration As A Target For Oyster Restoration | Journal of Shellfish Research | Ermgassen, Philine Zu; Spalding, Mark; Brumbaugh, Rob; Grizzle, Ray | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using Plant Community Diversity In Reserve Design For Pothole Prairie On The Blackfeet-Indian-Reservation, Montana, Usa | Biological Conservation | Lesica, P | 1993 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using practical and social information to influence flood adaptation behavior | WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH | Allaire, Maura C. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using reef fish movement to inform marine reserve design | Journal of Applied Ecology | Weeks, Rebecca; Green, Alison L.; Joseph, Eugene; Peterson, Nate; Terk, Elizabeth | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | A central tenet of protected area design is that conserva-tion areas must be adequate to ensure the persistence ofthe features that they aim to conserve. These featuresmight include species, populations, communities and/orenvironmental processes. Protected area adequacy entailsboth good design (e.g. size, conÞguration, replication) andmanagement effectiveness (e.g. level of protection, compli-ance with regulations). With respect to design, guidelinesrecommend that protected area size be informed by spe-ciesÕ home ranges, as individuals that move beyond pro-tected area boundaries are exposed to threats and arethus only partially protected (Kramer & Chapman 1999).This is especially important for species that are directlyexploited, as are many coral reef-associated Þshes.Information on movement patterns of coral reef Þsheshas only recently been summarized in the literature, alongwith guidelines on how this information might be used toinform the adequate design of marine protected areas(MPAs; Green et al. 2015). Here, we demonstrate, usingan example from Micronesia, how these guidelines can beadapted and applied within a particular socio-ecologicalcontext to guide discussions with stakeholders aimed atimproving the efÞcacy of an existing protected area net-work. We discuss aspects of this process that were suc-cessful and those that were challenging, and in so doing,identify areas where future ecological research effortmight beneÞt protected area planning and design. | adaptive management; adequacy; community-based conservation; conservation planning; home range; marine reserves; Micronesia; movement; protected areas; reef fishes | |
| Using Remote Sensing to Evaluate the Influence of Grassland Restoration Activities on Ecosystem Forage Provisioning Services | Restoration Ecology | Malmstrom, Carolyn M.; Butterfield, H. Scott; Barber, Christopher; Dieter, Barbara; Harrison, Richard; Qi, Jiaquo; Riano, David; Schrotenboer, Abbie; Stone, Scott; Stoner, Chantal J.; Wirka, Jeanne | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using science to assign value to nature | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Ruffo, S., and P. Kareiva | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using science to evaluate restoration efforts and ecosystem health on the Sacramento River Project, California | | Golet GH, DL Brown, EE Crone, GR Geupel, SE Greco, KD Holl, DE Jukkola, GM Kondolf, EW Larsen, FK Ligon, RA Luster, MP Marchetti, N Nur, BK Orr, DR Peterson, ME Power, WE Rainey, MD Roberts, JG Silveira, SL Small, JC Vick, DS Wilson, & DM Wood | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and its partners are attempting to restore the riparian ecosystem of the Sacramento River over~ 100 river miles, from Red Bluff to Colusa. To evaluate baseline ecosystem conditions, determine how the system is respon | | |
| Using soundscapes to detect variable degrees of human influence on tropical forests in Papua New Guinea | Conservation Biology | Burivalova, Zuzana; Towsey, Michael; Boucher, Tim; Truskinger, Anthony; Apelis, Cosmas; Roe, Paul; Game, Edward T. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | There is global concern about tropical forest degradation, in part, because of the associated loss of biodiversity. Communities and indigenous people play a fundamental role in tropical forest management and they are often efficient at preventing forest degradation. However, monitoring changes in biodiversity due to degradation, especially at a scale appropriate to local tropical forest management, is marred with difficulties including the need for expert training, inconsistency across observers, and the lack of baseline or reference data. We used a new biodiversity remote sensing technology, the recording of soundscapes, to test whether the acoustic saturation of a soundscape decreases with increasing land use intensity by the communities that manage the tropical forests in Papua New Guinea. We found that land use zones where forest cover was fully retained had a significantly higher soundscape saturation during peak acoustic activity times, corresponding to the dawn and dusk chorus, compared with land use types with fragmented forest cover. We conclude that, in Papua New Guinea, the relatively simple measure of soundscape saturation may provide a cheap, objective, reproducible, and effective tool to monitor tropical forest deviation from intact state, particularly through detecting the presence of an intact dawn and dusk chorus. | avifauna, bioacoustics, community forest management, forest degradation, hunting, subsistence agriculture, land use planning, vocalizing biodiversity | |
| Using surrogate species and groups for conservation planning and management | BioScience | Wiens, John A.; Hayward, Gregory D.; Holthausen, Richard S.; Wisdom, Michael J. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | In species management and conservation, surrogate species or groups of species can be used as proxies for broader sets of species when the number of species of concern is too great to allow each to be considered individually. However, these surro | | |
| Using systematic conservation planning to minimize REDD plus conflict with agriculture and logging in the tropics | Conservation Letters | Venter, Oscar; Possingham, Hugh P.; Hovani, Lex; Dewi, Sonya; Griscom, Bronson; Paoli, Gary; Wells, Phillip; Wilson, Kerrie A. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Using the IUCN Green List of Protected and Conserved Areas to promote conservation impact through marine protected areas | AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS | Wells, Sue; Addison, Prue F. E.; Bueno, Paula A.; Costantini, Marco; Fontaine, Anne; Germain, Laurent; Lefebvre, Thierry; Morgan, Lance; Staub, Francis; Wang, Bin; White, Alan; Zorrilla, Maria X. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Using Very-Large-Scale Aerial Imagery for Rangeland Monitoring and Assessment: Some Statistical Considerations | Rangeland Ecology & Management | Karl, Jason W.; Duniway, Michael C.; Nusser, Sarah M.; Opsomer, Jean D.; Unnasch, Robert S. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, ranching | |
| Using water funds to finance watershed conservation in the Andes and Costa Rica | Mountain Forum | BenÍtez, S., A. Blanco, J. Cole, M. Ibˆ_ez, J. J. RodrÍguez, and S. Halloy | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Utility of computer simulations in landscape genetics | Molecular Ecology | Epperson, Bryan K.; McRae, Brad H.; Scribner, Kim; Cushman, Samuel A.; Rosenberg, Michael S.; Fortin, Marie-Josee; James, Patrick M. A.; Murphy, Melanie; Manel, Stephanie; Legendre, Pierre; Dale, Mark R. T. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Utility of high-density plantings in bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians, restoration | Aquaculture International | Tettelbach, Stephen T.; Barnes, Debra; Aldred, John; Rivara, Gregg; Bonal, Dennis; Weinstock, Andrew; Fitzsimons-Diaz, Chelsea; Thiel, Josh; Cammarota, M. Chase; Stark, Adam; Wejnert, Katherine; Ames, Richard; Carroll, John | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Valuing investments in sustainable land management in the Upper Tana River basin, Kenya | Journal of Environmental Management | Vogl, Adrian L.; Bryant, Benjamin P.; Hunink, Johannes E.; Wolny, Stacie; Apse, Colin; Droogers, Peter | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | We analyze the impacts of investments in sustainable land use practices on ecosystem services in the Upper Tana basin, Kenya. This work supports implementation of the Upper Tana-Nairobi Water Fund, a public-private partnership to safeguard ecosystem service provision and food security. We apply an integrated modelling framework, building on local knowledge and previous field- and model-based studies, to link biophysical landscape changes at high temporal and spatial resolution to economic benefits for key actors in the basin. The primary contribution of this study is that it a) presents a comprehensive analysis for targeting interventions that takes into account stakeholder preferences, local environmental and socio-economic conditions, b) relies on detailed, process-based, biophysical models to demonstrate the biophysical return on those investments for a practical, decision-driven case, and c) in close collaboration with downstream water users, links those biophysical outputs to monetary metrics, including: reduced water treatment costs, increased hydropower production, and crop yield benefits for agricultural producers in the conservation area. This study highlights the benefits and trade-offs that come with conducting participatory research as part of a stakeholder engagement process: while results are more likely to be decision-relevant within the local context, navigating stakeholder expectations and data limitations present ongoing challenges. | water fund; integrated modeling; valuation; SWAT; RIOS; sustainable land management; agriculture | |
| Valuing nature: protected areas and ecosystem services | | Figgis, Penelope; Mackey, Brendan; Fitzsimons, James; Irving, Jason; Clarke, Pepe | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Valuing visitor services and access to protected areas: The case of Nyungwe National Park in Rwanda | TOURISM MANAGEMENT | Lal, Pankaj; Wolde, Bernabas; Masozera, Michel; Burli, Pralhad; Alavalapati, Janaki; Ranjan, Aditi; Montambault, Jensen; Banerjee, Onil; Ochuodho, Thomas; Mugabo, Rodrigue | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Variation in a sparrow's reproductive success with rainfall: food and predator-mediated processes | Oecologia | Morrison, SA; Bolger, DT | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | From 1997 to 1999, we monitored the reproductive success of individual rufous-crowned sparrows (Aimophila ruficeps) in coastal sage scrub habitat of southern California, USA. Annual reproductive output of this ground-nesting species varied stron | | |
| Variation in the Hormonal Stress Response Among Larvae of Three Amphibian Species | Journal Of Experimental Zoology Part A-Ecological Genetics And Physiology | Belden, Lisa K.; Wingfield, John C.; Kiesecker, Joseph M. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Vegetation And Flora Of Pine Butte Fen, Teton County, Montana | Great Basin Naturalist | Lesica, P | 1986 | 2017/12/14 | The Pine Butte Fen, situated east of the Rocky Mountains in north central Montana, is a boreal, patterned peatland occurring in a relatively dry climatic region. It is one of the southernmost mires of its kind in North America. The vegetation communities | | |
| Vegetation dynamics in the dry valleys of Yunnan, China, during the last 150 years: implications for ecological restoration | Journal of Plant Ecology | Moseley, R.K. and Y. Tang | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | In southwestern China, there are many opinions about past environmental conditions and the historical drivers of change, but little direct evidence. Such is the case in Dry Valley ecosystems, where current conservation programs appear to be based more on | | |
| Vegetation removal and seed addition contribute to coastal sandplain grassland establishment on former agricultural fields | RESTORATION ECOLOGY | Wheeler, Megan M.; Neill, Christopher; Loucks, Elizabeth; Weiler, Annalisa; Von Holle, Betsy; Pelikan, Matthew; Chase, Tom | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Creating native-species-rich grasslands to replace agricultural grasslands can be an important strategy for supplementing the area of grasslands, which are in decline in many regions. In the northeastern United States, sandplain grasslands support a diverse plant community and rare plant and animal species that are declining because of reductions in historical disturbances such as fire and grazing. We designed an experiment on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, to test methods of establishing native-species-rich coastal sandplain grassland on former agricultural land. We tested the efficacy of: (1) tilling, herbicide, hot foam, and plastic cover in removing initial nonnative vegetation, and (2) combinations of tilling and seeding for establishing native species. We measured native and nonnative species richness and percent cover before and for 5 years after treatment. Herbicide, plastic cover, and spring, summer, and fall tilling were about equally effective in reducing nonnative species cover and promoting native species cover. Tilling and seeding each increased native species richness and percent cover, and seeding and tilling together increased native species richness and cover more than either treatment alone. Combined seeding and disturbance also reduced the cover of nonnative species, but nonnative species cover remained higher than in adjacent reference sandplain grassland. Results indicated that native species establishment was enhanced by the availability of seeds and by reduction of initial nonnative plant cover. The most efficient method of converting coastal agricultural grasslands to sandplain grassland with a higher number and proportion of native species is a single season of plant removal and seeding. | | |
| Vegetation Responses to Pinyon-Juniper Treatments in Eastern Nevada | Rangeland Ecology & Management | Provencher, Louis; Thompson, Julie | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Viability of Aquatic Plant Fragments following Desiccation | Invasive Plant Science and Management | Barnes, Matthew A.; Jerde, Christopher L.; Keller, Doug; Chadderton, W. Lindsay; Howeth, Jennifer G.; Lodge, David M. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Vinecology: pairing wine with nature | Conservation Letters | Viers, Joshua H.; Williams, John N.; Nicholas, Kimberly A.; Barbosa, Olga; Kotze, Inge; Spence, Liz; Webb, Leanne B.; Merenlender, Adina; Reynolds, Mark | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Visions of Restoration in Fire-Adapted Forest Landscapes: Lessons from the Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program | ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT | Urgenson, Lauren S.; Ryan, Clare M.; Halpern, Charles B.; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Belote, R. Travis; Franklin, Jerry F.; Haugo, Ryan D.; Nelson, Cara R.; Waltz, Amy E. M. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Visual obstruction: Weight technique for estimating production on northwestern bunchgrass prairie rangelands. | Journal Of Animal Science | Damiran, D.; DelCurto, T.; Darambazar, E.; Clark, A. A.; Kennedy, P. L.; Taylor, R. V. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Vocal repertoire of Forster's Tern | Colonial Waterbirds | Hall, JA | 1998 | 2017/12/14 | Nine vocalizations are identified that contribute to the vocal repertoire of adult Forster's Terns (Sterna forsteri): Advertisement, Recognition, Contact, Pair-Bond, Submissive, Alarm, Agonistic, Threat, and Swoop-and-Soar. Audiospectrograms are provided | | |
| Vulnerability and adaptation of US shellfisheries to ocean acidification | Nature Climate Change | Ekstrom, Julia A.; Suatoni, Lisa; Cooley, Sarah R.; Pendleton, Linwood H.; Waldbusser, George G.; Cinner, Josh E.; Ritter, Jessica; Langdon, Chris; van Hooidonk, Ruben; Gledhill, Dwight; Wellman, Katharine; Beck, Michael W.; Brander, Luke M.; Rittschof, D | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Waiting can be an optimal conservation strategy, even in a crisis discipline | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Iacona, Gwenllian D.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Bode, Michael | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Warbling Vireo Nesting Ecology in the Northern Sierra Nevada | Western Birds | Smith, J., M.D. Reynolds, and G. LeBuhn | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | In California, for unknown reasons, the Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus swainsonii) has poor reproductive success, and its numbers have declined over the past 20 years. From June through August 1998 we monitored 70 nests of the Warbling Vireo in a | | |
| Warbling Vireo reproductive success and nest-site characteristics in the northern Sierra Nevada, California | Journal of Field Ornithology | Smith, JI; Reynolds, MD; LeBuhn, G | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Over the past 20 yr Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus) populations have declined in California. We monitored Warbling Vireo nests in the high elevations of the northern Sierra Nevada in the Tahoe National Forest near Truckee, California. Nest survivor | | |
| Warm-water coral reefs and climate change. | Science | Spalding, M.D., B.E. Brown | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Coral reefs are highly dynamic ecosystems that are regularly exposed to natural perturbations. Human activities have increased the range, intensity, and frequency of disturbance to reefs. Threats such as overfishing and pollution are being compounded by climate change, notably warming and ocean acidification. Elevated temperatures are driving increasingly frequent bleaching events that can lead to the loss of both coral cover and reef structural complexity. There remains considerable variability in the distribution of threats and in the ability of reefs to survive or recover from such disturbances. Without significant emissions reductions, however, the future of coral reefs is increasingly bleak. | water, coral reefs, climate change | |
| Warming Seas in the Coral Triangle: Coral Reef Vulnerability and Management Implications | Coastal Management | McLeod, Elizabeth; Moffitt, Russell; Timmermann, Axel; Salm, Rodney; Menviel, Laurie; Palmer, Michael J.; Selig, Elizabeth R.; Casey, Kenneth S.; Bruno, John F. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Was the kouprey a feral hybrid? A response to Galbreath et al. (2006) | Journal Of Zoology | Hedges, S.; Groves, C. P.; Duckworth, J. W.; Meijaard, E.; Timmins, R. J.; Burton, J. A. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Water depletion: An improved metric for incorporating seasonal and dry-year water scarcity into water risk assessments | Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene | Brauman, Kate A.; Richter, Brian D.; Postel, Sandra; Malsy, Marcus; Florke, Martina | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | We present an improved water-scarcity metric we call water depletion, calculated as the fraction of renewable water consumptively used for human activities. We employ new data from the WaterGAP3 integrated global water resources model to illustrate water depletion for 15,091 watersheds worldwide, constituting 90% of total land area. Our analysis illustrates that moderate water depletion at an annual time scale is better characterized as high depletion at a monthly time scale and we are thus able to integrate seasonal and dry-year depletion into the water depletion metric, providing a more accurate depiction of water shortage that could affect irrigated agriculture, urban water supply, and freshwater ecosystems. Applying the metric, we find that the 2% of watersheds that are more than 75% depleted on an average annual basis are home to 15% of global irrigated area and 4% of large cities. An additional 30% of watersheds are depleted by more than 75% seasonally or in dry years. In total, 71% of world irrigated area and 47% of large cities are characterized as experiencing at least periodic water shortage. | agriculture | |
| Water funds and payments for ecosystem services: practice learns from theory and theory can learn from practice | Oryx | Goldman-Benner, Rebecca L.; Benitez, Silvia; Boucher, Timothy; Calvache, Alejandro; Daily, Gretchen; Kareiva, Peter; Kroeger, Timm; Ramos, Aurelio | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Water funds: A new ecosystem service and biodiversity conservation strategy | Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, second edition | Goldman-Benner, R.L., S. Benitez, A. Calvache, A. Ramos, and F. Veiga | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Water limits to closing yield gaps | Advances in Water Resources | Davis, Kyle Frankel; Rulli, Maria Cristina; Garrassino, Francesco; Chiarelli, Davide; Seveso, Antonio; D'Odorico, Paolo | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Agricultural intensification is often seen as a suitable approach to meet the growing demand for agricultural products and improve food security. It typically entails the use of fertilizers, new cultivars, irrigation, and other modern technology. In regions of the world affected by seasonal or chronic water scarcity, yield gap closure is strongly dependent on irrigation (blue water). Global yield gap assessments have often ignored whether the water required to close the yield gap is locally available. Here we perform a gridded global analysis (10 km resolution) of the blue water consumption that is needed annually to close the yield gap worldwide and evaluate the associated pressure on renewable freshwater resources. We find that, to close the yield gap, human appropriation of freshwater resources for irrigation would have to increase at least by 146%. Most study countries would experience at least a doubling in blue water requirement, with 71% of the additional blue water being required by only four crops – maize, rice, soybeans, and wheat. Further, in some countries (e.g., Algeria, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen) the total volume of blue water required for yield gap closure would exceed sustainable levels of freshwater consumption (i.e., 40% of total renewable surface and groundwater resources). | irrigation water; yield gap; freshwater resources; food production; water scarcity; agriculture | |
| Water markets as a response to scarcity | Water Policy | Debaere, Peter; Richter, Brian D.; Davis, Kyle Frankel; Duvall, Melissa S.; Gephart, Jessica Ann; O'Bannon, Clark E.; Pelnik, Carolyn; Powell, Emily Maynard; Smith, Tyler William | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Water Markets: A New Tool for Securing Urban Water Supplies? | Journal American Water Works Association | Richter, Brian | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Water on an urban planet: Urbanization and the reach of urban water infrastructure | Global Environmental Change-Human And Policy Dimensions | McDonald, Robert I.; Weber, Katherine; Padowski, Julie; Floerke, Martina; Schneider, Christof; Green, Pamela A.; Gleeson, Thomas; Eckman, Stephanie; Lehner, Bernhard; Balk, Deborah; Boucher, Timothy; Grill, Guenther; Montgomery, Mark | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Water Quality Monitoring Station Design For Remote Sites Experiencing Extreme Water Level Fluctuation | River Research And Applications | Rice, C. L.; Weber, D. S.; Haase, C. S.; Piazza, B. P. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Water relations in grassland and desert ecosystems exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 | Oecologia | Morgan, JA; Pataki, DE; Korner, C; Clark, H; Del Grosso, SJ; Grunzweig, JM; Knapp, AK; Mosier, AR; Newton, PCD; Niklaus, PA; Nippert, JB; Nowak, RS; Parton, WJ; Polley, HW; Shaw, MR | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Atmospheric CO 2 enrichment may stimulate plant growth directly through (1) enhanced photosynthesis or indirectly, through (2) reduced plant water consumption and hence slower soil moisture depletion, or the combination of both. Herein we describ | | |
| Water Savings of Crop Redistribution in the United States | Water | Davis, Kyle Frankel; Seveso, Antonio; Rulli, Maria Cristina; D'Odorico, Paolo | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Demographic growth, changes in diet, and reliance on first-generation biofuels are increasing the human demand for agricultural products, thereby enhancing the human pressure on global freshwater resources. Recent research on the food-water nexus has highlighted how some major agricultural regions of the world lack the water resources required to sustain current growth trends in crop production. To meet the increasing need for agricultural commodities with limited water resources, the water use efficiency of the agricultural sector must be improved. In this regard, recent work indicates that the often overlooked strategy of changing the crop distribution within presently cultivated areas offers promise. Here we investigate the extent to which water in the United States could be saved while improving yields simply by replacing the existing crops with more suitable ones. We propose crop replacement criteria that achieve this goal while preserving crop diversity, economic value, nitrogen fixation, and food protein production. We find that in the United States, these criteria would greatly improve calorie (+46%) and protein (+34%) production and economic value (+208%), with 5% water savings with respect to the present crop distribution. Interestingly, greater water savings could be achieved in water-stressed agricultural regions of the US such as California (56% water savings), and other western states. | water footprint; water resources; agriculture; irrigation; nutrition; sustainability | |
| Water sector benchmarking and environmental sustainability | Journal American Water Works Association | Gritsinin, Alexander | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Water Sustainability Risk Assessment Part 1: Defining the Area of Influence and Sustainability Boundaries | Journal American Water Works Association | Vigerstol, Kari | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Water Sustainability Risk Assessment, Part 2: Primary and Secondary Effects | Journal American Water Works Association | Vigerstol, Kari | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Watershed based, institutional approach to developing clean water resources | Journal of the American Water Resources Association | Randhir, T; Genge, C | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Watershed-scale impacts of stormwater green infrastructure on hydrology, nutrient fluxes, and combined sewer overflows in the mid-Atlantic region | SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT | Pennino, Michael J.; McDonald, Rob I.; Jaffe, Peter R. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| We Really Can Get There from Here: Important Steps Toward Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management | | McGee, Sally | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Weed Risk Assessment for Aquatic Plants: Modification of a New Zealand system for the United States. | PLoS ONE | Gordon, D.R., C.A. Gantz, C.L. Jerde, W.L. Chadderton, R.P. Keller, and P.D. Champion. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Weed Risk Assessments Are an Effective Component of Invasion Risk Management | Invasive Plant Science and Management | Gordon, D.R., S.L. Flory, D. Lieurance, P.E. Hulme, C. Buddenhagen, B. Caton, P.D. Champion, T.M. Culley, C. Daehler, F. Essl, J.E. Hill, R.P. Keller, L. Kohl, A.L. Koop, S. Kumschick, D.M. Lodge, R.N. Mack, L.A. Meyerson, G.R. Pallipparambil, F.D. Panetta, R. Porter, P. Py_ek, L.D. Quinn, D.M. Richardson, D. Simberloff, and M. Vilö. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Weed-control fabric successfully stops spread of invasive saltmeadow cordgrass | Ecological Restoration | Pickering, D.L. | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| West Nile virus impacts in American crow populations are associated with human land use and climate | Ecological Research | LaDeau, Shannon L.; Calder, Catherine A.; Doran, Patrick J.; Marra, Peter P. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Western Lake Erie Basin: Soft-data-constrained, NHDPlus resolution watershed modeling and exploration of applicable conservation scenarios. | Science of the Total Environment | Haw Yena, Michael J. Whiteb, Jeffrey G. Arnoldb, S. Conor Keitzerc, Mari-Vaughn V. Johnsond, Jay D. Atwoodd, Prasad Daggupatie, Matthew E. Herbertf, Scott P. Sowaf, Stuart A. Ludsinc, Dale M. Robertsong, Raghavan Srinivasane, Charles A. Rewah | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Complex watershed simulation models are powerful tools that can help scientists and policy-makers address challenging topics, such as land use management and water security. In the Western Lake Erie Basin (WLEB), complex hydrological models have been applied at various scales to help describe relationships between land use and water, nutrient, and sediment dynamics. This manuscript evaluated the capacity of the current Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT2012) to predict hydrological and water quality processes within WLEB at the finest resolution watershed boundary unit (NHDPlus) along with the current conditions and conservation scenarios. The process based SWAT model was capable of the fine-scale computation and complex routing used in this project, as indicated by measured data at five gaging stations. The level of detail required for fine-scale spatial simulation made the use of both hard and soft data necessary in model calibration, alongside other model adaptations. Limitations to the model's predictive capacity were due to a paucity of data in the region at the NHDPlus scale rather than due to SWAT functionality. Results of treatment scenarios demonstrate variable effects of structural practices and nutrient management on sediment and nutrient loss dynamics. Targeting treatment to acres with critical outstanding conservation needs provides the largest return on investment in terms of nutrient loss reduction per dollar spent, relative to treating acres with lower inherent nutrient loss vulnerabilities. Importantly, this research raises considerations about use of models to guide land management decisions at very fine spatial scales. Decision makers using these results should be aware of data limitations that hinder fine-scale model interpretation. | Lake Erie; NHDPlus model; Soft data; Conservation practice; Swat-SAS; Model calibration | |
| Wet/Dry Mapping: Using Citizen Scientists to Monitor the Extent of Perennial Surface Flow in Dryland Regions | Environmental Management | Turner, Dale S.; Richter, Holly E. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Whales are big and it matters | Whales, Whaling and Ocean Ecosystems | Kareiva, P., Yuan-Farrell, C, and C. OêConnor | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Whales have a unique place in conservation lore. Their plight is widely known, and the beaching of even a single whale is a major news event, typically drawing hundreds of spectators. In addition, as a marine mammal, whales are given favored legal protect | | |
| What are the effects of nature conservation on human well-being? A systematic map of empirical evidence from developing countries | Environmental Evidence | McKinnon, Madeleine C.; Cheng, Samantha H.; Dupre, Samuel; Edmond, Janet; Garside, Ruth; Glew, Louise; Holland, Margaret B.; Levine, Eliot; Masuda, Yuta J.; Miller, Daniel C.; Oliveira, Isabella; Revenaz, Justine; Roe, Dilys; Shamer, Sierra; Wilkie, David; Wongbusarakum, Supin; Woodhouse, Emily | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Global policy initiatives and international conservation organizations have sought to emphasize and strengthen the link between the conservation of natural ecosystems and human development. While many indices have been developed to measure various social outcomes to conservation interventions, the quantity and strength of evidence to support the effects, both positive and negative, of conservation on different dimensions of human well-being, remain unclear, dispersed and inconsistent. | biodiversity conservation; natural resource management; human welfare; poverty; human development; sustainability | |
| What are we conserving? Establishing multiscale conservation goals and objectives in the face of global threats | | Scott, J.M., and T.H. Tear | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The conservation movement is entering a new era defined by increasing uncertainty and complexity, driven primarily by largescale human-induced threats impacting conservation efforts at global and local scales. In this context, how is it possible | | |
| What is a REDD+ pilot? A preliminary typology based on early actions in Indonesia | CIFOR infobrief | Madeira, E.M., E. Sills, M. Brockhaus, L. Verchot, and M. Kanninen | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| What Is Conservation Science? | BioScience | Kareiva, Peter; Marvier, Michelle | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| What preys on piping plover eggs and chicks? | Wildlife Society Bulletin | Ivan, JS; Murphy, RK | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Recovery of the imperiled northern Great Plains population of piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) largely depends on reducing predation on the plover's eggs and chicks, but sources of predation are poorly understood. We examined differences in th | | |
| Whatês so new about ecosystem services? | Bulletin of the British Ecological Society | Wiens, J | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| When one whale matters | Nature | Kareiva, P | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | The northern right whale is one of the rarest mammals in the world. Hunted nearly to extinction in the nineteenth century, right whales have been protected for the past 65 years. Yet, after starting to recover, the North Atlantic population resumed its pe | | |
| Where Does Your Water Come From? | Journal American Water Works Association | Herrin, Misty; Richter, Brian | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Where have all the scallops gone? Trends in Rhode Island's bay scallop populations | Journal of Shellfish Research | Chintala, Marnita M.; Tammi, Karin A.; Hancock, Boze | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Where now for protected areas? Setting the stage for the 2014 World Parks Congress | Oryx | Dudley, Nigel; Groves, Craig; Redford, Kent H.; Stolton, Sue | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Where to draw the line: integrating feasibility into connectivity planning | Connectivity Conservation | Morrison, S.A. and M.D. Reynolds | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Where to Restore Ecological Connectivity? Detecting Barriers and Quantifying Restoration Benefits | PLoS ONE | McRae, Brad H.; Hall, Sonia A.; Beier, Paul; Theobald, David M. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) alter herbaceous species diversity and understory forest structure in the Hiawatha National Forest, Michigan, USA | American Midland Naturalist | Holmes, S.A., L.M. Curran, and K.R. Hall | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Whither the Rangeland?: Protection and Conversion in California's Rangeland Ecosystems | PLoS ONE | Cameron, D. Richard; Marty, Jaymee; Holland, Robert F. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Who loses? Tracking ecosystem service redistribution from road development and mitigation in the Peruvian Amazon | FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT | Mandle, Lisa; Tallis, Heather; Sotomayor, Leonardo; Vogl, Adrian L. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Who needs to spend money on conservation science anyway? | Conservation Biology | Higgins, Jonathan V.; Touval, Jerome L.; Unnasch, Robert S.; Reichle, Steffen; Oren, David C.; Waldman, William R.; Hoekstra, Jonathan M. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | ... Who Needs to Spend Money on Conservation Science Anyway? ... Additional Information. Howto Cite. Higgins, JV, Touval, JL, Unnasch, RS, Reichle, S., Oren, DC, Waldman, WR and Hoekstra,JM (2006), Who Needs to Spend Money on Conservation Science Anyway?. | | |
| Whose sustainability? Top-down participation and emergent rules in marine protected area management in Indonesia | Marine Policy | Glaser, M., W . Baitoningsih, S.C.A. Ferse, M. Neil, R. Deswandi | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Why climate change makes riparian restoration more important than ever: Recommendations for practice and research | Ecological Restoration | Seavy, N. E., T. Gardali, G. H. Golet, F. T. Griggs, C. A. Howell, T. R. Kelsey, S. Small, J. H. Viers, and J. F. Weigand | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Why conservation needs religion | Coastal Management | Mcleod, E. and M. Palmer | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Conservationists have been criticized for failing to protect nature in the face of mounting threats including overexploitation, species loss, habitat destruction, and climate change. Resource managers and scientists have yet to fully engage a major segment of the global population in their outreach efforts to protect the environment: religious communities. The world's religions have been recognized as a surprising driver of support for conservation of biological diversity, and numerous examples demonstrate religious and conservation groups working together to achieve conservation outcomes. However, many conservation organizations do not effectively engage religious groups. When conservation organizations do engage religious groups, efforts to do so are often ad hoc and such partnerships may wane over time. A more systematic approach is needed that directly engages religious communities, develops effective partnerships, supports and sustains dialogue aimed at finding common ground despite potentially divergent worldviews, and establishes supporting mechanisms to maintain the partnerships that are developed. Effective partnerships between religious and conservation groups represent significant untapped potential which can directly support conservation outcomes; such partnerships are likely to become increasingly important with dwindling support for conservation. | | |
| Why do we fly? Ecologists' sins of emission | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Fox, Helen E.; Kareiva, Peter; Silliman, Brian; Hitt, Jessica; Lytle, David A.; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Hawkes, Christine V.; Lawler, Joshua; Neel, Maile; Olden, Julian D.; Schlaepfer, Martin A.; Smith, Katherine; Tallis, Heather | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | We write to address an increasingly unsustainable paradox: a hallmark of modern science is frequent air travel, but the realities of global climate change will force us to find creative and constructive ways to reduce our carbon emissions (IPCC 1999; Paca | | |
| Why Don't We Ask? A Complementary Method for Assessing the Status of Great Apes | PLoS ONE | Meijaard, Erik; Mengersen, Kerrie; Buchori, Damayanti; Nurcahyo, Anton; Ancrenaz, Marc; Wich, Serge; Atmoko, Sri Suci Utami; Tjiu, Albertus; Prasetyo, Didik; Nardiyono; Hadiprakarsa, Yokyok; Christy, Lenny; Wells, Jessie; Albar, Guillaume; Marshall, Andre | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Why we disagree about assisted migration: Ethical implications of a key debate regarding the future of Canada's forests | Forestry Chronicle | Aubin, I.; Garbe, C. M.; Colombo, S.; Drever, C. R.; McKenney, D. W.; Messier, C.; Pedlar, J.; Saner, M. A.; Venier, L.; Wellstead, A. M.; Winder, R.; Witten, E.; Ste-Marie, C. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Why we should aim for zero extinction | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | Parr, Michael J.; Bennun, Leon; Boucher, Tim; Brooks, Tom; Chutas, Constantino Aucca; Dinerstein, Eric; Drummond, Glaucia Marie; Eken, Guven; Fenwick, George; Foster, Matt; Martinez-Gomez, Juan E.; Mittermeier, Russell; Molur, Sanjay | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Wild Pollinators Enhance Fruit Set of Crops Regardless of Honey Bee Abundance | Science | Garibaldi, Lucas A.; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf; Winfree, Rachael; Aizen, Marcelo A.; Bommarco, Riccardo; Cunningham, Saul A.; Kremen, Claire; Carvalheiro, Luisa G.; Harder, Lawrence D.; Afik, Ohad; Bartomeus, Ignasi; Benjamin, Faye; Boreux, Virginie; Cariv | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Wildlife conservation in Bornean timber concessions | Ecology & Society | Meijaard, E., Sheil, D., Nasi, R. & Stanley, S | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | There is an increasing awareness that wildlife species in Kalimantan can benefit from forests that are managed for sustainable timber extraction (Col’_n, 1999; Lammertink, 2004b; Sheil et al., 2004). In the last few decades, conservation efforts have focu | | |
| Wildlife Response to Restoration on the Sacramento River. | San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science | Golet G.H., T. Gardali, C. Howell, J. Hunt, R. Luster, B. Rainey, M. Roberts, H. Swagerty, N. Williams. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Studies that assess the success of riparian restoration projects seldom focus on wildlife. More generally, vegetation characteristics are studied, with the assumption that animal populations will recover once adequate habitats are established. On the Sacramento River, millions of dollars have been spent on habitat restoration, yet few studies of wildlife response have been published. Here we present the major findings of a suite of studies that assessed responses of four taxonomic groups (insects, birds, bats, and rodents). Study designs fell primarily into two broad categories: comparisons of restoration sites of different ages, and comparisons of restoration sites with agricultural and remnant riparian sites. Older restoration sites showed increased abundances of many species of landbirds and bats relative to younger sites, and the same trend was observed for the Valley elderberry longhorn beetle (Desmocerus californicus dimorphus), a federally threatened species. Species richness of landbirds and grounddwelling beetles appeared to increase as restoration sites matured. Young restoration sites provided benefits to species that utilize early successional riparian habitats, and after about 10 years, the sites appeared to provide many of the complex structural habitat elements that are characteristic of remnant forest patches. Eleven-year old sites were occupied by both cavity-nesting birds and special-status crevice-roosting bats. Restored sites also supported a wide diversity of bee species, and had richness similar to remnant sites. Remnant sites had species compositions of beetles and rodents more similar to older sites than to younger sites. | wildlife, Sacramento river | |
| Will a forest carbon deal fuel forest loss? | Conservation Biology | Venter, O., J. Watson, E. Meijaard, W. F. Laurance, and H. P. Possingham | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Will land-use change erode our conservation gains? | Bulletin of the British Ecological Society | Wiens, J.A | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Willamette River, Oregon: moving toward basin-wide flow and floodplain restoration | IMPACT (American Water Resources Association) | Bach, L. B., M. Rea, M. K. Scullion, K. Kanbergs, and J. J. Opperman | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Win-Win for Wind and Wildlife: A Vision to Facilitate Sustainable Development | PLoS ONE | Kiesecker, Joseph M.; Evans, Jeffrey S.; Fargione, Joe; Doherty, Kevin; Foresman, Kerry R.; Kunz, Thomas H.; Naugle, Dave; Nibbelink, Nathan P.; Niemuth, Neal D. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Wind and wildlife in the Northern Great Plains: Identifying low-impact areas for wind development | PLoS ONE | Fargione, J., J. Kiesecker, M.J. Slaats, and S. Olimb | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Winter avian distribution and relative abundance in six terrestrial habitats on southern Eleuthera, The Bahamas | Caribbean Journal Of Science | Currie, D; Wunderle, JM; Ewert, DN; Davis, A; McKenzie, Z | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | We studied winter avian distribution and relative abundance in six common terrestrial broadleaf habitats, selected on a continuum of disturbance from recently disturbed (abandoned plantation) to mature vegetation (tall coppice), on the island | | |
| Winter management of California's rice fields to maximize waterbird habitat and minimize water use | Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment | Strum, K. M., Reiter, M. E., Hartman, C. A., Iglecia, M. N., Kelsey, T. R., & Hickey, C. M. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Winter relative abundance and habitat associations of swamp rabbits in eastern Arkansas | Southeastern Naturalist | Fowler, Allison and Robert E. Kissell, Jr | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Habitat loss coupled with decline in harvest has raised concern for Sylvilagus aquaticus (swamp rabbit) in Arkansas. We assessed relative abundance and habitat associations of swamp rabbits in eastern Arkansas using presence of latrine sites. We | | |
| Wintering bird response to hardwood reduction in northwest Florida longleaf pine sandhill Forests | The Auk | Provencher. L., N. M. Gobris, and L. A. Brennan | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Women-Water Nexus for Sustainable Global Water Resources | JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT | Oyanedel-Craver, Vinka; Cotel, Aline; Saito, Laurel; Abu-Dalo, Muna; Gough, Heidi; Verstraeten, Ingrid | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Wood Energy: The Dangers of Combustion Response | Science | Richter, Daniel de B., Jr.; Jenkins, Dylan H.; Karakash, John T.; Knight, Josiah; Mccreery, Lew R.; Nemestothy, Kasimir P. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Woody debris as a component of ecological diversity in thinned and unthinned northern hardwood forests | Natural Areas Journal | Hura, CE; Crow, TR | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Description: We examined the effects of management on coarse woody debris, both standing and downed, in thinned and unthinned northern hardwood forests in upper Michigan. The unthinned conditions included old growth and second growth, while the thinned co | | |
| Woody Shrubs as a Barrier to Invasion by Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) | Invasive Plant Science and Management | Yager, Lisa Y.; Miller, Deborah L.; Jones, Jeanne | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Working With New Hampshire Residents To Restore Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) Populations To The Great Bay Estuary | Journal of Shellfish Research | Ward, Krystin; Grizzle, Ray; Konisky, Raymond | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| World Atlas of Mangroves | | Spalding, M. D., M. Kainuma, and L. Collins | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Yuman fringe-toed lizard. In Lizards of the American Southwest: a Photographic Field Guide | | Turner, D.S., Rorabaugh, J.C. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Global agriculture and carbon trade-offs | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Johnson, Justin Andrew; Runge, Carlisle Ford; Senauer, Benjamin; Foley, Jonathan; Polasky, Stephen | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Global assessment of the status of coral reef herbivorous fishes: evidence for fishing effects | Proceedings Of The Royal Society B-Biological Sciences | Edwards, C. B.; Friedlander, A. M.; Green, A. G.; Hardt, M. J.; Sala, E.; Sweatman, H. P.; Williams, I. D.; Zgliczynski, B.; Sandin, S. A.; Smith, J. E. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines | Science | Butchart, S.H.M., et al. (incl. 44 co-authors, and TNC's C. Revenga | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Global development and the future of the protected area strategy | Biological Conservation | McDonald, Robert I.; Boucher, Timothy M. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Global diversity of drought tolerance and grassland climate-change resilience | Nature Climate Change | Craine, J.M., T.W. Ocheltree, J.B. Nippert, E.G. Towne, A.M. Skibbe, S.W. Kembel, and J.E. Fargione | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Global Human Footprint on the Linkage between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Reef Fishes | Plos Biology | Mora, Camilo; Aburto-Oropeza, Octavio; Ayala Bocos, Arturo; Ayotte, Paula M.; Banks, Stuart; Bauman, Andrew G.; Beger, Maria; Bessudo, Sandra; Booth, David J.; Brokovich, Eran; Brooks, Andrew; Chabanet, Pascale; Cinner, Joshua E.; Cortes, Jorge; Cruz-Mott | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Global Introductions of Crayfishes: Evaluating the Impact of Species Invasions on Ecosystem Services | | Lodge, David M.; Deines, Andrew; Gherardi, Francesca; Yeo, Darren C. J.; Arcella, Tracy; Baldridge, Ashley K.; Barnes, Matthew A.; Chadderton, W. Lindsay; Feder, Jeffrey L.; Gantz, Crysta A.; Howard, Geoffrey W.; Jerde, Christopher L.; Peters, Brett W.; P | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Global Monthly Water Scarcity: Blue Water Footprints versus Blue Water Availability | PLoS ONE | Hoekstra, Arjen Y.; Mekonnen, Mesfin M.; Chapagain, Ashok K.; Mathews, Ruth E.; Richter, Brian D. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, water footprint | |
| Global stressors and the global decline of amphibians: tipping the stress immunocompetency axis | Ecological Research | Kiesecker, Joseph M. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Global urban growth and the geography of water availability, quality and delivery | Ambio | McDonald, R.I., I. Doublas, C. Revenga, R. Hale, N. Grimm, J. Gronwall, and B. Fekete | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Global versus Local Conservation Focus of US State Agency Endangered Bird Species Lists | PLoS ONE | Wells, Jeffrey V.; Robertson, Bruce; Rosenberg, Kenneth V.; Mehlman, David W. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Globalization and Bioinvasions: The International Policy Problem | | Perrings, Charles; Burgiel, Stas; Lonsdale, Mark; Mooney, Harold; Williamson, Mark | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Governing and Delivering a Biome-Wide Restoration Initiative: The Case of Atlantic Forest Restoration Pact in Brazil | Forests | Pinto, Severino R.; Melo, Felipe; Tabarelli, Marcelo; Padovesi, Aurelio; Mesquita, Carlos A.; de Mattos Scaramuzza, Carlos Alberto; Castro, Pedro; Carrascosa, Helena; Calmon, Miguel; Rodrigues, Ricardo; Cesar, Ricardo Gomes; Brancalion, Pedro H. S. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Government Commitments for Protected Areas: Status of Implementation and Sources of Leverage to Enhance Ambition | | Krueger, L. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | This chapter reviews the role and status of legal frameworks and other commitments for protected areas. It explores the relationship between scientific evidence and political practicality in implementing current targets and achieving the more ambitious ones. Prompted by increasingly urgent scientific warnings on biodiversity loss and supported by an emerging international community of practice around protected areas, governments have been commendably responsive both through commitment and action in developing national protected area networks. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), signed at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, has gradually emerged as the most comprehensive legal framework for protected areas. Programme of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA) remains the framework for implementing protected area goals, although it has been supplemented by the Strategic Plan Targets, the Aichi Targets, adopted at the CBD's 10th Conference of the Parties (COP 10). | | |
| Gradient modeling of conifer species using random forest | Landscape Ecology | Evans, J. S., and S. A. Cushman | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Grass carp in the Great Lakes region: establishment potential, expert perceptions, and re-evaluation of experimental evidence of ecological impact | Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences | Wittmann, Marion E.; Jerde, Christopher L.; Howeth, Jennifer G.; Maher, Sean P.; Deines, Andrew M.; Jenkins, Jill A.; Whitledge, Gregory W.; Burbank, Sarah R.; Chadderton, William L.; Mahon, Andrew R.; Tyson, Jeffrey T.; Gantz, Crysta A.; Keller, Reuben P | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Grassland community composition drives small-scale spatial patterns in soil properties and processes | Geoderma | Parker, Sophie S.; Seabloom, Eric W.; Schimel, Joshua P. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Grassland restoration with and without fire: evidence from a tree-removal experiment | Ecological Applications | Halpern, C. B., R. D. Haugo, J. A. Antos, S. S. Kaas, and A. L. Kilanowski | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Great Basin Land Management planning using ecological modeling | Environmental Management | Forbis, Tara A.; Provencher, Louis; Frid, Leonardo; Medlyn, Gary | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | This report describes a land management modeling effort that analyzed potential impacts of proposed actions under an updated Bureau of Land Management Resource Management Plan that will guide management for 20 years on 4.6 million hectares in the | | |
| Great Plains ecosystems: past, present and future | Wildlife Society Bulletin | Samson, Fred B.; Knopf, Fritz L.; Ostlie, Wayne | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Little question exists that the main bodies of North American prairie (i.e., the tall-grass, mixed, and shortgrass) are among the most endangered resources on the continent. The purpose of this paper is to provide a past and present biological baseline by which to understand North American prairies and to provide a platform for future conservation. Events both immediate to the end of the Pleistocene and historic suggest that the present grassland conditions are different from those within which most of the grassland organisms evolved. Our analysis suggests that few grassland landscapes remain adequate in area and distribution to sustain diversity sufficient to include biota and ecological drivers native to the landscape. A robust and history-based scenario to conserve Great Plains grasslands is to 1) identify areas large enough to sustain an ecological system with all its biodiversity, 2) reverse significant losses in area of native grasslands, 3) ensure that restoration matches the grassland previously existing at that site, 4) refocus the profession of range management, and 5) establish a more meaningful agency design for grassland and natural resource management. | biological diversity; conservation planning; ecological drivers; grasslands; management; prairie; restoration | |
| Greenhouse gas implications of land use and land conversion to biofuel crops | Biofuels: Environmental Consequences and Interactions with Changing Land Use | Ravindranath, N. H., R. Manuvie, J. Fargione, J. G. Canadell, G. Berndes, J. Woods, H. Watson, and J. Sathaye | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ground water discharge by evapotranspiration in wetlands of an arid intermountain basin | Journal of Hydrology | Sanderson, John S.; Cooper, David J. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | To improve basin-scale modeling of ground water discharge by evapotranspiration (ET) in relation to water table depth, daily ET was measured using the Bowen ratio energy balance method during 1999Š—–2005 in five herbaceous plant dominated wetlands in an a | | |
| Ground-based photomonitoring of ecoregional ecological changes in northwestern Yunnan, China | Monitoring Science and Technology Symposium: Unifying Knowledge for Sustainability in the Western Hemisphere | Lassoie, J.P., K.E. Goldman, and R.K. Moseley | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Description: Barring abrupt natural or anthropogenic disasters, ecological changes in terrestrial landscapes proceed at a pace not readily detected by humans. The use of historical repeat photography can provide valuable information about such changes, bu | | Proceedings RMRS-P-42CD. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station |
| Ground-foraging techniques of welcome swallows (Hirundo neoxena), including an instance of kleptoparasitism | Australian Field Ornithology | Fitzsimons, J.A. and J.L. Thomas | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ground-water management in Montana: On the road from beleaguered law to science-based policy | Public Land and Resources Law Review (University of Montana) | Ziemer LS, Kendy E, Wilson J. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Groundwater declines are linked to changes in Great Plains stream fish assemblages | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Perkin, Joshuah S.; Gido, Keith B.; Falke, Jeffrey A.; Fausch, Kurt D.; Crockett, Harry; Johnson, Eric R.; Sanderson, John | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Groundwater pumping for agriculture is a major driver causing declines of global freshwater ecosystems, yet the ecological consequences for stream fish assemblages are rarely quantified. We combined retrospective (1950Ð2010) and prospective (2011Ð2060) modeling approaches within a multiscale framework to predict change in Great Plains stream fish assemblages associated with groundwater pumping from the United States High Plains Aquifer. We modeled the relationship between the length of stream receiving water from the High Plains Aquifer and the occurrence of fishes characteristic of small and large streams in the western Great Plains at a regional scale and for six subwatersheds nested within the region. Water development at the regional scale was associated with construction of 154 barriers that fragment stream habitats, increased depth to groundwater and loss of 558 km of stream, and transformation of fish assemblage structure from dominance by large-stream to small-stream fishes. Scaling down to subwatersheds revealed consistent transformations in fish assemblage structure among western subwatersheds with increasing depths to groundwater. Although transformations occurred in the absence of barriers, barriers along mainstem rivers isolate depauperate western fish assemblages from relatively intact eastern fish assemblages. Projections to 2060 indicate loss of an additional 286 km of stream across the region, as well as continued replacement of large-stream fishes by small-stream fishes where groundwater pumping has increased depth to groundwater. Our work illustrates the shrinking of streams and homogenization of Great Plains stream fish assemblages related to groundwater pumping, and we predict similar transformations worldwide where local and regional aquifer depletions occur. | ecology, conservation, freshwater, Great Plains, fishes | |
| Groundwater nitrogen processing in Northern Gulf of Mexico restored marshes | Journal Of Environmental Management | Sparks, Eric L.; Cebrian, Just; Tobias, Craig R.; May, Christopher A. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Groundwater use by native plants in response to changes in precipitation in an intermountain basin | Journal of Arid Environments | J.A. Kray; D.J. Cooper; J.S. Sanderson | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | Many arid basins in western North America are likely to experience future changes in precipitation timing and amount. Where shallow water tables occur, plant acquisition of groundwater and soil water may be influenced by growing season precipitation. We conducted a rainfall manipulation experiment to investigate responses of four common native plant species to ambient, increased, and decreased summer monsoon rainfall. We measured plant xylem pressure potentials (_) and stable oxygen isotope signatures (_18O) to assess effects of altered precipitation on plant water relations and water acquisition patterns. Reduced rainfall decreased _ more in the grasses Sporobolus airoides and Distichlis spicata than the more deeply rooted shrubs Sarcobatus vermiculatus and Ericameria nauseosa. E. nauseosa had little response to natural or experimental differences in available soil water. Plant xylem water _18O indicated that S. airoides and D. spicata are almost entirely dependent on rain-recharged soil water, while E. nauseosa is almost entirely groundwater-dependent. Sarcobatus vermiculatus used groundwater during dry periods, but utilized precipitation from soil layers after large rainfall events. Persistent changes in precipitation patterns could cause shifts in plant community composition that may alter basin-scale groundwater consumption by native plants, affecting water availability for human and ecosystem uses. | | |
| Groundwater-dependent ecosystems in Oregon: an assessment of their distribution and associated threats | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Brown, Jenny; Bach, Leslie; Aldous, Allison; Wyers, Abby; DeGagne, Julia | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Groundwater: a global assessment of scale and significance | | Shah T, et al. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Growing Carnivorous Plants | | Meyers-Rice, B.A | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | ... Search help. Growing carnivorous plants [2006]. rdf logo rdf logo. Meyers-Rice, Barry.Translate with Translator. This translation tool is powered by Google. AGRIS andFAO are not responsible for the accuracy of translations. fao, ... | | |
| Growth and life history variability of the grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) across its range | PLOS ONE | Bradley, Darcy; Conklin, Eric; Papastamatiou, Yannis P.; McCauley, Douglas J.; Pollock, Kydd; Kendall, Bruce E.; Gaines, Steven D.; Caselle, Jennifer E. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Growth and reproduction of three cladoceran species from a small wetland in the south-eastern USA | Freshwater Biology | Lemke, AM; Benke, AC | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Growth, reproduction, and production dynamics of a littoral microcrustacean, Eurycercus vernalis (Chydoridae), from a southeastern wetland, USA | Journal of the North American Benthological Society | Lemke, AM; Benke, AC | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Population and production dynamics of the chydorid Eurycercus vernalis were studied in the laboratory and in a small wetland during a 2-y period. Laboratory growth studies were conducted to measure the effects of temperature on E. vernalis growth | | |
| Guidance for addressing the Australian Weed Risk Assessment questions | Plant Protection Quarterly | Gordon, D.R., B. Mitterdorfer, P.C. Pheloung, S. Ansari, C. Buddenhagen, C. Chimera, C.C. Daehler, W. Dawson, J.S. Denslow, A. LaRosa, T. Nishida, D.A. Onderdonk, F.D. Panetta, P. Py_ek, R.P. Randall, D.M. Richardson, N.J. Tshidada, J.G. Virtue, and P.A. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Guidelines for evaluating performance of oyster habitat restoration | RESTORATION ECOLOGY | Baggett, Lesley P.; Powers, Sean P.; Brumbaugh, Robert D.; Coen, Loren D.; DeAngelis, Bryan M.; Greene, Jennifer K.; Hancock, Boze T.; Morlock, Summer M.; Allen, Brian L.; Breitburg, Denise L.; Bushek, David; Grabowski, Jonathan H.; Grizzle, Raymond E.; Grosholz, Edwin D.; La Peyre, Megan K.; Luckenbach, Mark W.; McGraw, Kay A.; Piehler, Michael F.; Westby, Stephanie R.; Ermgassen, Philine S. E. Zu | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Guiding concepts for park and wilderness stewardship in an era of global environmental change | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Hobbs, Richard J.; Cole, David N.; Yung, Laurie; Zavaleta, Erika S.; Aplet, Gregory H.; Chapin, F. Stuart, III; Landres, Peter B.; Parsons, David J.; Stephenson, Nathan L.; White, Peter S.; Graber, David M.; Higgs, Eric S.; Millar, Constance I.; Randall, | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Guiding conservation and renewable energy development using a paired return-on-investment approach | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Howard, Timothy G.; Schlesinger, Matthew D.; Lee, Cara; Lampman, Gregory; Tear, Timothy H. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Return-on-investment (ROI) can help integrate prioritization efforts for developers and conservation organizations alike. To examine this complementarity and to investigate improving dialogue across these two sectors, we conducted paired ROI assessments from the perspective of wind development and biodiversity conservation in the northeastern United States. Spatially explicit layers defined the three ROI components: benefit, cost, and probability of success. For the wind development ROI, we modeled turbine suitability using the random forest algorithm to develop the benefit surface. We treated biodiversity information related to permitting and development as a cost surface and applied land conservation status towards the probability of success term. The conservation ROI applied biodiversity priorities as the benefit surface, applied a higher environmental cost to areas with high wind turbine development value, and used estimates of ecosystem resilience to define the probability of success. This ROI highlighted conservation potential after applying the constraints of wind energy development. The analysis suggests that New York State, US, may be able to accommodate 16,000 Megawatts of power generation while avoiding conservation priorities, more than sufficient landscape to situate turbines up to the predicted capacity based on grid reliability (6600 MW). Further, the two ROI models taken together are more instructive than results from either model alone. Sensitivity analyses revealed that altering the weightings of the biodiversity input variables rarely changed the relationship among the two ROI models from place to place. We suggest that applying ROI from different perspectives may help form an important communication bridge between conservation and development tradeoffs, and prove valuable in the debate over renewable energy production options in the context of their environmental impacts. | Return on investment; ROI; Wind turbine development; Development priorities; Conservation priorities | |
| Guiding ecological principles for marine spatial planning | Marine Policy | Foley, Melissa M.; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Micheli, Fiorenza; Armsby, Matthew H.; Caldwell, Margaret R.; Crain, Caitlin M.; Prahler, Erin; Rohr, Nicole; Sivas, Deborah; Beck, Michael W.; Carr, Mark H.; Crowder, Larry B.; Duffy, J. Emmett; Hacker, Sally D.; | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Habitat availability for multiple avian species under modeled alternative conservation scenarios in the Two Hearted River watershed in Michigan, USA | Journal for Nature Conservation | Nixon, Kristina; Silbernagel, Janet; Price, Jessica; Miller, Nicholas; Swaty, Randy | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Habitat Complexity, Brain, and Behavior | Brain Behavior and Evolution | Shumway, Caroly A. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | More complex brains and behaviors have arisen repeatedly throughout both vertebrate and invertebrate evolution. The challenge is to tease apart the forces underlying such change. In this review, I show how habitat complexity influences both brain | | |
| Habitat destruction, fragmentation, and disturbance promote invasion by habitat generalists in a multispecies metapopulation | Risk Analysis | Marvier, M.A., P. Kareiva, and M.G. Neubert | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Species invasions are extremely common and are vastly outpacing the ability of resource agencies to address each invasion, one species at a time. Management actions that target the whole landscape or ecosystem may provide more cost-effective protection ag | | |
| Habitat distribution of birds wintering in Central Andros, The Bahamas: Implications for management | Caribbean Journal Of Science | Currie, D; Wunderle, JM; Ewert, DN; Anderson, MR; Davis, A; Turner, J | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | We studied winter avian distribution in three representative pine-dominated habitats and three broadleaf habitats in an area recently designated as a National Park on Andros Island, The Bahamas, 1-23 February 2002. During 180 five-minute point | | |
| Habitat expansion and contraction in anchovy and sardine populations | Progress In Oceanography | Barange, Manuel; Coetzee, Janet; Takasuka, Akinori; Hill, Kevin; Gutierrez, Mariano; Oozeki, Yoshioki; van der Lingen, Carl; Agostini, Vera | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Habitat mapping and conservation analysis to identify critical streams for Arizona's native fish | Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems | Turner, D.S. and M.D. List | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Habitat occupancy patterns of a forest dwelling songbird: causes and consequences | Canadian Journal Of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie | Doran, PJ; Holmes, RT | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | We examined patterns of habitat use and reproductive performance of a migratory songbird, the black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens (Gmelin, 1789)), within a 3160-ha forested landscape. We surveyed 371 sites over a 3-year period. Some sites | | |
| Habitat re-creation (ecological restoration) as a strategy for conserving insect communities in highly fragmented landscapes | Insects | Shuey, J. A. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Habitat selection and dispersal of the cobblestone tiger beetle (Cicindela marginipennis Dejean) along the Genesee River, New York | American Midland Naturalist | Hudgins, R., C. Norment, M.D. Schlesinger, and P.G. Novak | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Harnessing values to save the rhinoceros: insights from Namibia | ORYX | Muntifering, Jeff R.; Linklater, Wayne L.; Clark, Susan G.; Uri-Khob, Simson; Kasaona, John K.; Uiseb, Kenneth; Du Preez, Pierre; Kasaona, Kapoi; Beytell, Petrus; Ketji, Jermain; Hambo, Boas; Brown, Matthew A.; Thouless, Chris; Jacobs, Shayne; Knight, Andrew T. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | The rate at which the poaching of rhinoceroses has escalated since 2010 poses a threat to the long-term persistence of extant rhinoceros populations. The policy response has primarily called for increased investment in military-style enforcement strategies largely based upon simple economic models of rational crime. However, effective solutions will probably require a context-specific, stakeholder-driven mix of top-down and bottom-up mechanisms grounded in theory that represents human behaviour more realistically. Using a problem-oriented approach we illustrate in theory and practice how community-based strategies that explicitly incorporate local values and institutions are a foundation for combating rhinoceros poaching effectively in specific contexts. A case study from Namibia demonstrates how coupling a locally devised rhinoceros monitoring regime with joint-venture tourism partnerships as a legitimate land use can reconcile individual values represented within a diverse stakeholder group and manifests as both formal and informal community enforcement. We suggest a social learning approach as a means by which international, national and regional governance can recognize and promote solutions that may help empower local communities to implement rhinoceros management strategies that align individual values with the long-term health of rhinoceros populations. | | |
| Harttia merevari, a new species of catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from Venezuela | Neotropical Ichthyology | Provenzano, F. R., A. Machado-Allison, B. Chernoff, P. W. Willink & P. Petry | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Has urbanization changed ecological streamflow characteristics in Maine (USA)? | Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques | Martin, Erik H.; Kelleher, Christa; Wagener, Thorsten | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Hawaiian agro-ecosystems and their spatial distribution | | Ladefoged, T. N.; Kirch, P. V.; Gon III, S. O.; Chadwick, O. A.; Hartshorn, A. S.; Vitousek, P. M. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Hawaiian Islands, Hawaiïi, U.S.A. | | Sohmer, S.; Gon III, S. M. | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Hawksbill turtles as significant predators on hard coral | Coral Reefs | Obura, D. O.; Harvey, A.; Young, T.; Eltayeb, M. M.; von Brandis, R. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Healing small-scale fisheries by facilitating complex socio-ecological systems | Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries | McClanahan, Timothy R.; Castilla, Juan Carlos; White, Alan T.; Defeo, Omar | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Hec-Rpt - Software For Facilitating Development Of River Management Alternatives | River Research And Applications | Hickey, J. T.; Newbold, S. J.; Warner, A. T. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Helminth community structure and pattern in sympatric populations of black-bellied and fulvous whistling-ducks | Canadian Journal Of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie | Fedynich, AM; Pence, DB; Bergan, JF | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | Helminth communities of 25 black-bellied (Dendrocygna autumnalis) and 25 fulvous (Dendrocygna bicolor) whistling-ducks from south Texas varied in composition, prevalence, dominance, and abundance. Twenty-eight helminth species were found, of which 20 ... | | |
| Helminth community structure and pattern in sympatric populations of double-crested and neotropic cormorants | Journal Of The Helminthological Society Of Washington | Fedynich, AM; Pence, DB; Bergan, JF | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | ... Titre du document / Document title. Helminth community structure and pattern in sympatricpopulations of double-crested and neotropic cormorants. Auteur(s) / Author(s). FEDYNICH AM(1) ; PENCE DB (1) ; BERGAN JF (2) ; Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / | | |
| Helping coastal communities adapt to climate change | Solutions | LC Hale, S Newkirk, M Beck | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Heme biomolecule as redox mediator and oxygen shuttle for efficient charging of lithium-oxygen batteries | NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | Ryu, Won-Hee; Gittleson, Forrest S.; Thomsen, Julianne M.; Li, Jinyang; Schwab, Mark J.; Brudvig, Gary W.; Taylor, Andre D. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Herbicide effects on ground layer vegetation in southern pinelands (USA): A review | Natural Areas Journal | Litt, A. R., B. J. Herring, and L. Provencher | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Herpetofauna of the Rincon Mountains, Southeastern Arizona | Southwestern Naturalist | Flesch, A.D., D.E. Swann, D.S. Turner, and B.F. Powell | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Herpetofaunal responses to restoration treatments of longleaf pine sandhills in Florida | Restoration Ecology | Litt, AR; Provencher, L; Tanner, GW; Franz, R | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | The hypothesis that habitat restoration will provide for community reestablishment and the creation of habitat heterogeneity was examined with regards to the herpetofauna of longleaf pine sandhills in northwest Florida. The herpetofaunal response | | |
| Hierarchical distance-sampling models to estimate population size and habitat-specific abundance of an island endemic | Ecological Applications | Sillett, T. Scott; Chandler, Richard B.; Royle, J. Andrew; Kery, Marc; Morrison, Scott A. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Hierarchical tree classifiers to find suitable sites for sandplain grasslands and heathlands on Martha's Vineyard Island, Massachusetts | Biological Conservation | Chase, Tom; Rothley, Kristina D. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The grasslands and heathlands of Martha's Vineyard Island, Massachusetts provide habitat for unusual, rare, and endangered species. Currently, these globally rare ecosystems exist as fragments on the southern coast of the island within a matrix of wooded, | | |
| High Time for Conservation: Adding the Environment to the Debate on Marijuana Liberalization | BioScience | JENNIFER K. CARAH, JEANETTE K. HOWARD, SALLY E. THOMPSON, ANNE G. SHORT GIANOTTI, SCOTT D. BAUER, STEPHANIE M. CARLSON, DAVID N. DRALLE, MOURAD W. GABRIEL, LISA L. HULETTE, BRIAN J. JOHNSON, CURTIS A. KNIGHT, SARAH J. KUPFERBERG, STEFANIE L. MARTIN, ROSAMOND L. NAYLOR, AND MARY E. POWER | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| High-resolution mapping of the world's reservoirs and dams for sustainable river-flow management | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Lehner, Bernhard; Liermann, Catherine Reidy; Revenga, Carmen; Voeroesmarty, Charles; Fekete, Balazs; Crouzet, Philippe; Doell, Petra; Endejan, Marcel; Frenken, Karen; Magome, Jun; Nilsson, Christer; Robertson, James C.; Roedel, Raimund; Sindorf, Nikolai; | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Is an Important yet Underutilized Resource in Conservation Biology | PLoS ONE | Boyle, Sarah A.; Kennedy, Christina M.; Torres, Julio; Colman, Karen; Perez-Estigarribia, Pastor E.; de la Sancha, Noe U. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| High-strength magnetically switchable plasmonic nanorods assembled from a binary nanocrystal mixture | NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY | Zhang, Mingliang; Magagnosc, Daniel J.; Liberal, Inigo; Yu, Yao; Yun, Hongseok; Yang, Haoran; Wu, Yaoting; Guo, Jiacen; Chen, Wenxiang; Shin, Young Jae; Stein, Aaron; Kikkawa, James M.; Engheta, Nader; Gianola, Daniel S.; Murray, Christopher B.; Kagan, Cherie R. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Historic emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in Mato Grosso, Brazil: 1) source data uncertainties | Carbon Balance and Management | Morton, Douglas C.; Sales, Marcio H.; Souza Jr., Carlos M.; Griscom, Bronson | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | Background
Historic carbon emissions are an important foundation for proposed efforts to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation and enhance forest carbon stocks through conservation and sustainable forest management (REDD+). The level of uncertainty in historic carbon emissions estimates is also critical for REDD+, since high uncertainties could limit climate benefits from credited mitigation actions. Here, we analyzed source data uncertainties based on the range of available deforestation, forest degradation, and forest carbon stock estimates for the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso during 1990-2008.
Results
Deforestation estimates showed good agreement for multi-year periods of increasing and decreasing deforestation during the study period. However, annual deforestation rates differed by > 20% in more than half of the years between 1997-2008, even for products based on similar input data. Tier 2 estimates of average forest carbon stocks varied between 99-192 Mg C ha-1, with greatest differences in northwest Mato Grosso. Carbon stocks in deforested areas increased over the study period, yet this increasing trend in deforested biomass was smaller than the difference among carbon stock datasets for these areas.
Conclusions
Estimates of source data uncertainties are essential for REDD+. Patterns of spatial and temporal disagreement among available data products provide a roadmap for future efforts to reduce source data uncertainties for estimates of historic forest carbon emissions. Specifically, regions with large discrepancies in available estimates of both deforestation and forest carbon stocks are priority areas for evaluating and improving existing estimates. Full carbon accounting for REDD+ will also require filling data gaps, including forest degradation and secondary forest, with annual data on all forest transitions. | Amazon; REDD+; IPCC; Tier; Approach; Landsat | |
| Historical ecology with real numbers: past and present extent and biomass of an imperilled estuarine habitat | Proceedings Of The Royal Society B-Biological Sciences | Ermgassen, Philine S. E. Zu; Spalding, Mark D.; Blake, Brady; Coen, Loren D.; Dumbauld, Brett; Geiger, Steve; Grabowski, Jonathan H.; Grizzle, Raymond; Luckenbach, Mark; McGraw, Kay; Rodney, William; Ruesink, Jennifer L.; Powers, Sean P.; Brumbaugh, Rober | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Historical landscape change in northwestern Yunnan, China - Using repeat photography to assess the perceptions and realities of biodiversity loss | Mountain Research And Development | Moseley, Robert K. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Biodiversity conservation programs rely on accurate knowledge about past rates of ecological change and patterns of human use. In remote areas of the world, empirical data on historical trends rarely exist to inform conservation planning. Such is | | |
| Historical Vegetation of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, circa 1850 | Northwest Science | Christy, John A.; Alverson, Edward R. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2011 | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | Sutherland, William J.; Bardsley, Sarah; Bennun, Leon; Clout, Mick; Cote, Isabelle M.; Depledge, Michael H.; Dicks, Lynn V.; Dobson, Andrew P.; Fellman, Liz; Fleishman, Erica; Gibbons, David W.; Impey, Andrew J.; Lawton, John H.; Lickorish, Fiona; Lindenm | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Hotspots and Coldspots | American Scientist | Kareiva, P. and M. Marvier | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| How Climate Change Affects Extremes in Maize and Wheat Yield in Two Cropping Regions | JOURNAL OF CLIMATE | Ummenhofer, Caroline C.; Xu, Hong; Twine, Tracy E.; Girvetz, Evan H.; McCarthy, Heather R.; Chhetri, Netra; Nicholas, Kimberly A. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| How do en route events around the Gulf of Mexico influence migratory landbird populations? | CONDOR | Cohen, Emily B.; Barrow, Wylie C., Jr.; Buler, Jeffrey J.; Deppe, Jill L.; Farnsworth, Andrew; Marra, Peter P.; McWilliams, Scott R.; Mehlman, David W.; Wilson, R. Randy; Woodrey, Mark S.; Moore, Frank R. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Habitats around the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) provide critical resources for NearcticÐNeotropical migratory landbirds, the majority of which travel across or around the GOM every spring and fall as they migrate between temperate breeding grounds in North America and tropical wintering grounds in the Caribbean and Central and South America. At the same time, ecosystems in the GOM are changing rapidly, with unknown consequences for migratory landbird populations, many of which are experiencing population declines. In general, the extent to which events encountered en route limit migratory bird populations is not well understood. At the same time, information from weather surveillance radar, stable isotopes, tracking, eBird, and genetic datasets is increasingly available to address many of the unanswered questions about bird populations that migrate through stopover and airspace habitats in the GOM. We review the state of the science and identify key research needs to understand the impacts of en route events around the GOM region on populations of intercontinental landbird migrants that breed in North America, including: (1) distribution, timing, and habitat associations; (2) habitat characteristics and quality; (3) migratory connectivity; and (4) threats to and current conservation status of airspace and stopover habitats. Finally, we also call for the development of unified and comprehensive long-term monitoring guidelines and international partnerships to advance our understanding of the role of habitats around the GOM in supporting migratory landbird populations moving between temperate breeding grounds and wintering grounds in Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. | Gulf of Mexico, landbird migration, NearcticÐNeotropical bird population, stopover habitat, airspace habitat, Gulf coast, migratory connectivity, avian monitoring | |
| How Do We Know an Agricultural System is Sustainable? | | Fisher, Jonathan R.B.; Boucher, Timothy M.; Attwood, Samantha K.; Kareiva, Peter | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, metrics | |
| How drought-induced forest die-off alters microclimate and increases fuel loadings and fire potentials | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE | Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Fontaine, Joseph B.; Matusick, George; Breshears, David D.; Law, Darin J.; Powell, Sarah; Hardy, Giles | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| How Human Household Size Affects the Habitat of Black-and-White Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Hongla Snow Mountain Nature Reserve in Tibet, China | International Journal Of Primatology | Quan, Rui-Chang; Huang, Yong; Warren, Matthew W.; Zhao, Qi-Kun; Ren, Guopeng; Huo, Sheng; Long, Yongcheng; Zhu, Jianguo | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| How monitoring demonstrated effective control of blast fishing in Komodo National Park | Monitoring Coral Reef Marine Protected Areas. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network & Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville | Mous, P.J., Pet, J.S., D. Gede R., Subijanto, J., Muljadi, A.H. & Djohani, R.H. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| How much conservation is enough? Defining implementation goals for healthy fish communities in agricultural rivers | Journal of Great Lakes Research | Sowa, Scott P.; Herbert, Matthew; Mysorekar, Sagar; Annis, Gust M.; Hall, Kimberly; Nejadhashemi, A. Pouyan; Woznicki, Sean A.; Wang, Lizhu; Doran, Patrick J. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | “How much conservation is enough?” is one of the most important and difficult questions to answer. In this work, we demonstrate an approach to specifically answer this question for conservation strategies designed to address nonpoint source pollution in agriculturally-dominated watersheds. We developed empirical models relating conservation investments and actions to measures of stream water quality and fish community health. Our results are consistent with other studies that demonstrate a need for extensive implementation of conservation practices in agricultural landscapes to see measurable improvements in ecological conditions. Our results also demonstrate the influence spatial grain can have on answering “how much conservation is enough?” Our coarse-grained analyses suggest that water quality in at the outlets of four watersheds could be improved to the point that water quality was no longer limiting the fish community with only about 18% of the agricultural lands treated with conservation practices and incentive payments totaling $7.7M. Yet, finer-grained subbasin analyses predict fish communities would still be limited in many tributaries of these watersheds even with ~ 50% of lands treated and incentive payments totaling ~$44M. Consequently, coarsegrained analyses could significantly underestimate scope of the solution needed to address these impacts to stream ecosystems. Finding balanced solutions to address agricultural nonpoint source pollution throughout the Great Lakes will require unprecedented collaboration from local to regional scales. Herein, we provide examples of how this work is supporting collaborative efforts to establish realistic ecological goals and associated performance measures and strategic implementation of practices throughout the Saginaw Bay drainage. | streams; index of biotic integrity; water quality; non-point source pollution; agriculture; cost-benefit analyses | |
| How much is enough? The recurrent problem of setting measurable objectives in conservation | BioScience | Tear, TH; Kareiva, P; Angermeier, PL; Comer, P; Czech, B; Kautz, R; Landon, L; Mehlman, D; Murphy, K; Ruckelshaus, M; Scott, JM; Wilhere, G | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | International agreements, environmental laws, resource management agencies, and environmental nongovernmental organizations all establish objectives that define what they hope to accomplish. Unfortunately, quantitative objectives in conservation | | |
| HOW MUCH IS ENOUGH? USING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES TO SET OBJECTIVES FOR OYSTER HABITAT RESTORATION | JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH | Hancock, Boze; Ermgassen, Line Zu; Brumbaugh, Robert; DeAngelis, Bryan; Greene, Jennifer; Spalding, Mark; Scheuster, Elizabeth | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| How much SOM is needed for sustainable agriculture? | FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT | Oldfield, Emily E.; Wood, Stephen A.; Palm, Cheryl A.; Bradford, Mark A. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| How much water does a river need? | Freshwater Biology | Richter, BD; Baumgartner, JV; Wigington, R; Braun, DP | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | SUMMARY 1. This 'paper introduces a new approach for setting stream´Œäow-based river ecosystem management targets and this method is called the 'Range of Variability Approach'(RVA). The proposed approach derives from aquatic ecology theory concerning ... | | |
| How protected are coral reefs? | Science | Spalding, Mark; Kelleher, Graeme; Boucher, Timothy; Fish, Lucy | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| How successful are plant species reintroductions? | Biological Conservation | Godefroid, Sandrine; Piazza, Carole; Rossi, Graziano; Buord, Stephane; Stevens, Albert-Dieter; Aguraiuja, Ruth; Cowell, Carly; Weekley, Carl W.; Vogg, Gerd; Iriondo, Jose M.; Johnson, Isabel; Dixon, Bob; Gordon, Doria; Magnanon, Sylvie; Valentin, Bertille | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Banerjee, Simanti; Secchi, Silvia; Fargione, Joseph; Polasky, Stephen; Kraft, Steven | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| How will the distribution and size of subalpine abies georgei forest respond to climate change? A study in Northwest Yunnan, China | Physical Geography | Hang-gi Wong, M., C.Q. Duan, Y.C. Long, Y. Luo, and G.Q. Xie | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Human Dimensions of State-and-Transition Simulation Model Applications to Support Decisions in Wildland Fire Management | | Blankenship, K. L. Provencher, L. Frid, C. Daniel and J. Smith | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Hunting and the likelihood of extinction of Amazonian mammals | Conservation Biology | Bodmer, RE; Eisenberg, JF; Redford, KH | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | Species inhabiting tropical forests are thought to be on the verge of mass extinction. Much work has focused on extinction rates caused by deforestation; however, many of the recorded extinctions that have occurred since 1600 were a result of overhunting. | | |
| Hurricane effects on subtropical pine rocklands of the Florida Keys | Climatic Change | Saha, Sonali; Bradley, Keith; Ross, Michael S.; Hughes, Phillip; Wilmers, Thomas; Ruiz, Pablo L.; Bergh, Chris | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Hurricane-Induced Sedimentation Improves Marsh Resilience and Vegetation Vigor under High Rates of Relative Sea Level Rise | WETLANDS | Baustian, Joseph J.; Mendelssohn, Irving A. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Hybridization between longnose and alligator gars in captivity, with comments on possible gar hybridization in nature | Transactions Of The American Fisheries Society | Herrington, Steven J.; Hettiger, Kurt N.; Heist, Edward J.; Keeney, Devon B. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Although hybridization occurs widely in fishes, it has never been recorded in gars. Here, we describe the first known hybrids of the longnose gar Lepisosteus osseus and alligator gar Atractosteus spatula from four specimens spawned in an aquarium | | |
| Hydro-ecology of groundwater-dependent ecosystems: applying basic science to groundwater management | Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques | Aldous, Allison R.; Bach, Leslie B. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Hydrodynamic and ecological assessment of nearshore restoration: A modeling study | Ecological Modelling | Yang, Zhaoqing; Sobocinski, Kathryn L.; Heatwole, Danelle; Khangaonkar, Tarang; Thom, Ronald; Fuller, Roger | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Hydrogeomorphic Classification Of Washington State Rivers To Support Emerging Environmental Flow Management Strategies | River Research And Applications | Liermann, C. A. Reidy; Olden, J. D.; Beechie, T. J.; Kennard, M. J.; Skidmore, P. B.; Konrad, C. P.; Imaki, H. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Hydrologic Alterations from Climate Change Inform Assessment of Ecological Risk to Pacific Salmon in Bristol Bay, Alaska | PLOS ONE | Wobus, Cameron; Prucha, Robert; Albert, David; Woll, Christine; Loinaz, Maria; Jones, Russell | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | We developed an integrated hydrologic model of the upper Nushagak and Kvichak watersheds in the Bristol Bay region of southwestern Alaska, a region under substantial development pressure from large-scale copper mining. We incorporated climate change scenarios into this model to evaluate how hydrologic regimes and stream temperatures might change in a future climate, and to summarize indicators of hydrologic alteration that are relevant to salmon habitat ecology and life history. Model simulations project substantial changes in mean winter flow, peak flow dates, and water temperature by 2100. In particular, we find that annual hydrographs will no longer be dominated by a single spring thaw event, but will instead be characterized by numerous high flow events throughout the winter. Stream temperatures increase in all future scenarios, although these temperature increases are moderated relative to air temperatures by cool baseflow inputs during the summer months. Projected changes to flow and stream temperature could influence salmon through alterations in the suitability of spawning gravels, changes in the duration of incubation, increased growth during juvenile stages, and increased exposure to chronic and acute temperature stress. These climate-modulated changes represent a shifting baseline in salmon habitat quality and quantity in the future, and an important consideration to adequately assess the types and magnitude of risks associated with proposed large-scale mining in the region. | | |
| Hydrologic and geomorphic considerations in restoration of river-floodplain connectivity in a highly altered river system, Lower Missouri River, USA | Wetlands Ecology And Management | Jacobson, Robert B.; Janke, Tyler P.; Skold, Jason J. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Hydrologic regime controls soil phosphorus fluxes in restoration and undisturbed wetlands | Restoration Ecology | Aldous, A; McCormick, P; Ferguson, C; Graham, S; Craft, C | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Many wetland restoration projects occur on former agricultural soils that have a history of disturbance and fertilization, making them prone to phosphorus (P) release upon flooding. To study the relationship between P release and hydrologic regim | agriculture | |
| Hydrological conditions and evaluation of sustainable groundwater use in the Sierra Vista Subwatershed, Upper San Pedro Basin, southeastern Arizona | | Bruce Gungle, James B. Callegary, Nicholas V. Paretti, Jeffrey R. Kennedy, Christopher J. Eastoe, Dale S. Turner, Jesse E. Dickinson, Lainie R. Levick, and Zachary P. Sugg | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | This study assessed progress toward achieving sustainable groundwater use in the Sierra Vista Subwatershed of the Upper San Pedro Basin, Arizona, through evaluation of 14 indicators of sustainable use. Sustainable use of groundwater in the Sierra Vista Subwatershed requires, at a minimum, a stable rate of groundwater discharge to, and thus base flow in, the San Pedro River. Many of the 14 indicators are therefore related to long-term or short-term effects on base flow and provide us with a means to evaluate groundwater discharge to and base flow in the San Pedro River. The indicators were based primarily on 10 to 20 years of data monitoring in the subwatershed, ending in 2012, and included subwatershedwide indicators, riparian-system indicators, San Pedro River indicators, and springs indicators. Groundwater management actions including voluntary retirement of irrigation pumping in the subwatershed resulted in about a 5,100 acre-feet (acre-ft) reduction in net human use from 2002 to 2012. Subwatershed population increased more than 10,000 during the same period. Most of the reduction occurred during 2002_07 and included reductions in groundwater pumping and increases in managed recharge; net human use varied annually by a few hundred acre-ft during 2007_12. The groundwater budget for 2012 showed a deficit of about 5,000 acre-ft, although the total water-budget uncertainty was about 5,500 acre-ft. In the vicinity of the U.S. ArmyÍs Fort Huachuca, regional-aquifer water levels were in steady decline beginning in at least the mid-1990s (in older wells since at least the early-1970s), as the cone of depression centered on the Sierra Vista and Fort Huachuca pumping centers continued to deepen. This was evident in the individual water levels on Fort Huachuca, as well as from the horizontal hydraulic gradients that extend from the pumping centers toward the San Pedro and Babocomari Rivers. Basin water levels in wells southeast of Sierra Vista, away from the river, were also experiencing declines, while some water levels closer to the river were rising. Near-stream vertical gradients along the San Pedro River showed no clear increasing or decreasing trends that would indicate a shift in the direction of subsurface flow between the riverbed and the alluvial aquifer, or a trend in the magnitude of groundwater/surface-water exchange. Annual streamflow permanence data showed no clear change in streamflow permanence trends in any of the river reaches, other than those related to precipitation trends. Similarly, the single-day, dry-season, wet-dry streamflow analysis of all subwatershed river reaches indicated no change in condition over the past 14 years, with the exception of the Hereford reach, which has seen a statistically significant increase in wetted length. Dry-season, alluvial-aquifer water levels in the Hereford reach also showed a statistically significant increase. These improvements are attributed to the end of irrigation pumping in the area. Although data indicate that the length of the Fairbank North wetted reach may be in decline, it is not yet statistically significant. Stable-isotope data indicated reduced groundwater discharge to the Babocomari River in the vicinity of the Babocomari River near Tombstone gaging station and to the San Pedro River near the San Pedro River at Palominas gaging station and near the Lewis Springs DCP stage recorder. The Babocomari River near Tombstone gaging station is downgradient of the major pumping centers. The change in isotopic signature at the Lewis Springs stage recorder could have been the result of alterations in groundwater/surface-water interactions there caused by beaver damming of the river. Base flow in the San Pedro River declined over the periods of record at the three San Pedro River gaging stations in the subwatershed (Palominas, Charleston, and Tombstone), as well as at the Babocomari River near Tombstone gaging station. Precipitation declined slightly from the 1990s to the 2000s, although there is no statistically significant trend in subwatershed precipitation from 1991 to 2012. The occurrence of large winter discharge events appeared to decline and that of large summer discharge events appeared to increase over this same period. Data for physical parameters, general chemistry, nutrient species, select trace elements, and suspended sediment were collected at San Pedro River at Charleston stream-gaging station. These data were summarized over time and analyzed in relation to discharge and season as a means to assess trends over the period of analysis. Federal and State of Arizona drinking-water and human-contact standards were all met and few exceedances occurred for the ecological thresholds investigated. Several constituents showed a significant trend over the period of analysis, but only concentration and flux data for total phosphate, orthophosphate, total nitrogen, suspended sediment, and sulfate were suitable to be used in a weighted regression analysis that statistically accounted for time, discharge, and season. Sulfate concentrations and flux showed a significant downward trend over the period of analysis, whereas total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate showed a relatively small magnitude upward trend relative to standards. Suspended sediment concentrations and flux both showed a significant downward trend in the 1980s, an effect attributed to reduction of cattle in the subwatershed at about this time, and (or) increased cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and willow (Salix goodingii) recruitment, and (or) the curtailment of sand and gravel mining adjacent to the San Pedro River with the designation of the San Pedro Riparian National Conservation Area in 1988. A spike in sediment flux in 2006 may be attributable to the more than 100 debris flows in the Huachuca Mountains during the summer monsoon of that year. Spring discharge along the San Pedro River generally increased at three sites proximate to the Sierra Vista treated effluent recharge facility and varied somewhat with climate at two other sites. Median annual discharge at the recharge facility peaked in 2006, and at Murray Springs and Horsethief Spring, downgradient of the recharge facility, in 2009. Sampling for trace organic compounds in flow from springs was carried out using both discrete sampling and passive sampling methods. Spring samples thus collected showed the presence of trace-organic compounds. Lewis Springs (background site) had the least number of detections, whereas Murray Springs, located directly downgradient of the City of Sierra VistaÍs treated effluent recharge facility, had the greatest number of detections of all the springs. Discrete samples from the recharge facility had more than twice the detections found in discrete samples from Murray Spring and at much higher concentrations. Few similar trace-organic compounds were detected at both the springs and the treated effluent recharge facility, and the number of detections did not increase during the collection period. Limitations of the study prevented the determination of trace-organic concentration in passive samplers and also prevented linking trace organic compounds detected at the treated effluent recharge facility with compounds detected from the springs. In particular, trace organic compounds could also derive from other sources such as septic systems. Looking at the subwatershed as a whole, base flow was in decline along the entire river reach, but determination of the specific cause of the decline was beyond the scope of this report. Conditions in the area from the municipal pumping center of Sierra Vista and Fort Huachuca northeast to the river (from about the Charleston to Tombstone gaging stations) were more commonly in decline than in regions further south. Both long-term indicators, such as regional aquifer groundwater levels and horizontal gradients, and the isotope analysis indicated that groundwater discharge to the river and thus base flow may continue to decline in that area. South of Charleston, indicators were more mixed. Some indicators in the Hereford reach suggest groundwater discharge to the San Pedro River may be increasing there, whereas some indicators in the Palominas reach suggest groundwater discharge to the river there may be declining. | | Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5114 |
| Hydrological response to an environmental flood: Pulse flow 2014 on the Colorado River Delta | ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING | Ramirez-Hernandez, Jorge; Eliana Rodriguez-Burgueno, J.; Kendy, Eloise; Salcedo-Peredia, Adrian; Lomeli, Marcelo A. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Increasing pressure on water availability in the Colorado River Basin due to a long and severe drought, water over-allocation, increasing water demands, and a warming climate point toward the need to optimize use of water to meet all goals, including environmental restoration. In this paper, we analyze the hydrologic response of the Colorado River Delta to the 2014 pulse flow. In so doing, we identify hydrological criteria for optimizing the use of water for riparian restoration. We analyzed continuous hydrographs obtained from discharge measurement sites along the river channel, quantified areas inundated by water, and interpreted groundwater dynamics and their implications for riparian vegetation. Our most important finding is that 91.4% of the delivered water infiltrated into the first 61.2 km of the riverbed (between Morelos Dam and Pescaderos), recharging the underlying aquifer. This large volume of infiltration occurred mainly because several obstructions along the main channel impeded downstream surface flow, abandoned river meanders acted as infiltration basins, sandy riverbed and terrace sediments allowed for rapid infiltration, and a depressed groundwater table created a large unsaturated zone to fill. Most of the water was delivered at Morelos Dam. However, smaller water deliveries via Mexicali ValleyÕs irrigation canal system bypassed the reaches of maximum infiltration, enabling the achievement of longitudinal river connectivity from Morelos Dam to the Gulf of California, and inundating important flood-dependent restoration sites. To optimize future environmental water deliveries, we encourage the use of irrigation infrastructure to deliver water directly to specific restoration sites to the extent possible, thereby avoiding reaches with high infiltration capacity and low riparian restoration potential. To improve river channel functionality in high-infiltration reaches, we recommend strategies to flood only the main channel and avoid off-channel depressions. By considering hydrological responses to environmental flow deliveries, riparian restoration goals can be achieved efficiently, even in highly controlled rivers with limited water availability. | Environmental flows; Colorado river delta; Minute 319; Regulated rivers; Riparian restoration | |
| Hydrometeorology and variability of water discharge and sediment load in the inner Gulf of Honduras, western Caribbean | Journal Of Hydrometeorology | Thattai, D; Kjerfve, R; Heyman, WD | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | The hydrological and meteorological characteristics of the watersheds of the inner Gulf of Honduras in the western Caribbean, including runoff, sediment load and yield, and the effects of the El Ni’±o-La Ni’±a cycle, are examined using available | | |
| Hydropower within the climate, energy and water nexus | | Jeffrey J. Opperman, Joerg Hartmann and David Harrison | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Hydropower, Salmon and the Penobscot River (Maine, USA): Pursuing Improved Environmental and Energy Outcomes Through Participatory Decision-Making and Basin-Scale Decision Context | | Opperman, Jeffrey J.; Apse, Colin; Ayer, Fred; Banks, John; Day, Laura Rose; Royte, Joshua; Seebach, John | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Hyperstability masks declines in bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) populations | CORAL REEFS | Hamilton, Richard J.; Almany, Glenn R.; Stevens, Don; Bode, Michael; Pita, John; Peterson, Nate A.; Choat, J. Howard | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Bolbometopon muricatum, the largest species of parrotfish, is a functionally important species that is characterised by the formation of aggregations for foraging, reproductive, and sleeping behaviours. Aggregations are restricted to shallow reef habitats, the locations of which are often known to local fishers. Bolbometopon muricatum fisheries are therefore vulnerable to overfishing and are likely to exhibit hyperstability, the maintenance of high catch per unit effort (CPUE) while population abundance declines. In this study, we provide a clear demonstration of hyperstable dynamics in a commercial B. muricatum fishery in Isabel Province, Solomon Islands. Initially, we used participatory mapping to demarcate the Kia fishing grounds into nine zones that had experienced different historic levels of fishing pressure. We then conducted comprehensive underwater visual census (UVC) and CPUE surveys across these zones over a 21-month period in 2012_2013. The individual sites for replicate UVC surveys were selected using a generalised random tessellation stratified variable probability design, while CPUE surveys involved trained provincial fisheries officers and local spearfishers. A comparison of fishery-independent abundance data and fishery-dependent CPUE data indicate extreme hyperstability, with CPUE maintained as B. muricatum abundance declines towards zero. Hyperstability may explain the sudden collapses of many B. muricatum spear fisheries across the Pacific and highlights the limitations of using data-poor fisheries assessment methods to evaluate the status of commercially valuable coral reef fishes that form predicable aggregations. | | |
| Hypolimnetic oxygenation in Twin Lakes, WA. Part I: Distribution and movement of trout | Lake And Reservoir Management | Moore, Barry C.; Cross, Benjamin K.; Clegg, Emily M.; Lanouette, Brian P.; Skinner, Megan; Preece, Ellen; Child, Andrew; Gantzer, Paul; Shallenberger, Ed; Christensen, David; Nine, Bret | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| ICO approaches to tropical forest conservation | Conservation Biology | Price, SV; Reichle, S | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Romero and Andrade (2004) argue that powerful international conservation organizations (ICOs) distort the value of tropical forest resources in developing countries by treating these resources as private rather than social assets. They perceive ICOs as be | | |
| IdentificaciÑn de areas prioritarias de conservaciÑn en la cuenca del RÕo Caura, estado Bolivar, Venezuela | Acta Biologica Venezuelica | Machado-Allison, A., B. Chernoff, F. Provenzano, P. Willink, A. Marcano, P. Petry, and B. Sidlauskas | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | this is good stuff | | |
| Identificaci„n de vacÍos en la representatividad de ecosistemas terrestres en el Sistema Nacional de reas Protegidas de Costa Rica | Recursos Naturales y Ambiente | Arias, E., O. Chac„n, G. Induni, B. Herrera, H. Acevedo, L. Corrales, J. R. Barborak, M. Coto, J. Cubero, and P. Paaby | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Identification and Implementation of Native Fish Conservation Areas in the Upper Colorado River Basin | Fisheries | Daniel C. Dauwalter; John S. Sanderson; Jack E. Williams; James R. Sedell | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | Freshwater fishes continue to decline at a rapid rate despite substantial conservation efforts. Native fish conservation areas (NFCAs) are a management approach emphasizing persistent native fish communities and healthy watersheds while simultaneously allowing for compatible human uses. We identified potential NFCAs in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Wyoming„focusing on Colorado River cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus), flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis), bluehead sucker (Catostomus discobolus), and roundtail chub (Gila robusta)„through a process that combined known and modeled species distributions, spatial prioritization analysis, and stakeholder discussions. The network of potential NFCAs is intended to serve as a funding framework for a National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) Keystone Initiative focused on Colorado River Basin native fishes. We discuss current opportunities for and impediments to implementing the potential NFCAs we identified for the NFWF Initiative over the long term. NFCAs represent a promising approach to fisheries management that complements existing approaches by focusing on persistent native fish communities. | | |
| Identification of a spatially efficient portfolio of priority conservation sites in marine and estuarine areas of Florida | Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems | Geselbracht, Laura; Torres, Roberto; Cumming, Graeme S.; Dorfman, Daniel; Beck, Michael; Shaw, Douglas | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | 1. A systematic conservation planning approach using benthic habitat and imperilled species data along with the site prioritization algorithm, MARXAN, was used to identify a spatially efficient portfolio of marine and estuarine sites around Flori | | |
| Identification of ditches and furrows using remote sensing: application to sediment modelling in the Tana watershed, Kenya | International Journal of Remote Sensing | Ayana, Essayas K.; Fisher, Jonathan R. B.; Hamel, Perrine; Boucher, Timothy M. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Ridge-tillage is an agricultural practice where crops are planted on elevated ridges, with furrows in-between. Ridge-tillage has been shown to significantly reduce erosion from croplands, but data on the presence of ridge-tillage is sparse and challenging to collect at the landscape scale. Thus, water quality models often do not account for ridge-tillage in a spatially-explicit manner, potentially overlooking the important impacts of this practice. We have developed a novel method that exploits the spectral, radiometric and linearity shape characteristics to identify both drainage ditches and ridge-tillage furrows using remote sensing of 0.5 m satellite data. We applied the method to the Sasumua watershed in Kenya, where we had false positives in only 3% of randomly selected polygons, and we detected the majority of ditches in 59% of randomly selected polygons. We then assessed the potential value of including these data in sediment modelling, showing that representing these practices could reduce sediment export in the study area by roughly 80%. Being able to readily identify the presence of ditches and furrows could enable the development of more accurate water quality models, and help identify priority areas for intervention to improve water quality (and possibly crop yields) through changing agricultural practices or policies. | drainage ditches; ridge-tillage; feature extraction; soil erosion; remote sensing; agriculture | |
| Identification of endangered Hawaiian ducks (Anas wyvilliana), introduced North American mallards (A. platyrhynchos) and their hybrids using multilocus genotypes | Conservation Genetics | Fowler, Ada C.; Eadie, John M.; Engilis, Andrew, Jr. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Identifying conservation priorities using a return on investment analysis. | | Game, E. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Identifying Corridors among Large Protected Areas in the United States | PLOS ONE | Belote, R. Travis; Dietz, Matthew S.; McRae, Brad H.; Theobald, David M.; McClure, Meredith L.; Irwin, G. Hugh; McKinley, Peter S.; Gage, Josh A.; Aplet, Gregory H. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Identifying freshwater conservation priorities in the Upper Yangtze River Basin | Freshwater Biology | Heiner, Michael; Higgins, Jonathan; Li, Xinhai; Baker, Barry | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Identifying habitat conservation priorities and gaps for migratory shorebirds and waterfowl in California | Biodiversity and Conservation | Stralberg, D., D.R. Cameron, M. D. Reynolds, C. M. Hickey, K. Klausmeyer, S. M. Busby, L. E. Stenzel, W. D. Shuford, and G. W. Page | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Identifying priority sites and gaps for the conservation of migratory waterbirds in China's coastal wetlands | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Xia, Shaoxia; Yu, Xiubo; Millington, Spike; Liu, Yu; Jia, Yifei; Wang, Longzhu; Hou, Xiyong; Jiang, Luguang | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Identifying Source Populations and Genetic Structure for Savannah Elephants in Human-Dominated Landscapes and Protected Areas in the Kenya-Tanzania Borderlands | PLoS ONE | Ahlering, Marissa A.; Eggert, Lori S.; Western, David; Estes, Anna; Munishi, Linus; Fleischer, Robert; Roberts, Melissa; Maldonado, Jesus E. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Identifying the ecological causes of long-term declines of wetland-dependent birds in an urbanizing landscape | Biodiversity And Conservation | Ward, Michael P.; Semel, Brad; Herkert, James R. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Illegal sea cucumber fisheries in the Chagos Archipelago. | SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin | Spalding, M. D. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | sea cucumber, Chagos Archipelago | |
| Immature Northern Goshawk captures, kills and feeds on yearling Wild Turkey | Journal of Raptor Research | Golet GH, HT Golet, & A Colton | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Impact assessment at the bioenergy-water nexus | Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr | Fingerman, Kevin R.; Berndes, Goran; Orr, Stuart; Richter, Brian D.; Vugteveen, Pim | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Impact of conservation practices on runoff and soil loss in the sub-humid Ethiopian Highlands: The Debre Mawi watershed | JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY AND HYDROMECHANICS | Dagnew, Dessalegn C.; Guzman, Christian D.; Zegeye, Assefa D.; Tibebu, Tigist Y.; Getaneh, Menelik; Abate, Solomon; Zimale, Fasikaw A.; Ayana, Essayas K.; Tilahun, Seifu A.; Steenhuis, Tammo S. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Impact of model development, calibration and validation decisions on hydrological simulations in West Lake Erie Basin | HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES | Daggupati, Prasad; Yen, Haw; White, Michael J.; Srinivasan, Raghavan; Arnold, Jeffrey G.; Keitzer, Conor S.; Sowa, Scott P. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Impact of satellite imagery spatial resolution on land use classification accuracy and modeled water quality | Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation | Jonathan R. B. Fisher, Eileen A. Acosta, P. James Dennedy-Frank, Timm Kroeger, Timothy M. Boucher | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Remote sensing offers an increasingly wide array of imagery with a broad variety of spectral and spatial resolution, but there are relatively few comparisons of how different sources of data impact the accuracy, cost, and utility of analyses. We evaluated the impact of satellite image spatial resolution (1 m from Digital Globe; 30 m from Landsat) on land use classification via ArcGIS Feature Analyst, and on total suspended solids (TSS) load estimates from the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the Camboriœ watershed in Southeastern Brazil. We independently calibrated SWAT models, using both land use map resolutions and short-term daily streamflow (discharge) and TSS load data from local gauge stations. We then compared the predicted TSS loads with monitoring data outside the model training period. We also estimated the cost difference for land use classification and SWAT model construction and calibration at these two resolutions. Finally, we assessed the value of information (VOI) of the higher-resolution imagery in estimating the cost-effectiveness of watershed conservation in reducing TSS at the municipal water supply intake. Land use classification accuracy was 82.3% for 1 m data and 75.1% for 30 m data. We found that models using 1 m data better predicted both annual and peak TSS loads in the full study area, though the 30 m model did better in a sub-watershed. However, the 1 m data incurred considerably higher costs relative to the 30 m data ($7000 for imagery, plus additional analyst time). Importantly, the choice of spatial resolution affected the estimated return on investment (ROI) in watershed conservation for the municipal water company that finances much of this conservation, although it is unlikely that this would have affected the company's decision to invest in the program. We conclude by identifying key criteria to assist in choosing an appropriate spatial resolution for different contexts. | Land cover, land use, remote sensing, spatial resolution, value of information, water fund,water quality | |
| Impact of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile on the native ants of Santa Cruz Island, California | Sociobiology | Wetterer, JK; Wetterer, AL; Hebard, E | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | We examined the impact of the non-indigenous Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), on the native ants of Santa Cruz Island (SCI), the largest of the California Channel Islands. Linepithema humile, a South American native, was first found on S | | |
| Impacts of exploited species on food web interactions along the coral reef-seagrass interface: a comparison using fished and no-take zones in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary | Ecological Applications | Valentine, J., K. Heck Jr., D. Blackmon , M. Goecker, J. Christian, R. Kroutil, B. Peterson, M. VanderKlift, K. Kirsch, M.W. Beck | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Impacts of fire-suppression activities on natural communities | Conservation Biology | Backer, D.M., S.E. Jensen, and G.R. McPherson | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Impacts of garlic mustard invasion on a forest understory community | Northeastern Naturalist | Stinson, Kristina; Kaufman, Sylvan; Durbin, Luke; Lowenstein, Frank | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | To assess the community-level responses of a New England forest to invasion by the Eurasian biennial Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard), we conducted a vegetation census at twenty-four plots ranging from low to high invasive cover, and experimen | | |
| Implementation of mid-scale fire regime condition class mapping | International Journal of Wildland Fire | Provencher, Louis; Campbell, Jeff; Nachlinger, Jan | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | We used mid-scale Fire Regime Condition Class (FRCC) mapping to provide Hawthorne Army Depot in the Mount Grant area of Nevada, USA, with data layers to plan fuels restoration projects to meet resource management goals. FRCC mapping computes ... | | |
| Implications of biogeography in the use of butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) as indicators for Western and Central Pacific areas | Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems | Kulbicki, M; Bozec, YM; Green, A | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | 1. The biogeography in the Western and Central Pacific of butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) is analysed with respect to their diversity, diet, size and behaviour. This analysis, based on data from 48 islands, is used to discuss some of the assumpt | | |
| Implications of Dam Obstruction for Global Freshwater Fish Diversity | BioScience | Liermann, Catherine Reidy; Nilsson, Christer; Robertson, James; Ng, Rebecca Y. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Implications of Diameter Caps on Multiple Forest Resource Responses in the Context of the Four Forests Restoration Initiative: Results from the Forest Vegetation Simulator | Journal of Forestry | Sànchez Meador, Andrew J.; Waring, Kristen M.; Kalies, Elizabeth L. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Meeting multiple resource objectives, such as increasing resilience to climate change, while simultaneously increasing watershed health, conserving biodiversity, protecting old-growth, reducing the risk of catastrophic wildfire, and promoting ecosystem health, is paramount to landscape restoration. Central to public land management efforts in the West is the widespread adoption of size-prohibited cutting of ñlargeî trees, a limitation referred to as a ñdiameter cap.î In this study, we used the most commonly proposed prescription for the Four Forest Restoration Initiative in northern Arizona to explore the implications of diameter caps for multiple resource responses through the use of model simulations. We found that implementing progressively smaller caps in southwestern ponderosa pine may result in relatively similar live tree densities, canopy cover, and large snag densities but higher basal areas, mean tree size, torching indices, and scenic beauty with lower water yield and herbaceous production. When diameter cap scenarios are compared, tradeoffs exist, and no single metric is suited for overall scenario evaluation. | forest management; ponderosa pine; restoration; size limits; treatment scenarios | |
| Importance of detrital algae, bacteria, and organic matter to littoral microcrustacean growth and reproduction | Limnology And Oceanography | Lemke, A. Maria; Lemke, Michael J.; Benke, Arthur C. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Cumulative incorporation of radiolabeled algal (NaH14CO3) and bacterial (14C-acetate) carbon associated with benthic organic matter (BOM) was measured at timed intervals to determine the relative importance of algal, bacterial, and detrital compo | | |
| Importance of regional variation in conservation planning: a rangewide example of the Greater Sage-Grouse | ECOSPHERE | Doherty, Kevin E.; Evans, Jeffrey S.; Coates, Peter S.; Juliusson, Lara M.; Fedy, Bradley C. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Importance-performance assessment (IPA) of the Victoria Park Nature Reserve | | Dutton, I.M. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Improving biodiversity monitoring | Austral Ecology | Lindenmayer, David B.; Gibbons, Philip; Bourke, Max; Burgman, Mark; Dickman, Chris R.; Ferrier, Simon; Fitzsimons, James; Freudenberger, David; Garnett, Stephen T.; Groves, Craig; Hobbs, Richard J.; Kingsford, Richard T.; Krebs, Charles; Legge, Sarah; Low | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Improving global environmental management with standard corporate reporting | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Kareiva, Peter M.; McNally, Brynn W.; McCormick, Steve; Miller, Tom; Ruckelshaus, Mary | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Improving Habitat Exchange Planning Through Theory, Application, and Lessons From Other Fields | Environmental Science & Policy | Christopher S. Galik, Todd K. BenDor, Julie DeMeester, David Wolfe | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | New tools are being deployed to address the continued decline of species at risk of becoming threatened or endangered. One approach receiving increased attention is the habitat exchange, or the use of a market-based, landscape-scale approach to protect or restore habitat in one place to offset impacts elsewhere. Although considerable resources have been devoted to the establishment of habitat exchanges over the past several years, actual implementation of transactions through habitat exchanges have been limited. As we argue here, important lessons have been slow to translate to habitat exchanges from other planning arenas. We briefly outline how the decision sciences, particularly structured decision making, and other planning processes _ such as those governing electricity infrastructure development _ can provide examples to facilitate the use of habitat exchanges as a viable and scalable conservation tool. We emphasize the challenge of translating theory to application, and note the importance of cross-fertilization of knowledge and experience across traditional disciplinary bounds. | Conservation markets, Endangered species act, Habitat exchange, Structured decision making, Integrated resource planning | |
| Improving human and environmental conditions through the Coral Triangle Initiative: progress and challenges | CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY | Christie, Patrick; Pietri, Diana M.; Stevenson, Todd C.; Pollnac, Richard; Knight, Maurice; White, Alan T. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Improving Planting Stocks for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Restoration through Community-Based Seed Harvesting Strategies | Restoration Ecology | Brancalion, Pedro H. S.; Viani, Ricardo A. G.; Aronson, James; Rodrigues, Ricardo R.; Nave, Andre G. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Improving transboundary river basin management by integrating environmental flow considerations | | Krchnak, Karin M. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Freshwater ecosystems provide a wealth of services to humans including food and fiber, water purification, fish and wildlife habitat, tourism and recreational opportunities, shipping routes, employment, and opportunities for cultural and spiritual renewal | | |
| In memoriam - Frank B. Golley (1930-2006) | Landscape Ecology | Turner, Monica G.; Barrett, Gary W.; Gardner, Robert H.; Iverson, Louis R.; Risser, Paul G.; Wiens, John A.; (Jingle)Wu, Jianguo | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| In Situ Coral Nurseries Serve as Genetic Repositories for Coral Reef Restoration after an Extreme Cold-Water Event | Restoration Ecology | Schopmeyer, Stephanie A.; Lirman, Diego; Bartels, Erich; Byrne, James; Gilliam, David S.; Hunt, John; Johnson, Meaghan E.; Larson, Elizabeth A.; Maxwell, Kerry; Nedimyer, Ken; Walter, Cory | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| In their own words: Perceptions of climate change adaptation from the Great Lakes regionÍs resource management community | Environmental Practice | Petersen, B.C., K.R. Hall, K.J. Kahl, and P.J. Doran | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Inadvertent selection in the propagation of native plants: A cautionary note | Native Plants Journal | Dunwiddie, P.W. and E. Delvin | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Incentives for employing conservation easements in Washington State | Natural Areas Journal | Kilbane, C.A., and Kareiva, P | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation easements are the most popular tool used by United States land trusts to conserve private land (LTA 2004). Part of the appeal of easements is that landowners can deduct the value of the donated easement as a charitable contribution, thereby r | | |
| Inconsistent food safety pressures complicate environmental conservation for California produce growers | California Agriculture | Baur, Patrick; Driscoll, Laura; Gennet, Sasha; Karp, Daniel | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Controlling human pathogens on fresh vegetables, fruits and nuts is imperative for California growers. A range of rules and guidelines have been developed since 2006, when a widespread outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 was linked to bagged spinach grown in California. Growers face pressure from industry and government sources to adopt specific control measures on their farms, resulting in a complex, shifting set of demands, some of which conflict with environmental stewardship. We surveyed 588 California produce growers about on-farm practices related to food safety and conservation. Nearly all respondents considered both food safety and environmental protection to be important responsibilities for their farms. Responses indicate that clearing vegetation to create buffers around cropped fields, removing vegetation from ditches and ponds, and using poison bait and wildlife fences are commonly used practices intended to reduce wildlife movements onto farm fields. The survey also revealed that on-farm practices vary substantially even among farms with similar characteristics. This variability suggests inconsistencies in food safety requirements, auditorsÍ interpretations or growersÍ perception of the demands of their buyers. Although site-specific considerations are important and practices should be tailored to local conditions, our findings suggest growers, natural resources and food safety would benefit from clearer, more consistent requirements. | agricultural management, California, farms, food safety; agriculture | |
| Incorporating asymmetric connectivity into spatial decision making for conservation | Conservation Letters | Beger, Maria; Linke, Simon; Watts, Matt; Game, Eddie; Treml, Eric; Ball, Ian; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Incorporating climate change adaptation into national conservation assessments | Global Change Biology | Game, Edward T.; Lipsett-Moore, Geoffrey; Saxon, Earl; Peterson, Nate; Sheppard, Stuart | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Incorporating climate change into systematic conservation planning | Biodiversity And Conservation | Groves, Craig R.; Game, Edward T.; Anderson, Mark G.; Cross, Molly; Enquist, Carolyn; Ferdana, Zach; Girvetz, Evan; Gondor, Anne; Hall, Kimberly R.; Higgins, Jonathan; Marshall, Rob; Popper, Ken; Schill, Steve; Shafer, Sarah L. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Incorporating clonal growth form clarifies the role of plant height in response to nitrogen addition | Oecologia | Gough, Laura; Gross, Katherine L.; Cleland, Elsa E.; Clark, Christopher M.; Collins, Scott L.; Fargione, Joseph E.; Pennings, Steven C.; Suding, Katharine N. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Incorporating critical elements of city distinctiveness into urban biodiversity conservation | Biodiversity And Conservation | Parker, Sophie S. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Incorporating ecological drivers and uncertainty into a demographic population viability analysis for the island fox | Ecological Monographs | Bakker, Victoria J.; Doak, Daniel F.; Roemer, Gary W.; Garcelon, David K.; Coonan, Timothy J.; Morrison, Scott A.; Lynch, Colleen; Ralls, Katherine; Shaw, Rebecca | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Biometricians have made great strides in the generation of reliable estimates of demographic rates and their uncertainties from imperfect field data, but these estimates are rarely used to produce detailed predictions of the dynamics or future viability o | | |
| Incorporating expert knowledge for development spatial modeling in assessing ecosystem services provided by coral reefs: A tool for decision-making | Revista De Biologia Marina Y Oceanografia | Reyna-Gonzalez, Pedro C.; Bello-Pineda, Javier; Ortiz-Lozano, Leonardo; Perez-Espana, Horacio; Arceo, Patricia; Brenner, Jorge | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Incorporating geodiversity into conservation decisions | CONSERVATION BIOLOGY | Comer, Patrick J.; Pressey, Robert L.; Hunter, Malcolm L., Jr.; Schloss, Carrie A.; Buttrick, Steven C.; Heller, Nicole E.; Tirpak, John M.; Faith, Daniel P.; Cross, Molly S.; Shaffer, Mark L. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Incorporating larval dispersal into MPA design for both conservation and fisheries | ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS | Krueck, Nils C.; Ahmadia, Gabby N.; Green, Alison; Jones, Geoffrey P.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Riginos, Cynthia; Treml, Eric A.; Mumby, Peter J. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Incorporating Non-native Invasive Species into the SILVAH Expert System | Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters: Our Woodlands Wild and Working | Emanuel, C.M., P. Knopp, R.L. Miller | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Increased forest edge density negatively affects Golden-cheeked Warbler nest survival on Fort Hood Military Reservation, Texas | Condor | Peak, R.G | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition | Nature | Myers, Samuel S.; Zanobetti, Antonella; Kloog, Itai; Huybers, Peter; Leakey, Andrew D. B.; Bloom, Arnold J.; Carlisle, Eli; Dietterich, Lee H.; Fitzgerald, Glenn; Hasegawa, Toshihiro; Holbrook, N. Michele; Nelson, Randall L.; Ottman, Michael J.; Raboy, Vi | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Increasing forest loss worldwide from invasive pests requires new trade regulations | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Roy, Bitty A.; Alexander, Helen M.; Davidson, Jennifer; Campbell, Faith T.; Burdon, Jeremy J.; Sniezko, Richard; Brasier, Clive | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Increasing the return on investments in island restoration | Island Invasives: Eradication and Management | Saunders, A., J. P. Parkes, A. Aguirre-Mu_oz, and S. A. Morrison | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Indicator Taxa to Assess Anthropogenic Impacts in Caribbean and Bahamas Tidal Creeks | Caribbean Journal Of Science | Layman, Craig A.; Arrington, D. Albrey; Kramer, Philip A.; Valentine-Rose, Lori; Dahlgren, Craig P. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Indirect effects of biological control on plant diversity vary across sites in Montana grasslands | Conservation Biology | Lesica, P; Hanna, D | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Biological control with specialist, nonindigenous, herbivorous insects is an important option for controlling invasive exotic plants in wildlands and nature reserves. It is assumed that biological control agents will reduce the dominance of the | | |
| Industrialized watersheds have elevated risk and limited opportunities to mitigate risk through water trading | WATER RESOURCES AND INDUSTRY | Reddy, Sheila M. W.; McDonald, Robert I.; Maas, Alexander S.; Rogers, Anthony; Girvetz, Evan H.; Molnar, Jennifer; Finley, Tim; Leathers, Gena; DiMuro, Johnathan L. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Businesses are increasingly concerned about water scarcity and its financial impacts, as well as competing needs of other stakeholders and ecosystems. Industrialized watersheds may be at more serious risk from water scarcity than previously understood because industrial and municipal users have inelastic demand and a high value for water. Previous water risk assessments have failed to sufficiently capture these economic aspects of water risk. We illustrate how hydro-economic modeling can be used to improve water risk assessments at a basin scale and we apply the methodology to the industrialized Brazos River Basin (85% municipal and industrial withdrawals) and consider implications for The Dow Chemical Company_s Freeport Operations in Texas, US. Brazos water right holders pay only operating and maintenance costs for water during normal periods; however, when shortages occur, leasing stored water or reducing production may be the only mitigation option in the short-run. Modeling of water shortages and the theoretical cost of leasing water under nine combined scenarios of demand growth and climate change suggests that water lease prices to industry could increase by 9_13X. At best, a more developed water rights and storage lease market could result in lower lease prices (2_3X); however, given that transactions would be limited it is more likely that prices would still increase by 4_13X. These results suggest that markets are unlikely to be a robust solution for the Brazos because, in contrast to other watersheds in the Western US, there is little reliable water to trade from low value users (agricultural) to high value users (industry and municipalities). Looking at demand trends across the contiguous US as an indicator of water risk, 2% of watersheds have municipal and industrial demands that outstrip total surface and ground water supplies and in these watersheds industry has historically paid higher lease prices for water. This study provides new ways for businesses to characterize water risk and forecast water prices that uncovers hidden water risk and highlights the positive but diminished mitigating effects of water markets in a highly industrialized basin. | | |
| •Networking the networksê: coordinating Conservation Management Networks in Victoria | Linking Australia's Landscapes: Lessons and Opportunities from Large-scale Conservation Networks | Crosthwaite, J., J. Fitzsimons, J. Stanley, and J. Greacen | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Inferring drought and heat sensitivity across a Mediterranean forest region in southwest Western Australia: a comparison of approaches | FORESTRY | Brouwers, N. C.; van Dongen, R.; Matusick, G.; Coops, N. C.; Strelein, G.; Hardy, G. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Influence of a Threatened-Species Focus on Conservation Planning | Conservation Biology | Drummond, S. P., K. Wilson, E. Meijaard, M. Watts, R. Dennis, L. Christy, and H. P. Possingham | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Influence of agricultural landscape structure on a Southern High Plains, USA, amphibian assemblage | Landscape Ecology | Gray, MJ; Smith, LM; Leyva, RI | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Landscape structure can influence demographics of spatially structured populations, particularly less vagile organisms such as amphibians. We examined the influence of agricultural landscape structure on community composition and relative ... | agriculture | |
| Influence of elevation and site productivity on conifer distributions across Alaskan temperate rainforests | CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH | Caouette, J. P.; Steel, E. A.; Hennon, P. E.; Cunningham, P. G.; Pohl, C. A.; Schrader, B. A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Influence of Herbicide Site Preparation on Longleaf Pine Ecosystem Development and Fire Management | Southern Journal Of Applied Forestry | Addington, Robert N.; Greene, Thomas A.; Elmore, Michele L.; Prior, Catherine E.; Harrison, Wade C. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Influence of long-term greentree reservoir impoundment on stand structure, species composition, and hydrophytic indicators | Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society | Ervin, G. N., L. C. Majure, and J. T. Bried | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Influence Of Moisture And Food Supply On The Movement Dynamics Of A Nonbreeding Migratory Bird (Parkesia Noveboracensis) In A Seasonal Landscape | Auk | Smith, Joseph A. M.; Reitsma, Leonard R.; Marra, Peter P. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Influence of roadways on patterns of mortality and flight behavior of adult dragonflies near wetland areas | Biological Conservation | Soluk, Daniel A.; Zercher, Deanna S.; Worthington, Amy M. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Influence of soil properties on coastal sandplain grassland establishment on former agricultural fields | RESTORATION ECOLOGY | Neill, Christopher; Wheeler, Megan M.; Loucks, Elizabeth; Weiler, Annalisa; Von Holle, Betsy; Pelikan, Matthew; Chase, Tom | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | The decline in species-rich grasslands across the United States has increased the importance of conservation and restoration efforts to preserve the biodiversity supported by these habitats. Abandoned agricultural fields often provide practical locations for the reestablishment of species-rich grasslands. However, these fields often retain legacies of agriculture both in their soils, which may have higher pH and nitrogen (N) contents than soils that were never farmed, and in their plant communities, which are dominated by non-native species and poor in native seed stock. We considered methods of reversing these legacies to create native-species-rich grassland on former agricultural land. We tested seeding and tilling combined with additions of sulfur (S), carbon (C), N or water to establish diverse sandplain grassland vegetation on an old field on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. We measured soil pH, extractable nitrate and ammonium, and total and native species richness and native species cover for 5 years after treatment. S additions lowered pH to values typical of never-tilled sandplain ecosystems and increased native species cover, but had no effect on species richness. C, N, and water additions had no significant effects on the soil or vegetation. Seeding and tilling were more effective at restoring native species richness than any soil amendments and indicated a greater importance of biotic factors compared with soil conditions in promoting sandplain vegetation establishment. S amendment accelerated establishment of native species cover for several years but the effect of S additions compared with seeding and tilling alone declined over time. | | |
| Influence of weather extremes on the water levels of glaciated prairie wetlands | Wetlands | Johnson, WC; Boettcher, SE; Poiani, KA; Guntenspergen, G | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Orchid Meadows is a long-term wetland research and monitoring site on the Coteau des Prairie in extreme east-central South Dakota, USA. It is a 65-ha Waterfowl Production Area with numerous temporary, seasonal, and semi-permanent wetlands. Ground | | |
| Influences of climate, fire, grazing, and logging on woody species composition along an elevation gradient in the eastern Cascades, Washington | Forest Ecology and Management | Haugo, Ryan D.; Hall, Sonia A.; Gray, Elizabeth M.; Gonzalez, Patrick; Bakker, Jonathan D. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, ranching | |
| Informed opportunism for conservation planning in the Solomon Islands | Conservation Letters | Game, Edward T.; Lipsett-Moore, Geoffrey; Hamilton, Richard; Peterson, Nate; Kereseka, Jimmy; Atu, William; Watts, Matthew; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Informing conservation planning using future sea-level rise and storm surge modeling impact scenarios in the Northern Gulf of Mexico | Ocean and Coastal Management | Thompson, M., J. Brenner, and B. Gilmer | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Informing watershed planning and policy in the Truckee River basin through stakeholder engagement, scenario development, and impact evaluation | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY | Podolak, Kristen; Lowe, Erik; Wolny, Stacie; Nickel, Barry; Kelsey, Rodd | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Infusing considerations of trophic dependencies into species distribution modelling | Ecology Letters | Trainor, Anne M.; Schmitz, Oswald J. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Innovation for 21st Century Conservation | Australian Committee for IUCN, Sydney | Figgis, P., J. Fitzsimons and J. Irving (eds) | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Innovative approaches to land acquisition and conservation management: the case of Fish River Station, Northern Territory | Innovation for 21st Century Conservation | Fitzsimons, J. and M. Looker | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Insect Visitors and Pollination Ecology of Spalding's Catchfly (Silene spaldingii) in the Zumwalt Prairie of Northeastern Oregon | Natural Areas Journal | Tubbesing, Carmen; Strohm, Christopher; DeBano, Sandra J.; Gonzalez, Natalie; Kimoto, Chiho; Taylor, Robert V. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Insights into the biodiversity and social benchmarking components of the Northern Australian fire management and carbon abatement programmes | Ecological Management and Restoration | Fitzsimons, J., Russell-Smith, J., James, G., Vigilante, T., Lipsett-Moore, G., Morrison, J. & Looker, M | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Institutional analysis of payments for watershed services in the western United States | ECOSYSTEM SERVICES | Huber-Stearns, Heidi R.; Goldstein, Joshua H.; Cheng, Antony S.; Toombs, Theodore P. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Instream Flows: New Tools to Quantify Water Quality Conditions for Returning Adult Chinook Salmon | JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT | Willis, Ann D.; Campbell, Amy M.; Fowler, Ada C.; Babcock, Christopher A.; Howard, Jeanette K.; Deas, Michael L.; Nichols, Andrew L. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Intact Faunal Assemblages in the Modern Era | Conservation Biology | Sanjayan, M.; Samberg, Leah H.; Boucher, Timothy; Newby, Jesse | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Integrated agricultural landscape management: Case study on inclusive innovation processes, monitoring and evaluation in the Mbeya Region, Tanzania | Outlook on Agriculture | Malley, Zacharia J.; Hart, Abigail; Buck, Louise; Mwambene, Pius L.; Katambara, Zacharia; Mng'ong'o, Marco; Chambi, Consolatha | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Integrated landscape management is a process for achieving multiple objectives related to agricultural production, ecosystem conservation, and sustainable natural resource management. These multiple livelihood functions are important features of an agricultural landscape in Mbeya, Tanzania. Due to environmental damage caused by agricultural expansion and charcoal burning, a process called integrated agricultural landscape management (IALM) was implemented to address this problem. This encompassed the identification and involvement of a range of key landscape actors and processes like awareness creation and joint problem analysis, solution framing, learning, planning and implementation of actions, and monitoring and evaluation. A multistakeholder innovation platform was formed for creating a coordination mechanism, common understanding, vision and goals, and networking. Fifty IALM ideas were identified and six selected by the stakeholders. Outcomes of using the IALM process included policy recommendations, joint learning, and innovative actions and were codeveloped, implemented, monitored, and evaluated with the local communities. | intensification; inclusive innovation development; joint planning; joint learning; landscape; agriculture | |
| Integrated cross-realm planning: A decision-makers' perspective | Biological Conservation | Jorge G. lvarez-Romeroa, b, , , Vanessa M. Adams, Robert L. Pressey, Michael Douglas, Allan P. Dale, Am_lie A. Aug_, Derek Ball, John Childs, Michael Digby, Rebecca Dobbs, Niilo Gobius, David Hinchley, Ian Lancaster, Mirjam Maughan, Ian Perdrisat | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Pursuing development and conservation goals often requires thinking and planning across terrestrial, freshwater and marine realms because many threats and social_ecological processes transcend realm boundaries. Consequently, effective conservation planning must consider the social and ecological links between realms and follow a cross-realm approach to allocate land/water uses and conservation actions to mitigate cross-realm threats and maintain cross-realm ecological processes. Cross-realm planning requires integrating multiple objectives for conservation and development, and assessing the potential co-benefits and trade-offs between them under alternative development scenarios. Despite progress in cross-realm planning theory, few fully-integrated and applied cross-realm plans exist. The gaps between research and implementation are not unique to cross-realm planning, but are accentuated by the complexity of spatial decision-making entailed. Based on a collaborative process including scientists, resource managers and policy-makers, we developed an operational framework for cross-realm planning based on up-to-date thinking in conservation science, but offering practical guidance to operationalise real-world planning. Our approach has a strong theoretical basis while addressing the visions and needs of decision-makers. We discuss the foundations and limitations of current approaches in cross-realm planning, describe key requirements to undertake this approach, and present a real-world application of our framework. | Integrated cross-realm planning; Integrated land-sea conservation planning; Cross-system threat; Cross-system ecological process; Multi-objective planning; Marxan | |
| Integrated landscape initiatives in Europe: Multi-sector collaboration in multi-functional landscapes | LAND USE POLICY | Garcia-Martin, Maria; Bieling, Claudia; Hart, Abigail; Plieninger, Tobias | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Integrating an uncertain future into conservation management and restoration: guidance for planners in land managing agencies and organizations | Restoration Ecology | Sutter, R.D., J.K. Hiers, K.Kirkman, A. Barnett, D.R. Gordon. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Integrating Avian Habitat Distribution Models into a Conservation Planning Framework for the San Joaquin River, California, USA | Natural Areas Journal | Seavy, Nathaniel E.; Gardali, Thomas; Golet, Gregory H.; Jongsomjit, Dennis; Kelsey, Rodd; Matsumoto, Sandi; Paine, Seth; Stralberg, Diana | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| INTEGRATING BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES INTO URBAN PLANNING AND CONSERVATION | ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF URBANIZATION AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE | McDonald, Robert | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Integrating CBM into Land-Use Based Mitigation Actions Implemented by Local Communities | Forests | Balderas Torres, Arturo; Santos Acuna, Lucio Andres; Canto Vergara, Jose Manuel | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Integrating Climate and Ocean Change Vulnerability into Conservation Planning | Coastal Management | McLeod, Elizabeth; Green, Alison; Game, Edward; Anthony, Kenneth; Cinner, Joshua; Heron, Scott F.; Kleypas, Joanie; Lovelock, Catherine E.; Pandolfi, John M.; Pressey, Robert L.; Salm, Rodney; Schill, Steve; Woodroffe, Colin | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Integrating climate change into conservation planning in Washington State and the Pacific Northwest | | Krosby, M., J. Hoffman, J.J. Lawler, and B.H. McRae | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Integrating Climate Change into Habitat Conservation Plans Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act | Environmental Management | Bernazzani, Paola; Bradley, Bethany A.; Opperman, Jeffrey J. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Integrating Collaboration, Adaptive Management, and Scenario-Planning: Experiences at Las Cienegas National Conservation Area | Ecology and Society | Caves, Jeremy K.; Bodner, Gitanjali S.; Simms, Karen; Fisher, Larry A.; Robertson, Tahnee | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Integrating conservation and development in the field: Implementing ecosystem service projects | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Tallis, H., R. Goldman, M. Uhl, and B. Brosi | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Integrating Ecoregional Planning at Greater Spatial Scales | | Anderson, Mark | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Integrating impact evaluation in the design and implementation of monitoring marine protected areas | PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES | Ahmadia, Gabby N.; Glew, Louise; Provost, Mikaela; Gill, David; Hidayat, Nur Ismu; Mangubhai, Sangeeta; Purwanto; Fox, Helen E. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Integrating regional conservation priorities for multiple objectives into national policy | NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | Beger, Maria; McGowan, Jennifer; Treml, Eric A.; Green, Alison L.; White, Alan T.; Wolff, Nicholas H.; Klein, Carissa J.; Mumby, Peter J.; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Integrating societal perspectives and values for improved stewardship of a coastal ecosystem engineer | Ecology and Society | Scyphers, S. B., J. S. Picou, R. D. Brumbaugh, and S. P. Powers | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Integration of regional mitigation assessment and conservation planning | Ecology and Society | Thorne, J. H., P. Huber, E. H. Girvetz, J. F. Quinn, and M. C. McCoy | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Interacting Regional-Scale Regime Shifts for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services | BioScience | Leadley, Paul; Proenca, Vania; Fernandez-Manjarres, Juan; Pereira, Henrique Miguel; Alkemade, Rob; Biggs, Reinette; Bruley, Enora; Cheung, William; Cooper, David; Figueiredo, Joana; Gilman, Eric; Guenette, Sylvie; Hurtt, George; Mbow, Cheikh; Oberdorff, T | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Interactions between ecology, demography, capture stress, and profiles of corticosterone and glucose in a free-living population of Australian freshwater crocodiles | General and Comparative Endocrinology | Jessop, TS; Tucker, AD; Limpus, CJ; Whittier, JM | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | In this study we examined three aspects pertaining to adrenocortical responsiveness in free-ranging Australian freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni). First, we examined the ability of freshwater crocodiles to produce corticosterone in response to a | | |
| Interactions between slimy sculpin and trout: Slimy sculpin growth and diet in relation to native and nonnative trout | Transactions Of The American Fisheries Society | Zimmerman, Julie K. H.; Vondracek, Bruce | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | To investigate whether introductions of nonnative trout affect growth and diet of nongame fish in small streams, we designed a field experiment to examine interactions between slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus and native brook trout Salvelinus fontin | | |
| Interfacing models of wildlife habitat and human development to predict the future distribution of puma habitat | Ecosphere | Burdett, Christopher L.; Crooks, Kevin R.; Theobald, David M.; Wilson, Kenneth R.; Boydston, Erin E.; Lyren, Lisa M.; Fisher, Robert N.; Vickers, T. Winston; Morrison, Scott A.; Boyce, Walter M. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Interference Of Bull Thistle (Cirsium-Vulgare) With Growth Of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus-Ponderosa) Seedlings In A Forest Plantation | Canadian Journal of Forest Research | Randall, Jm; Rejmanek, M | 1993 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Intertidal oysters in northern New England | Northeastern Naturalist | Capone, Mark; Grizzle, Ray; Mathieson, Arthur C.; Odell, Jay | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Little is known about the distribution and ecology of intertidal oysters in northeastern North America. North of Chesapeake Bay, intertidal oysters have either been previously reported as non-existent or only occurring as single oysters or sparse | | |
| Into Oblivion? The disappearing native mammals of northern Australia | | Fitzsimons, J., S. Legge, B. Traill, B. and J. Woinarski | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Intraspecific models and spatiotemporal context of size-mass relationships in adult dragonflies | Journal of the North American Benthological Society | Bried, JT and GN Ervin | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Length-mass equations are valued for their efficiency and reliability because many animals, including aquatic macroinvertebrates, show predictable correlations between mass and linear body dimensions. Our paper explores overlooked aspects of leng | | |
| Introduction | Coastal Management | White, Alan T.; Green, Alison L. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Introduction | | Mackey, B.; Figgis, P.; Fitzsimons, J.; Irving, J.; Clarke, P. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Introduction history and invasion patterns of Ammophila arenaria on the north coast of California | Conservation Biology | Buell, AC; Pickart, AJ; Stuart, JD | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria [L.] Link), introduced to stabilize sand, is fully naturalized in central and northern California and has supplanted populations of native dune plants in many areas, including the North Spit of Humboldt Bay. We inte | | |
| Introduction of invasive non-indigenous plants into Florida: History, screening and regulatory approaches | | Gordon, D.R. and K.P. Thomas | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Introduction pathways for invasive non-indigenous plant species | | Gordon, D.R. and K.P. Thomas | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Introduction: Featured Collection on Instream Flows-Recent Advances and the Road Ahead1 | Journal of the American Water Resources Association | Richter, Brian; Williams, Kathleen; Aarrestad, Peter | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Introduction: the expansion of Australia's marine protected area networks | BIG, BOLD AND BLUE: LESSONS FROM AUSTRALIA'S MARINE PROTECTED AREAS | Fitzsimons, James; Wescott, Geoff | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Introduction: the expansion of AustraliaÍs marine protected area networks | | Fitzsimons, J. and G. Wescott | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | ocean | Melbourne |
| Intuitive simulation, querying, and visualization for river basin policy and management | Ibm Journal Of Research And Development | Eckman, B.; West, P. C.; Barford, C.; Raber, G. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Inuit and Marine Mammals | | Jensen, Anne M.; Sheehan, Glenn W.; MacLean, Stephen A. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Inundation of freshwater peatlands by sea level rise: Uncertainty and potential carbon cycle feedbacks | Journal Of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences | Henman, Jenny; Poulter, Benjamin | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | [2] Peatlands represent an important component of the global carbon cycle due to their influence on carbon storage across different biomes, comprising the largest terrestrial biological carbon pool [Armentano and Menges, 1986; | | |
| Invasive exotic species in the Sonoran region (book review) | Ecological Restoration | Turner, D. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Invasive Grasses Increase Nitrogen Availability in California Grassland Soils | Invasive Plant Science and Management | Parker, Sophie S.; Schimel, Joshua P. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Inventory and comparative evaluation of seabed mapping, classification and modeling activities in the Northwest Atlantic, USA to support regional ocean planning | JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH | Shumchenia, Emily J.; Guarinello, Marisa L.; Carey, Drew A.; Lipsky, Andrew; Greene, Jennifer; Mayer, Larry; Nixon, Matthew E.; Weber, John | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Inventory, relative abundance and importance of fishes in the Caura River Basin | Bulletin of Biological Assessment | Machado-Allison, A., B. Chernoff, F. Provenzano, P. Willink, A. Marcano, P. Petry, B. Sidlauskas and T. Jones | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Investigating the rapid spread of invasive knotweed in a riparian setting (Washington) | Ecological Restoration | Holman, M., P. Dunwiddie, and B. Carey | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Investing in a Water-Secure Future | JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION | Richter, Brian | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Investing in natural infrastructure: the economic value of Indonesia's marine & coastal ecosystems | The Nature Conservancy-Environment Management Group | Emerton, L | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Investments in fuel removals to avoid forest fires result in substantial benefits | Journal of Forestry | Mason, CL; Lippke, BR; Zobrist, KW; Bloxton, TD; Ceder, KR; Comnick, JM; McCarter, JB; Rogers, HK | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Forest fuel reduction treatments are needed, as shown by the increased number and cost of devastating crown fires in overly dense forests. Although large trees can be removed for valuable products, the market value for the smaller logs may be less than th | | |
| Involving communities in community assessment | Public Health Nursing | Clark, MJ; Cary, S; Diemert, G; Ceballos, R; Sifuentes, M; Atteberry, I; Vue, F; Trieu, S | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Focus groups provide an effective means of incorporating the perspectives of Š—“hiddenŠ— populations in assessments of community health needs and assets. A series of focus groups was conducted with specifically targeted segments of a community t | | |
| Involving resource users in the regulation of access to resources for the protection of ecosystem services provided by protected areas in Indonesia | Biodiversity And Human Livelihoods In Protected Areas: Case Studies From The Malay Archipelago | Halim, Abdul; Soekirman, Tri; Ramono, Widodo | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Involving Stakeholders in the Development of a Global Water Certification Standard | Journal American Water Works Association | Krchnak, Karin M. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Iowa UNESCO-HELP: From capacity building to on-the- ground action | Journal of Hydrological Environment | Muste, M., J. Filipiak, and C. Spitzack | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Is bioenergy for the birds? An evaluation of alternative future bioenergy landscapes | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Fargione, Joe | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Is diversionary feeding an effective tool for reducing human-bear conflicts? Case studies from North America and Europe | URSUS | Garshelis, David L.; Baruch-Mordo, Sharon; Bryant, Ann; Gunther, Kerry A.; Jerina, Klemen | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Is It Possible To Restore Mercenaria Mercenaria To Great South Bay, Ny After 30 Years Of Decline? | Journal of Shellfish Research | Lobue, Carl; Clapp, Chris; Doall, Mike; Carrano, Tom; Goldner, Emily | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Is nest predation on two endangered bird species higher in habitats preferred by snakes? | Ecoscience | Sperry, Jinelle H.; Cimprich, David A.; Peak, Rebecca G.; Weatherhead, Patrick J. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Is reduced benthic flux related to the Diporeia decline? Analysis of spring blooms and whiting events in Lake Ontario | Journal Of Great Lakes Research | Watkins, J. M.; Rudstam, L. G.; Crabtree, D. L.; Walsh, M. G. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Is wildlife research useful for wildlife conservation in the tropics? A review of Borneo with global implications | Biodiversity and Conservation | Meijaard, E and D Sheil | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Islands within an island: Repeated adaptive divergence in a single population | Evolution | Langin, Kathryn M.; Sillett, T. Scott; Funk, W. Chris; Morrison, Scott A.; Desrosiers, Michelle A.; Ghalambor, Cameron K. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Isolated Butte And Mesa Summits Of The Colorado Plateau | | Vanpelt, Ns; Johnson, Dw | 1993 | 2017/12/14 | ... Isolated butte and mesa summits of the Colorado Plateau. ... | | |
| Isolation and characterization of 29 microsatellite markers for the bumphead parrotfish, Bolbometopon muricatum, and cross amplification in 12 related species | MARINE BIODIVERSITY | Priest, Mark A.; Almany, Glenn R.; Braun, Camrin D.; Hamilton, Richard J.; Lozano-Cortes, Diego F.; Saenz-Agudelo, Pablo; Berumen, Michael L. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| It takes more than water: Restoring the Colorado River Delta | ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING | Pitt, Jennifer; Kendy, Eloise; Schlatter, Karen; Hinojosa-Huerta, Osvel; Flessa, Karl; Shafroth, Patrick B.; Ramirez-Hernandez, Jorge; Nagler, Pamela; Glenn, Edward P. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| It'll take more than research | Bulletin of the British Ecological Society | Sheil, D. and Meijaard, E | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| IUCN greatly underestimates threat levels of endemic birds in the Western Ghats | Biological Conservation | Vijay Ramesha, Trisha Gopalakrishna, Sahas Barve, Don J. Melnick, | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | The validity of the threat status assigned to a species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) Red List relies heavily on the accuracy of the geographic range size estimate for that species. Range maps used to assess threat status often contain large areas of unsuitable habitat, thereby overestimating range and underestimating threat. In this study, we assessed 18 endemic birds of the Western Ghats to test the accuracy of the geographic range sizes used by the IUCN for their threat assessment. Using independently reviewed data from the world's largest citizen science database (eBird) within a species distribution modeling framework, our results show that: (a) geographic ranges have been vastly overestimated by IUCN for 17 of the 18 endemic bird species; (b) range maps used by IUCN contain large areas of unsuitable habitat, and (c) ranges estimated in this study suggest provisional uplisting of IUCN threat status for at least 10 of the 18 species based on area metrics used by the IUCN for threat assessment. Since global range size is an important parameter for assigning IUCN threat status, citizen science datasets, high resolution and freely available geo-referenced ecological data, and the latest species distribution modeling techniques should be used to estimate and track changes in range extent whenever possible. The methods used here to significantly revise range estimates have important conservation management implications not only for endemic birds in the Western Ghats, but for vertebrate and invertebrate taxa worldwide. | Western Ghats; Citizen science; Species distribution modeling; Geographic range; IUCN; Threat status | |
| IUCN/WCPA Protected Areas Program: Making Space for People and Biodiversity in the Anthropocene | EARTH STEWARDSHIP: LINKING ECOLOGY AND ETHICS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE | Enkerlin-Hoeflich, Ernesto C.; Sandwith, Trevor; MacKinnon, Kathy; Allen, Diana; Andrade, Angela; Badman, Tim; Bueno, Paula; Campbell, Kathryn; Ervin, Jamison; Laffoley, Dan; Hay-Edie, Terence; Hockings, Marc; Johansson, Stig; Keenleyside, Karen; Langhammer, Penny; Mueller, Eduard; Vierros, Marjo; Welling, Leigh; Woodley, Stephen; Dudley, Nigel | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) persists in continental North America | Science | Fitzpatrick, JW; Lammertink, M; Luneau, MD; Gallagher, TW; Harrison, BR; Sparling, GM; Rosenberg, KV; Rohrbaugh, RW; Swarthout, ECH; Wrege, PH; Swarthout, SB; Dantzker, MS; Charif, RA; Barksdale, TR; Remsen, JV; Simon, SD; Zollner, D | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | The ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis), long suspected to be extinct, has been rediscovered in the Big Woods region of eastern Arkansas. Visual encounters during 2004 and 2005, and analysis of a video clip from April 2004, confirm | | |
| Javan (White-vented) Myna Acridotheres javanicus and Palebellied Myna A. cinereus in North Sulawesi | Kukila | Tasirin, J.S. &¾J.A. Fitzsimons | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Joint analysis of stressors and ecosystems services to enhance restoration effectiveness | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Allan, J.D., P.B. McIntyre, S.D.P. Smith, B.S. Halpern, G.L. Boyer, A. Buchsbaum, G.A. Burton Jr., L.M. Campbell, W.L. Chadderton, J.J.H. Ciborowski, P.J. Doran, T. Eder, D.M. Infante, L.B. Johnson, C.A. Joseph, A.L. Marino, A. Prusevich, J. Read, J.B. Ro | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Key areas for conserving United Statesê biodiversity likely threatened by future land use change | Ecosphere | Martinuzzi, S., V.C. Radeloff, J. Higgins, D. Helmers, A.J. Plantinga, and D.J. Lewis | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Key directions for valuing ecosystem services and protected areas in Australia | | Mackey, B.; Figgis, P.; Fitzsimons, J.; Irving, J.; Clarke, P. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Key taxa in food web responses to stressors: the Deepwater Horizon oil spill | FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT | McCann, Michael J.; Able, Kenneth W.; Christian, Robert R.; Fodrie, F. Joel; Jensen, Olaf P.; Johnson, Jessica J.; Lopez-Duarte, Paola C.; Martin, Charles W.; Olin, Jill A.; Polito, Michael J.; Roberts, Brian J.; Ziegler, Shelby L. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Khawa Karpo: Tibetan Traditional Knowledge and Biodiversity Conservation | | Salick, Jan, and Robert K. Moseley | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Kirtland'S Warblers In Anthropogenically Disturbed Early-Successional Habitats On Eleuthera, The Bahamas | Condor | Wunderle, Joseph M., Jr.; Currie, Dave; Helmer, Eileen H.; Ewert, David N.; White, Jennifer D.; Ruzycki, Thomas S.; Parresol, Bernard; Kwit, Charles | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Knowing the territory: landscape ecosystem classification and mapping. | Michigan Botanist | Albert, D.A., M. Lapin, and D.R. Pearsall. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Burton V. Barnes was a pioneer of ecological land classification in North America. Since he first introduced integrated, multi-scale, multifactor landscape ecosystem theory and methodology at the University of Michigan in the early 1980s (e.g., Barnes et al. 1982), ecological classification and mapping has become widely accepted as a Òbest practiceÓ in ecosystem and biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource management. Numerous other systems have been developed and are in use (e.g., state natural community classifications), but the methodology that Burt honed and taught likely remains the one that is most true to nature in describing and documenting the hierarchically nested, volumetric ecosystems of specific locales and regions. In the Barnes method, each classification is discerned from the ground up, based on the combination of climate, landform, geology, soils, and hydrology. | | |
| La planificaci„n sistemˆtica como instrumento para la conservaci„n de la biodiversidad: Experiencias recientes y desafÍos en Costa Rica | Recursos Naturales y Ambiente | Herrera, B., and B. Finegan | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| La Planificacion Sistemˆtica en reas Protegidas y Corredores Biol„gicos de Costa Rica: Experiencias y Desafios | Recursos Naturales y Ambiente | Herrera, B. and Finegan, B. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Laboratory and Field Evaluations of Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Baits Against Argentine Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) | JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY | Rust, Michael K.; Soeprono, Andrew; Wright, Sarajean; Greenberg, Les; Choe, Dong-Hwan; Boser, Christina L.; Cory, Coleen; Hanna, Cause | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Lack of an urban edge effect on reproduction in a fragmentation-sensitive sparrow | Ecological Applications | Morrison, SA; Bolger, DT | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | Many studies have documented degradation of nesting habitat quality for songbirds breeding in fragmented forests. Few studies, however, have focused on the effects of urban fragmentation on arid region avifauna, even though a unique suite of ecological ch | | |
| Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt | Science | Fargione, Joseph; Hill, Jason; Tilman, David; Polasky, Stephen; Hawthorne, Peter | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Increasing energy use, climate change, and carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from fossil fuels make switching to low-carbon fuels a high priority. Biofuels are a potential low-carbon energy source, but whether biofuels offer carbon savings depends | | |
| Land conversion at the protected area's edge | Conservation Letters | Kramer, D. & P.J. Doran | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | Protected areas are a common strategy to conserve biodiversity, ecological function, and ecosystem services. Through land market dynamics, however, protected area establishment can induce effects inimical to conservation goals. We examined the factors explaining land conversion within 2 km buffers of protected areas in Michigan, United States. We employed multilevel logistic models, with and without autocovariates, utilizing a multimodel inference paradigm. The most parsimonious models indicated that parcels with more developed, forested, and protected land in their vicinity, with well-drained soils, at lower elevations, nearer roads and urban areas, in areas of greater population, and originally in agriculture are more likely to be developed. There is weak support for attributes of protected areas such as size, access, ownership, and protection mechanism affecting nearby land conversion. Our results stress the importance of a well-designed system of protected areas and broad evaluations of the impacts of existing and future threats. | | |
| Land cover and conservation: from protected areas to landscapes | | Wiens, J.A., Anderson, M.G., Boucher, T. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Protected areas are the foundation of conservation efforts at local to global scales. Although the development of formal reserve-selection procedures and conservation planning at multiple scales has made the identification of priority areas for protection increasingly data-based, the resulting areas are often treated as if they were internally homogeneous islands in an equally featureless but unsuitable landscape. Land-cover data, however, show that such conservation areas are not only internally heterogeneous, but that they are embedded in an equally heterogeneous landscape mosaic. The conservation value of a protected area is affected by this internal structure and by the spatial structure and dynamics of the landscape context. Because protected areas by themselves cannot ensure the persistence of biodiversity, it is necessary to include the broader surroundings of these areas in the conservation equation. These are the places where people live and work, so people and their activities are important features of landscape context. Land-cover data are essential to describing the internal and external texture of protected areas, but information on land use and land-use change is equally important if the conservation perspective is to be expanded from the traditional emphasis on protecting ñpretty placesî to include landscapes, people, and their uses of lands and waters. | | Chapter 10 |
| Land cover and forest formation distributions for St. Kitts, Nevis, St. Eustatius, Grenada and Barbados from decision tree classification of cloud-cleared satellite imagery | Caribbean Journal Of Science | Helmer, Eileen H.; Kennaway, Todd A.; Pedreros, Diego H.; Clark, Matthew L.; Marcano-Vega, Humfredo; Tieszen, Larry L.; Ruzycki, Thomas R.; Schill, S. R.; Carrington, C. M. Sean | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Land Manager and Researcher Perspectives on Invasive Plant Research Needs in the Midwestern United States | Invasive Plant Science and Management | Renz, Mark; Gibson, Kevin D.; Hillmer, Jennifer; Howe, Katherine M.; Waller, Donald M.; Cardina, John | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Land market feedbacks can undermine biodiversity conservation | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Armsworth, PR; Daily, GC; Kareiva, P; Sanchirico, JN | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | The full or partial purchase of land has become a cornerstone of efforts to conserve biodiversity in countries with strong private property rights. Methods used to target areas for acquisition typically ignore land market dynamics. We show how co | | |
| Land use, ethnobotany and conservation in Costa Rican montane oak forests | Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Oak Forests | Kappelle, M. & M.E. Juˆrez | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | A large number of studies on human impact on tropical mountains underline the vast destructive and often irreversible effects that settlements and inappropriate land use practices may have on local forest resources (eg, Baker and Little 1976; Budowski 198 | | |
| Land-use impacts on water resources and protected areas: applications of state-and-transition simulation modeling of future scenarios | AIMS Environmental Science | Wilson, T.S., B.M. Sleeter, J. Sherba, D. Cameron | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Landbird stopover in the Great Lakes region: Integrating habitat use and climate in conservation | Studies in Avian Biology | Ewert, D.N., K.R. Hall, R.J. Smith, and P.J. Rodewald | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Landscape analysis of risk factors for white pine blister rust in the Mixed Forest Province of Minnesota, U.S.A | Canadian Journal of Forest Research | White, M.A. Brown, T.N., and G.E. Host | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Landscape conservation forecasting» for Great Basin National Park | Park Science | Provencher, L., T. Anderson, G. Low, B. Hamilton, T. Williams, and B. Roberts | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Landscape context and long-term tree influences shape the dynamics of forest-meadow ecotones in mountain ecosystems | Ecosphere | Haugo, Ryan D.; Halpern, Charles B.; Bakker, Jonathan D. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Landscape disturbance models consistently explain variation in ecological integrity across large landscapes | ECOSPHERE | Decker, Karin L.; Pocewicz, Amy; Harju, Seth; Holloran, Matt; Fink, Michelle M.; Toombs, Theodore P.; Johnston, Danielle Bilyeu | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Landscape ecology as a foundation for sustainable conservation | Landscape Ecology | Wiens, John A. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Landscape ecology, conservation biology and principles of ecosystem management | | Bourgeron, P; Jensen, M; Engelking, L; Everett, R; Humphries, H | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Landscape patterns of understory composition and richness across a moisture and nitrogen mineralization gradient in Ohio (USA) Quercus forests | Plant Ecology | Hutchinson, TF; Boerner, REJ; Iverson, LR; Sutherland, S; Sutherland, EK | 1999 | 2017/12/14 | This study quantified relationships of understory vascular plant species composition and richness along environmental gradients over a broad spatial scale in second-growth oak forests in eastern North America. Species frequencies were recorded in | | |
| Landscape-level analysis of mountain goat population connectivity in Washington and southern British Columbia | Conservation Genetics | Parks, L.C., D.O. Wallin, S.A. Cushman, and B.H. McRae | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Landscape-level influences of terrestrial snake occupancy within the southeastern United States | Ecological Applications | Steen, David A.; McClure, Christopher J. W.; Brock, Jean C.; Rudolph, D. Craig; Pierce, Josh B.; Lee, James R.; Humphries, W. Jeffrey; Gregory, Beau B.; Sutton, William B.; Smith, Lora L.; Baxley, Danna L.; Stevenson, Dirk J.; Guyer, Craig | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Landscape-scale indicators of biodiversity's vulnerability to climate change | Ecosphere | Klausmeyer, Kirk R.; Shaw, M. Rebecca; MacKenzie, Jason B.; Cameron, D. Richard | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Landscape-scale response to local habitat restoration in the regal fritillary butterfly (Speyeria idalia) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) | JOURNAL OF INSECT CONSERVATION | Shuey, John; Jacquart, Ellen; Orr, Stuart; Becker, Fiona; Nyberg, Alyssa; Littiken, Robert; Anchor, Ted; Luchik, Derek | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Large-scale Flow Experiments for Managing River Systems | BioScience | Konrad, Christopher P.; Olden, Julian D.; Lytle, David A.; Melis, Theodore S.; Schmidt, John C.; Bray, Erin N.; Freeman, Mary C.; Gido, Keith B.; Hemphill, Nina P.; Kennard, Mark J.; McMullen, Laura E.; Mims, Meryl C.; Pyron, Mark; Robinson, Christopher T | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Large-scale movements and high-use areas of western Pacific leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea | Ecosphere | Benson, Scott R.; Eguchi, Tomoharu; Foley, Dave G.; Forney, Karin A.; Bailey, Helen; Hitipeuw, Creusa; Samber, Betuel P.; Tapilatu, Ricardo F.; Rei, Vagi; Ramohia, Peter; Pita, John; Dutton, Peter H. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Larval dispersal and movement patterns of coral reef fishes, and implications for marine reserve network design | BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS | Green, Alison L.; Maypa, Aileen P.; Almany, Glenn R.; Rhodes, Kevin L.; Weeks, Rebecca; Abesamis, Rene A.; Gleason, Mary G.; Mumby, Peter J.; White, Alan T. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Larval Sucker Distribution And Condition Before And After Large-Scale Restoration At The Williamson River Delta, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon | Western North American Naturalist | Erdman, Charles S.; Hendrixon, Heather A.; Rudd, Nathan T. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Las redes de conectividad como base para la planificaci„n de la conservaci„n de la biodiversidad: propuesta para Costa Rica | Recursos Naturales y Ambiente | Arias, E., O. Chac„n, B. Herrera, G. Induni, H. Acevedo, M. Coto, and J. R. Barborak | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Latitudinal patterns of range size and species richness of New World woody plants | Global Ecology and Biogeography | Weiser, M. D., B. J. Enquist, B. Boyle, T. J. Killeen, P. M. JËrgensen, G. Fonseca, M. D. Jennings, A. J. Kerkhoff, T. E. J. Lacher, A. Monteagudo, M. P. Nì_ez Vargas, O. L. Phillips, N. G. Swenson, and R. V. MartÍnez | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Aim Relationships between range size and species richness are contentious, yet they are key to testing the various hypotheses that attempt to explain latitudinal diversity gradients. Our goal is to utilize the largest data set yet compiled for New World w | | |
| Lecanora inaurata, a new member of the L-subfusca group from central North America | LICHENOLOGIST | Morse, Caleb A.; Ladd, Douglas | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| LegalGEO: Conservation tool to guide the siting of legal reserves under the Brazilian Forest Code | APPLIED GEOGRAPHY | Oakleaf, James R.; Matsumoto, Marcelo; Kennedy, Christina M.; Baumgarten, Leandro; Miteva, Daniela; Sochi, Kei; Kiesecker, Joseph | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Length based SPR assessment of eleven Indo-Pacific coral reef fish populations in Palau | FISHERIES RESEARCH | Prince, Jeremy; Victor, Steven; Kloulchad, Valentino; Hordyk, Adrian | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | The theoretical basis of a new approach to data poor fisheries assessment, length-based assessment of spawning potential ratio, has been recently published. This paper describes its first application over two years to assess 12 of the 15 most numerous species of Indo-Pacific coral reef fish in Palau. This study demonstrates the techniques applicability to small-scale data-poor fisheries and illustrates the type of data required, and the assessment's outputs. A methodology is developed for extending the principles of Beverton_Holt Life History Invariants to use the literature on related species within the Indo-Pacific reef fish assemblage to ïborrowÍ the information needed to parameterize assessments for Palau's poorly studied stocks. While the assessments will continue to be improved through the collection of more size and maturity data, and through further synthesis of the literature, a consistent and coherent picture emerges of a heavily fished assemblage with most assessed species having SPR < 20% and many | Data poor assessment; Spawning potential ratio; Length based SPR; Indo-Pacific reef fish | |
| Lepidoptera of Fort Indiantown Gap National Guard Training Center, Annville, Pennsylvania | Northeastern Naturalist | Ferster, Betty; Leppo, Betsy Ray; Swartz, Mark T.; Vulinec, Kevina; Habegger, Fred; Mehring, Andrew | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Eighty-one species of butterflies and two-hundred and thirty-seven species of moths were identified from Fort Indiantown Gap, a National Guard training facility in south-central Pennsylvania. The Lepidoptera found here include the last remaining | | |
| Lepidoptera of the New Jersey pine barrens | Entomological News | Cromartie, WJ | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Lessons from 35 years of private preserve management in the USA: The preserve system of the nature conservancy | | Murray, W | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Lessons from large-scale conservation networks in Australia | Parks | Fitzsimons, J., I. Pulsford, and G. Wescott | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Lessons from the expansion of AustraliaÍs marine protected area networks: a synthesis | | Fitzsimons, J. and G. Wescott | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | Melbourne |
| Lessons from the prairie: research at The Nature Conservancy's Tallgrass Prairie Pre_serve | | Allen, M.S., R.G. Hamilton, U. Melcher, and M.W. Pal_mer | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | Stillwater, OK |
| Lessons learned from testing the Australian weed risk assessment system: the devil is in the details | Plant Protection Quarterly | Onderdonk, D.A., D.R. Gordon, A.M. Fox, and R.K. Stocker | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Letters | Conservation Biology | Clark, J. Alan, Hoekstra, Jonathan M., Boersma, P. Dee, and Kareiva, Peter | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Leveraging environmental flows to reform water management policy: Lessons learned from the 2014 Colorado River Delta pulse flow | ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING | Kendy, Eloise; Flessa, Karl W.; Schlatter, Karen J.; de la Parra, Carlos A.; Hinojosa Huerta, Osvel M.; Carrillo-Guerrero, Yamilett K.; Guillen, Enrique | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Abstract Minute 319, a binational agreement between the United States and MŽxico, authorized environmental flows into the Colorado River Delta, including a high-profile pulse flow delivered in March through May 2014. Reforming water management policy to secure future delivery of environmental flows to the delta hinges on demonstrating the feasibility of delivering environmental water and documenting positive ecological responses of the deltaÕs severely degraded riparian habitat. The design of the flowÕs hydrograph, the novel utilization of irrigation infrastructure, the preparation and subsequent maintenance of selected restoration sites, and interdisciplinary monitoring at multiple scales combined to show that ecological restoration is possible, even with extremely small water volumes compared to historical flows. The overwhelmingly positive social responses to the flow are likely as pivotal to future flows as are the biophysical responses. The pulse flowÕs unique binational character demanded exceptional collaboration and communication involving local, state, and federal government agencies; water managers; water users; scientists; and non-governmental organizations. The success of such a politically, operationally, and scientifically complex endeavor in the severely over-allocated Colorado River Basin bodes well for the future of environmental flows in its delta and in other water-stressed settings, worldwide. | Environmental flow; Minute 319; Colorado River Delta; Riparian restoration; Water management; Advocacy Coalition Framework | |
| LICHEN COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO PRESCRIBED BURNING AND THINNING IN SOUTHERN PINE FORESTS OF THE MID-ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN, USA | FIRE ECOLOGY | Ray, David G.; Barton, Jason W.; Lendemer, James C. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | The effects of prescribed burning and thinning on lichen communities is a poorly understood aspect of biodiversity conservation, despite the widespread use of these practices to achieve conservation-oriented land management goals. To address this knowledge gap we documented apparent changes in the diversity and abundance of lichens following 0 to 2 growing-season burns preceded by 0 to 1 commercial thinnings within nine southern pine dominated stands on the Delmarva Peninsula of Maryland, USA. Corticolous lichens growing on the stems and within the canopies of pines and co-occurring hardwoods were identified to species and fractional coverage was estimated; growth forms and reproductive modes were also determined. A total of 93 lichen taxa were recorded on the 19 tree species (4 pines, 15 hardwoods) represented in this study. Burning emerged as a strong driver of reductions in lichen diversity (P = 0.002), whereas thinning in the absence of burning did not (P = 0.279). In general, we found that lichens growing on tree bases and lower bole sections were more strongly impacted by burning, both in terms of diversity and cover, than those residing in the canopy. The apparent refugia represented by the canopy was qualified by the limited overlap in lichen species composition observed among the various sampling heights. This work calls attention to an understudied component of biodiversity that appears to be sensitive to fire management; however, we suggest that these results need to be interpreted in the context of altered disturbance regimes and the trajectory of community assembly resulting from long-term fire exclusion. | | |
| Lichenes Exsiccati Magnicamporum Fascicle 1, with comments on selected taxa | Opuscula Philolichenum | DOUGLAS LADD & CALEB MORSE | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Lichens and related fungi of Highstead Arboretum, Fairfield County, Connecticut | Opuscula Philolichenum | DOUGLAS LADD, RICHARD C. HARRIS, WILLIAM R. BUCK | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Lichens and Related Fungi of Pine Bluff Arsenal, Arkansas | Opuscula Philolichenum | Ladd, Douglas | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Lichens, lichenicolous fungi, and allied fungi of Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota, U.S.A., revisited | Opuscula Philolichenum | M.K. ADVAITA, CALEB A. MORSE, DOUGLAS LADD | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | A total of 154 lichens, four lichenicolous fungi, and one allied fungus were collected by the authors from 2004 to 2015 from Pipestone National Monument (PNM), in Pipestone County, on the Prairie Coteau of southwestern Minnesota. Twelve additional species collected by previous researchers, but not found by the authors, bring the total number of taxa known for PNM to 171. This represents a substantial increase over previous reports for PNM, likely due to increased intensity of field work, and also to the marked expansion of corticolous and anthropogenic substrates since the site was first surveyed in 1899. Reexamination of 116 vouchers deposited in MIN and the PNM herbarium led to the exclusion of 48 species previously reported from the site. Crustose lichens are the most common growth form, comprising 65% of the lichen diversity. Sioux Quartzite provided substrate for 43% of the lichen taxa collected. Saxicolous lichen communities were characterized by sampling four transects on cliff faces and low outcrops. An annotated checklist of the lichens of the site is provided, as well as a list of excluded taxa. We report 24 species (including 22 lichens and two lichenicolous fungi) new for Minnesota: Acarospora boulderensis, A. contigua, A. erythrophora, A. strigata, Agonimia opuntiella, Arthonia clemens, A. muscigena, Aspicilia americana, Bacidina delicata, Buellia tyrolensis, Caloplaca flavocitrina, C. lobulata, C. soralifera, Candelariella antennaria, Dermatocarpon arenosaxi, Diplotomma subdispersa, Endocarpon pallidulum, Enterographa osagensis, Pseudosagedia chlorotica, Psoroglaena dictyospora, Punctelia missouriensis, Verrucaria calkinsiana, V. furfuracea, and V. sphaerospora. In addition, we report Acarospora erythrophora new for Kansas and Oklahoma, Enteroggrapha osagensis new for Nebraska and South Dakota, and Pseudosagedia chlorotica new for Oklahoma. | Great Plains, floristic change, lichen community structure, Northern Glaciated Plains Ecoregion | |
| Lidar remote sensing variables predict breeding habitat of a Neotropical migrant bird | Ecology | Goetz, Scott J.; Steinberg, Daniel; Betts, Matthew G.; Holmes, Richard T.; Doran, Patrick J.; Dubayah, Ralph; Hofton, Michelle | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| LiDAR Utility for Natural Resource Managers | Remote Sensing | Hudak, Andrew Thomas; Evans, Jeffrey Scott; Smith, Alistair Matthew Stuart | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Life after logging: reconciling wildlife conservation and production forestry in Indonesian Borneo | | Meijaard, E., D. Sheil, R. Nasi, D. Augeri, B. Rosenbaum, D. Iskandar, T. Setyawati, M.J. Lammertink, I. Rachmatika, A. Wong, T. Soehartono, S. Stanley. and T. OêBrien | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Tropical rainforests are the most species-rich terrestrial ecosystems on earth, but these forests are rapidly disappearing as land is cleared for timber, agriculture and other uses. Strictly protected areas are never likely to be large enough to conserve | | Bogor, Indonesia. agriculture |
| Life cycles of Allocapnia recta and Leuctra spp. (Plecoptera : Capniidae and Leuctridae) across a flow gradient in a Central Kentucky karst headwater stream | Southeastern Naturalist | Grubbs, Scott A.; Thomas, Christopher M.; Hutchins, Benjamin T.; Taylor, Jason M. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Linkage of conservation activity to trends in the US economy | Conservation Biology | Pergams, ORW; Czech, B; Haney, JC; Nyberg, D | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | As an economy grows, natural capital such as timber, soil, and water is reallocated to the human economy. This conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation creates a conundrum for conservation biologists because traditional for | | |
| Linking Australiaês Landscapes: Lessons and Opportunities for Large-scale Conservation Networks | | Fitzsimons, J., I. Pulsford, and G. Wescott (eds) | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Linking Conservation Priorities to Wetland and Stream Mitigation Decisions: A Watershed Planning Approach for the Stones River Watershed, Tennessee | National Wetlands Newsletter | Palmer, Sally | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Linking fisheries management and conservation in bioengineering species: the case of South American mussels (Mytilidae) | Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries | A Carranza, O Defeo, M Beck, JC Castilla | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Linking freshwater fishery management to global food security and biodiversity conservation | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | McIntyre, Peter B.; Liermann, Catherine A. Reidy; Revenga, Carmen | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Linking Grassland and Early Successional Bird Territory Density to Predator Activity in Urban Parks | NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL | Thieme, Jennifer L.; Rodewald, Amanda D.; Brown, Justin; Anchor, Chris; Gehrt, Stanley D. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Linking sewage pollution and water quality to spatial patterns of Porites lobata growth anomalies in Puako, Hawaii | MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN | Yoshioka, Reyn M.; Kim, Catherine J. S.; Tracy, Allison M.; Most, Rebecca; Harvell, C. Drew | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Linking Shade Coffee Certification to Biodiversity Conservation: Butterflies and Birds in Chiapas, Mexico | Ecological Applications | Mas, A. and T. Dietsch | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Shade coffee certification programs have emerged over the past six years to verify that coffee marketed as Š—“shade grownŠ— is actually grown on farms that provide higher quality habitat for biodiversity. In spite of good intentions and an increasing mar | agriculture | |
| Linking terrestrial and marine conservation planning and threats analysis | Conservation Biology | Tallis, Heather; Ferdana, Zach; Gray, Elizabeth | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | The existence of the Gulf of Mexico dead zone makes it clear that marine ecosystems can be damaged by terrestrial inputs. Marine and terrestrial conservation planning need to be aligned in an explicit fashion to fully represent threats to marine | | |
| Linking water quality and well-being for improved assessment and valuation of ecosystem services | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Keeler, Bonnie L.; Polasky, Stephen; Brauman, Kate A.; Johnson, Kris A.; Finlay, Jacques C.; O'Neill, Ann; Kovacs, Kent; Dalzell, Brent | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Lista preliminar de los Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) en Bolivia | Kempffiana | Gareca, Y., S. Reichle, and R. Robbins | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Litter and dead wood dynamics in ponderosa pine forests along a 160-year chronosequence | Ecological Applications | Hall, S. A.; Burke, I. C.; Hobbs, N. T. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Disturbances such as fire play a key role in controlling ecosystem structure. In fire-prone forests, organic detritus comprises a large pool of carbon and can control the frequency and intensity of fire. The ponderosa pine forests of the Colorado Front Ra | | |
| Livelihood transitions and the changing nature of farmer-herder conflict in Sahelian West Africa | Journal of Development Studies | Turner, M., A. Ayantunde, K. Patterson, and E. Patterson | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Livestock grazing supports native plants and songbirds in a California annual grassland | PLOS ONE | Gennet, Sasha; Spotswood, Erica; Hammond, Michele; Bartolome, James W. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Over eight years we measured the effects of plant community composition, vegetation structure, and livestock grazing on occurrence of three grassland bird species—Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris), and Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum)—at sites in central California during breeding season. In California’s Mediterranean-type climatic region, coastal and inland grassland vegetation is dominated by exotic annual grasses with occasional patches of native bunchgrass and forbs. Livestock grazing, primarily with beef cattle, is the most widely used management tool. Compared with ungrazed plots, grazed plots had higher bare ground, native plant cover, and vertically heterogeneous vegetation. Grazed plots also had less plant litter and shorter vegetation. Higher native plant cover, which is predominantly composed of bunchgrasses in our study area, was associated with livestock grazing and north-facing aspects. Using an information theoretic approach, we found that all three bird species had positive associations with native plant abundance and neutral (Western Meadowlark, Grasshopper Sparrow) or positive (Horned Lark) association with livestock grazing. All species favored flatter areas. Horned Larks and Western Meadowlark occurred more often where there were patches of bare ground. Western Meadowlarks and Grasshopper Sparrows were most common on north-facing slopes, suggesting that these species may be at risk from projected climate change. These findings demonstrate that livestock grazing is compatible with or supports grassland bird conservation in Mediterranean-type grasslands, including areas with high levels of exotic annual grass invasion, in part because grazing supports the persistence of native plants and heterogeneity in vegetation structure. However, conservation of low-lying grasslands with high native species presence, and active management to increase the abundance of native plant species are also likely to be important for sustaining grassland birds long-term. | grazing; grasslands; birds; livestock; grasses; grasshoppers; plants; invasive species; agriculture | |
| Living trees provide stable large wood in streams | Earth Surface Processes And Landforms | Opperman, Jeff J.; Merenlender, Adina M. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Large wood exerts strong influences on stream channel morphology and aquatic ecosystems. Previously, in-stream large wood has generally been equated with dead wood. However, in streams in Northern California we found that living woodŠ—–trees that | | |
| Local and landscape effects on butterfly density in northern Idaho grasslands and forests | Journal of Insect Conservation | Pocewicz, Amy; Morgan, Penelope; Eigenbrode, Sanford D. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| LOCAL-SCALE BENEFITS OF RIVER CONNECTIVITY RESTORATION PLANNING BEYOND JURISDICTIONAL BOUNDARIES | RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS | Milt, A. W.; Doran, P. J.; Ferris, M. C.; Moody, A. T.; Neeson, T. M.; McIntyre, P. B. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Location and seasonal differences in adult dragonfly size and mass in northern Mississippi, USA (Odonata: Libellulidae) | International Journal Of Odonatology | Bried, Jason T. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Size and mass are often uniformly related within individuals and populations, but the relationship may vary in time or space. I asked whether isolated adult dragonfly populations within the same environmental context (climate, physiography, ecore | | |
| Logging and marine coastal systems | McGraw-Hill 2007 Yearbook of Science and Technology | Shaber Nelson, K, E Gray, and H. Tallis | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Logging degrades nursery habitat for an iconic coral reef fish | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Hamilton, Richard J.; Almany, Glenn R.; Brown, Christopher J.; Pita, John; Peterson, Nathan A.; Choat, Howard | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | The loss of nursery habitats is widely believed to contribute disproportionally to declines in abundance and productivity of fish populations. However, it has been difficult to establish links between the processes threatening nurseries and changes in population demography. Here we show that juvenile bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), an iconic coral reef species that is globally threatened, depend on a highly specific micro-habitat that is vulnerable to sedimentation from logging operations. We conducted surveys on fringing reefs in Solomon Islands. Surveys covered reefs around an island that has been selectively logged, and an island where there has been no logging. B. muricatum juveniles were restricted to shallow lagoonal reefs that fringed mangrove forested shorelines and had a high proportion of live branching corals, with the smallest settlers found in Acropora aspera and Acropora micropthalma colonies that were occupied by damselfish. Statistical path models indicated a 24 times decline in juvenile abundance near logging operations due to the mediating effect of habitat loss, and a possible direct effect of sedimentation on abundance. Our study shows that sedimentation can pose a significant threat to near-shore coral reef fish and highlights the role of nursery habitats in sustaining recruitment to reef fish populations. | Coral reef fisheries; Recruitment; Habitat loss; Bolbometopon muricatum; Solomon Islands | |
| Logging for the ark: improving the conservation value of production forests in South East Asia | Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia | Gustafsson, L., Nasi, R., Dennis, R., Nguyen Hoang Nghia, Sheil, D., Meijaard, E., Dykstra, D.P., Priyadi, H., and Pham Quang Thu | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The recommendations made in this report aim to improve the conditions for biodiversity conservation in the selectively logged production forests of South East Asia, a region which is one of the most important hot spots for global flora and fauna and which | | |
| Long duration, room temperature preservation of filtered eDNA samples | CONSERVATION GENETICS RESOURCES | Wegleitner, Benjamin J.; Jerde, Christopher L.; Tucker, Andrew; Chadderton, W. Lindsay; Mahon, Andrew R. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Long-term change in coral cover and the effectiveness of marine protected areas in the Philippines: a meta-analysis | Hydrobiologia | Magdaong, Evangeline T.; Fujii, Masahiko; Yamano, Hiroya; Licuanan, Wilfredo Y.; Maypa, Aileen; Campos, Wilfredo L.; Alcala, Angel C.; White, Alan T.; Apistar, Dean; Martinez, Rafael | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Long-term direct and indirect effects of the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill on pigeon guillemots in Prince William Sound, Alaska | Marine Ecology Progress Series | Golet, GH; Seiser, PE; McGuire, AD; Roby, DD; Fischer, JB; Kuletz, KJ; Irons, DB; Dean, TA; Jewett, SC; Newman, SH | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Long-term effects of a ship-grounding on coral reef fish assemblages at Rose Atoll, American Samoa | Bulletin of Marine Science | Schroeder, Robert E.; Green, Alison L.; DeMartini, Edward E.; Kenyon, Jean C. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | The nature and degree of impact of ship groundings on coral reefs and subsequent recovery is not well understood. Disturbed benthic and associated fish assemblages may take years-decades to return to pre-impact levels or may attain alternate stable states | | |
| Long-term effects of deer browsing: Composition, structure and productivity in a northeastern Minnesota old-growth forest | Forest Ecology and Management | White, Mark A. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Long-term effects of fire frequency and season on herbaceous vegetation in savannas of the Kruger National Park, South Africa | Journal of Plant Ecology | Smith, Melinda D.; van Wilgen, Brian W.; Burns, Catherine E.; Govender, Navashni; Potgieter, Andre L. F.; Andelman, Sandy; Biggs, Harry C.; Botha, Judith; Trollope, Winston S. W. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Long-term Management of an Invasive Plant: Lessons from Seven Years of Phragmites australis Control | Northeastern Naturalist | Lombard, Karen B.; Tomassi, Dena; Ebersole, John | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Long-term precommercial thinning effects on Larix occidentalis (western larch) tree and stand characteristics | CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH | Schaedel, Michael S.; Larson, Andrew J.; Affleck, David L. R.; Belote, R. Travis; Goodburn, John M.; Wright, David K.; Sutherland, Elaine Kennedy | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Long-term seafloor monitoring at an open ocean aquaculture site in the western Gulf of Maine, USA: Development of an adaptive protocol | Marine Pollution Bulletin | Grizzle, R. E.; Ward, L. G.; Fredriksson, D. W.; Irish, J. D.; Langan, R.; Heinig, C. S.; Greene, J. K.; Abeels, H. A.; Peter, C. R.; Eberhardt, A. L. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Long-Term Studies Contribute Disproportionately to Ecology and Policy | BIOSCIENCE | Hughes, Brent B.; Beas-Luna, Rodrigo; Barner, Allison K.; Brewitt, Kimberly; Brumbaugh, Daniel R.; Cerny-Chipman, Elizabeth B.; Close, Sarah L.; Coblentz, Kyle E.; De Nesnera, Kristin L.; Drobnitch, Sarah T.; Figurski, Jared D.; Focht, Becky; Friedman, Maya; Freiwald, Jan; Heady, Kristen K.; Heady, Walter N.; Hettinger, Annaliese; Johnson, Angela; Karr, Kendra A.; Mahoney, Brenna; Moritsch, Monica M.; Osterback, Ann-Marie K.; Reimer, Jessica; Robinson, Jonathan; Rohrer, Tully; Rose, Jeremy M.; Sabal, Megan; Segui, Leah M.; Shen, Chenchen; Sullivan, Jenna; Zuercher, Rachel; Raimondi, Peter T.; Menge, Bruce A.; Grorud-Colvert, Kirsten; Novak, Mark; Carr, Mark H. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Long-term visual and acoustic cetacean surveys in Komodo National Park, Indonesia 1999-2001: Management implications for large migratory marine life. In: Proceedings and Publications of the World Congress on Aquatic Protected Areas 2002 | Australian Society for Fish Biology | Kahn B. & Pet, J.S. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Longitudinal river ecohydrology: flow variation down the lengths of alluvial rivers | Ecohydrology | Larned, Scott T.; Schmidt, Jochen; Datry, Thibault; Konrad, Christopher P.; Dumas, Jennifer K.; Diettrich, Jan C. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Longleaf pine and oak responses to hardwood reduction techniques in fire-suppressed sandhills in northwest Florida | Forest Ecology and Management | Provencher, L., B. J. Herring, D.R. Gordon, H.L. Rodgers, G.W. Tanner, J.L. Hardesty, L.A. Brennan, and A.R. Litt. | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Looking Beyond the Fenceline: Assessing Protection Gaps for the World's Rivers | CONSERVATION LETTERS | Abell, Robin; Lehner, Bernhard; Thieme, Michele; Linke, Simon | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Loss of avian phylogenetic diversity in neotropical agricultural systems | Science | Frishkoff, Luke O.; Karp, Daniel S.; M'Gonigle, Leithen K.; Mendenhall, Chase D.; Zook, Jim; Kremen, Claire; Hadly, Elizabeth A.; Daily, Gretchen C. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Loss of biodiversity and hydrologic function in seasonal wetlands persists over 10 years of livestock grazing removal | RESTORATION ECOLOGY | Marty, Jaymee T. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Loss of forest cover in Kalimantan, Indonesia, since the 1997-1998 El Nino | Conservation Biology | Fuller, DO; Jessup, TC; Salim, A | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Loss, status, and trends for coastal marine habitats of Europe | Annual Review of Marine Biology and Oceanography | Airoldi, L, and MW Beck | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Lost in developmentês shadow: the downstream human consequences of dams | Water Alternatives | Richter, B. D., S. Postel, C. Revenga, T. Scudder, B. Lehner, A. Churchill, and M. Chow | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Low-cost bathymetric mapping for tropical marine conservation - A focus on reef fish spawning aggregation sites | Marine Geodesy | Heyman, William D.; Ecochard, Jean-Louis B.; Biasi, Frank B. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Low-Cost Restoration Techniques for Rapidly Increasing Wood Cover in Coastal Coho Salmon Streams | North American Journal Of Fisheries Management | Carah, Jennifer K.; Blencowe, Christopher C.; Wright, David W.; Bolton, Lisa A. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Macroinvertebrate response to cattail management at Cheyenne Bottoms, Kansas, USA | Wetlands | Kostecke, RM; Smith, LM; Hands, HM | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Cheyenne Bottoms, Kansas, USA has been designated by the Ramsar convention as a Wetland of International Importance. However, since that 1988 designation, cattail (Typha spp.) has become the dominant plant within the basin, and migratory bird use | | |
| Mainstreaming investments in watershed services to enhance water security: Barriers and opportunities | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY | Vogl, Adrian L.; Goldstein, Joshua H.; Daily, Gretchen C.; Vira, Bhaskar; Bremer, Leah; McDonald, Robert I.; Shemie, Daniel; Tellman, Beth; Cassin, Jan | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Watersheds are under increasing pressure worldwide, as expanding human activities coupled with global climate change threaten the water security of people downstream. In response, some communities have initiated investments in watershed services (IWS), a general term for policy-finance mechanisms that mitigate diverse watershed threats and promote ecosystem-based adaptation. Here, we explore the potential for increasing the uptake and impact of IWS, evaluating what limits its application and how institutional, financial, and informational barriers can be overcome. Our analysis complements the growing literature on individual programs by identifying levers at regional and global scales. We conclude that mainstreaming IWS as a cost-effective strategy alongside engineered approaches will require advances that (i) lower institutional barriers to implementation and participation in IWS; (ii) introduce structural market changes and standards of practice that account for the value of watershedsÕ natural capital; (iii) develop practical tools and metrics of IWS costs and benefits; and (iv) share success stories of replicable institutional and financial models applied in varied contexts. | Investments in watershed services; Water infrastructure; Natural infrastructure; Ecosystem-based adaptation; Enabling conditions; Return-on-investment | |
| Major Biogeographic and Phylogenetic Patterns | | Albert, James S.; Petry, Paulo; Reis, Roberto E. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Make no little plans: developing biodiversity conservation strategies for the Great Lakes | Environmental Practice | Pearsall, D.R., M.L. Khoury, J. Paskus, D. Kraus, P.J. Doran, S.P. Sowa, R. Franks Taylor, and L.K. Elbing | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Making A World Of Difference In Fire And Climate Change | Fire Ecology | Huffman, Mary R. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Making monitoring work: Lessons from The Nature Conservancy | | Montambault, J., and C. Groves | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Making the leap from science to implementation: Strategic agricultural conservation in Michigan's Saginaw Bay watershed | Journal of Great Lakes Research | Fales, Mary; Dell, Randal; Herbert, Matthew E.; Sowa, Scott P.; Asher, Jeremiah; O'Neil, Glenn; Doran, Patrick J.; Wickerham, Benjamin | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | There is growing evidence that addressing nonpoint source pollution within intensely agricultural regions of the Great Lakes will require innovative solutions to achieve meaningful ecological outcomes. Recognizing this, a broad coalition of partners is collaborating across Michigan's Saginaw Bay watershed to develop and test innovative approaches to achieve the vision of Strategic Agricultural Conservation. The strategy focuses on using science, technology, and new ways of incentivizing practices and delivering services to producers to address challenges and barriers to Strategic Agricultural Conservation. It uses science to model relations between conservation actions, water quality and fish community health, allowing the coalition to establish realistic ecological outcomes and both short and long-term implementation goals at a variety of scales. It uses a decision tool and pay-for-performance methods to strategically target conservation practices and increase their efficiency. It uses nontraditional partners to help increase the ability to engage landowners and streamlined the application process to help increase landowner participation. Finally, it uses secure, privacy respecting, methods to track practices and progress towards short and long-term goals. Herein we present three case studies that demonstrate the practical application of this strategy including developing and testing new innovative conservation programs across the Saginaw Bay watershed. The success of this work will ultimately be determined by a variety of factors that affect conservation at landscape scales. However, what is clear is that without the science and complementary decision tool, this collaborative adaptive management approach would be impossible to implement across such a large geography. | agricultural conservation; Great Lakes; Saginaw Bay watershed; regional conservation partnership program; fish community; agriculture | |
| Male attacks on infants and infant death during male takeovers in wild white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) | Integrative Zoology | Yin, Lijie; Jin, Tong; Watanabe, Kunio; Qin, Dagong; Wang, Dezhi; Pan, Wenshi | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Male's return rate, rather than territory fidelity and breeding dispersal, explains geographic variation in song sharing in two populations of an oscine passerine (Oreothlypis celata) | Behavioral Ecology And Sociobiology | Yoon, Jongmin; Sillett, T. Scott; Morrison, Scott A.; Ghalambor, Cameron K. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Mammals of Borneo - small size on a large island | Journal of Biogeography | Meiri, Shai; Meijaard, Erik; Wich, Serge A.; Groves, Colin P.; Helgen, Kristofer M. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Management under uncertainty: guide-lines for incorporating connectivity into the protection of coral reefs | Coral Reefs | McCook, L. J., G. R. Almany, M. L. Berumen, J. C. Day, A. L. Green, G. P. Jones, J. M. Leis, S. Planes, G. R. Russ, P. F. Sale, and S. R. Thorrold | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Management of shrubland birds in central Texas: issues and challenges | Managing Wildlife in the Southwest | Kostecke, R. M | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Management strategies for invasive plants in Pacific Northwest prairies,¾ savannas, and oak woodlands | Northwest Science | Dennehy, C., E. R. Alverson, H. E. Anderson, D. R. Clements, R. Gilbert, and T. N. Kaye | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Management under uncertainty: guide-lines for incorporating connectivity into the protection of coral reefs | Coral Reefs | McCook, L. J.; Almany, G. R.; Berumen, M. L.; Day, J. C.; Green, A. L.; Jones, G. P.; Leis, J. M.; Planes, S.; Russ, G. R.; Sale, P. F.; Thorrold, S. R. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Managing coastal pelagic fisheries: A case study of the small-scale purse seine fishery in Kenya | OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT | Okemwa, Gladys M.; Maina, George W.; Munga, Cosmas N.; Mueni, Elizabeth; Barabara, Mwaka S.; Ndegwa, Stephen; Thoya, Pascal; Ntheketha, Nicholas | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Managing Coasts with Natural Solutions | | | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | This guidance note provides review and recommendations for how the protective services of mangroves and coral reefs can be measured and valued in a manner consistent with national economic accounts and included in other decision-making processes to support planning for development, disaster risk, and coastal zone management. | coral reefs, mangroves, marine/coastal, technical report, The Nature Conservancy, WAVES, WBG | |
| Managing Fisheries Resources in Danajon Bank, Bohol, Philippines: An Ecosystem-Based Approach | Coastal Management | Armada, Nygiel; White, Alan T.; Christie, Patrick | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | The Danajon Bank double barrier reef, located off northern Bohol Island of central Philippines, is the focus of this case study on ecosystem-based management (EBM). Fisheries management is relatively new in the area, particularly the aspect of managing . | | |
| Managing for biodiversity in vernal pool grasslands using fire and grazing | | Marty, J. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | Studies from the Herbarium 14 |
| Managing for ocean biodiversity to sustain marine ecosystem services | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Palumbi, S. R., Sandifer, P. A., Allan, J. D., Beck, M. W., Fautin, D. G., Fogarty, M. J., ... & Wall, D. H. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Managing the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive plants in the Laurentian Great Lakes: a regional risk assessment approach | Management of Biological Invasions | Gantz, C.A., D.R. Gordon, C.L. Jerde, R.P. Keller, W.L. Chadderton, P. Champion, and D.M. Lodge | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Managing water | Issues In Science And Technology | Richter, Brian | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Mangroves, tropical cyclones and coastal hazard risk reduction. | | McIvor, A., T. Spencer, M. Spalding, C. Lacambra, I. M_ller | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Risks from coastal hazards to people and property are expected to increase with near-future sea level rise, changes in storminess, and increasing coastal populations. Evidence from empirical and modeling studies suggests that mangrove forest vegetation can reduce storm surge peak waters levels where mangroves are present over sufficiently large areas. Mangroves are best used alongside other risk reduction measures (embankments, early warning systems) to ensure the lowest possible level of residual risk. | Forest density; Inundation extent; Mangrove loss; Mangrove restoration; Natural coastal protection; Numerical modeling; Storm surge; Tropical cyclone | |
| Map the evidence | NATURE | McKinnon, Madeleine C.; Cheng, Samantha H.; Garside, Ruth; Masuda, Yuta J.; Miller, Daniel C. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Mapping environments at risk under different global climate change scenarios | Ecology Letters | Earl Saxon, Barry Baker, William Hargrove, Forrest Hoffman, Chris Zganjar | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | All global circulation models based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios project profound changes, but there is no consensus on how to map their environmental consequences. Our multivariate representation of environmental space combines stable topographic and edaphic attributes with dynamic climatic attributes. We divide that environmental space into 500 unique domains and map their current locations and their projected locations in 2100 under contrasting emissions scenarios. The environmental domains found across half the study area today disappear under the higher emissions scenario, but persist somewhere in it under the lower emissions scenario. Locations affected least and those affected most under each scenario are mapped. This provides an explicit framework for designing conservation networks to include both areas at least risk (potential refugia) and areas at greatest risk, where novel communities may form and where sentinel ecosystems can be monitored for signs of stress. | | |
| Mapping Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in California | PLoS ONE | Howard, Jeanette; Merrifield, Matt | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Mapping of stakeholder activities and habitats to inform conservation planning for a national marine sanctuary | ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES | Black, Brooke D.; Adams, Aaron J.; Bergh, Chris | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Mapping Oil and Gas Development Potential in the US Intermountain West and Estimating Impacts to Species | PLoS ONE | Copeland, Holly E.; Doherty, Kevin E.; Naugle, David E.; Pocewicz, Amy; Kiesecker, Joseph M. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Mapping selective logging impacts in Borneo with GPS and airborne lidar | FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT | Ellis, Peter; Griscom, Bronson; Walker, Wayne; Goncalves, Fabio; Cormier, Tina | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Reduced-impact logging (RIL) is a promising management strategy for biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration, but incentive mechanisms are hindered by inadequate monitoring methods. We mapped 937 ha of logging infrastructure in a selectively harvested tropical forest to inform a scalable approach to measuring the impacts of discrete management practices (hauling, skidding, and felling). We used a lidar-derived disturbance model to map all skid trails and haul roads within 26 months of the selective harvest of six blocks of dipterocarp forest in five industrial concessions in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Lidar maps of logging impacts (220 ha) agreed well with ground-based maps (total of 217 ha, RMS error of 6 ha or 3%), but skid trail positions agreed only 59% of the time. Due to rapid forest regeneration, total lidar-derived haul road area was 31% smaller than road area measured in the field; agreement was higher for lidar collections within a year of the harvest. Maps of carbon density generated from Fourier transforms of lidar height profiles estimated skidding and felling biomass losses to within 1_5% of ground-based measurements. Lidar-derived skidding and hauling impact zones covered only 69% of the permitted harvest area; the remaining areas showed no signs of logging disturbance, and available biophysical data did not explain their location. These results emphasize the need for more extensive mapping of logging infrastructure to capture spatial variability in skid trail density and hitherto undetected no-impact zones. While a ground-based GPS is recommended as the most affordable method for wide-scale infrastructure mapping, aerial lidar is an effective tool for remotely quantifying the extent of logging impacts in tropical forests. | | |
| Mapping snags and understory shrubs for a LiDAR-based assessment of wildlife habitat suitability | Remote Sensing Of Environment | Martinuzzi, Sebastian; Vierling, Lee A.; Gould, William A.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Evans, Jeffrey S.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Vierling, Kerri T. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Mapping the conservation landscape | Conservation Biology | Redford, KH; Coppolillo, P; Sanderson, EW; Da Fonseca, GAB; Dinerstein, E; Groves, C; Mace, G; Maginnis, S; Mittermeier, RA; Noss, R; Olson, D; Robinson, JG; Vedder, A; Wright, M | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Before widespread, informed collaboration can take place in conservation there must be a process of understanding the different approaches employed by different conservation organizations to conserve biodiversity. To begin this process and to he | | |
| Mapping the global value and distribution of coral reef tourism | Marine Policy | Mark Spalding, Lauretta Burke, Spencer A. Wood, Joscelyne Ashpole, James Hutchison, Philine zu Ermgassene | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Global coral reef related tourism is one of the most significant examples of nature-based tourism from a single ecosystem. Coral reefs attract foreign and domestic visitors and generate revenues, including foreign exchange earnings, in over 100 countries and territories. Understanding the full value of coral reefs to tourism, and the spatial distribution of these values, provides an important incentive for sustainable reef management. In the current work, global data from multiple sources, including social media and crowd-sourced datasets, were used to estimate and map two distinct components of reef value. The first component is local Òreef-adjacentÓ value, an overarching term used to capture a range of indirect benefits from coral reefs, including provision of sandy beaches, sheltered water, food, and attractive views. The second component is Òon-reefÓ value, directly associated with in-water activities such diving and snorkelling. Tourism values were estimated as a proportion of the total visits and spending by coastal tourists within 30 km of reefs (excluding urban areas). Reef-adjacent values were set as a fixed proportion of 10% of this expenditure. On-reef values were based on the relative abundance of dive-shops and underwater photos in different countries and territories. Maps of value assigned to specific coral reef locations show considerable spatial variability across distances of just a few kilometres. Some 30% of the world's reefs are of value in the tourism sector, with a total value estimated at nearly US$36 billion, or over 9% of all coastal tourism value in the world's coral reef countries. | | |
| Mapping the potential mycorrhizal associations of the conterminous United States of America | Fungal Ecology | Randy Swaty, Haley M. Michael, Ron Deckert, Catherine A. Gehring | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Mycorrhizal associations are recognized as key symbioses in a changing world, yet our understanding of their geographic distribution and temporal dynamics remains limited. We combined data on mycorrhizal associations and historical dominant vegetation to map the pre-European Settlement mycorrhizal associations of the conterminous United States of America (USA). As a demonstration of the map's utility, we estimated changes in mycorrhizal associations due to urbanization, agriculture and the establishment of non-native species in two regions. We found that the conterminous USA was dominated by vegetation associated with arbuscular mycorrhizas, but that _40% of vegetation types included multiple mycorrhizal associations. Shifting land use to agriculture and the introduction of non-native species has disproportionately affected ectomycorrhizas, as did urbanization. These preliminary results set a baseline for mycorrhizal biogeography of the USA and illustrate how synthesis of available data can help us understand the impact of anthropogenic changes on an important mutualism. | | |
| Mapping Trade-Offs in Ecosystem Services from Reforestation in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley | BIOSCIENCE | Barnett, Analie; Fargione, Joseph; Smith, Mark P. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Mapping Tree Canopy Cover in Support of Proactive Prairie Grouse Conservation in Western North America | RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT | Falkowski, Michael J.; Evans, Jeffrey S.; Naugle, David E.; Hagen, Christian A.; Carleton, Scott A.; Maestas, Jeremy D.; Khalyani, Azad Henareh; Poznanovic, Aaron J.; Lawrence, Andrew J. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Mapping tropical dry forest height, foliage height profiles and disturbance type and age with a time series of cloud-cleared Landsat and ALI image mosaics to characterize avian habitat | Remote Sensing Of Environment | Helmer, E. H.; Ruzycki, Thomas S.; Wunderle, Joseph M., Jr.; Vogesser, Shannon; Ruefenacht, Bonnie; Kwit, Charles; Brandeis, Thomas J.; Ewert, David N. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Mapping understory vegetation using phenological characteristics derived from remotely sensed data | Remote Sensing Of Environment | Tuanmu, Mao-Ning; Vina, Andres; Bearer, Scott; Xu, Weihua; Ouyang, Zhiyun; Zhang, Hemin; Liu, Jianguo | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Marine birds of Yakutat Bay, Alaska: evaluating summer distribution, abundance, and threats at sea | Marine Ornithology | Schoen, S.K., M.L. Kissling, N.R. Hatch, C.S. Shanley, S.W. Stephensen, J.K. Jansen, N.T. Catterson, and S.A. Oehlers | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Marine Ecoregions of the World: a bioregionalization of coast and shelf areas | BioScience | Spalding M.D., H.E. Fox, G.R. Allen, N. Davidson, Z.A. Ferdana, M. Finlayson, B.S. Halpern, M.A. Jorge, A. Lombana, S.A. Lourie, K.D. Martin, E. McManus, J.L. Molnar, C.A. Recchia, J. Robertson | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Marine Habitat Protection | McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology. McGraw Hill, NY. | Solie, S | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Marine habitats map of Isla del Cano, Costa Rica, comparing Quickbird and Hymap images classification results | Revista De Biologia Tropical | Fonseca, A. C.; Guzman, Hector M.; Cortes, Jorge; Soto, Carlomagno | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness: Progress and Lessons in the Philippines | Coastal Management | Maypa, Aileen P.; White, Alan T.; Canares, Elline; Martinez, Raffy; Eisma-Osorio, Rose Liza; Alino, Porfirio; Apistar, Dean | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Marine protected area networking training handbook | | Johnston, P., G. Labrado, R-L Eisma-Osorio, P. Christie, and A. White | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Marine protected area networks in the Philippines: Trends and challenges for establishment and governance | Ocean and Coastal Management | Horigue, Vera; Alino, Porfirio M.; White, Alan T.; Pressey, Robert L. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Marine Protected Areas in the Coral Triangle: Progress, Issues, and Options | Coastal Management | White, Alan T.; Alino, Porfirio M.; Cros, Annick; Fatan, Nurulhuda Ahmad; Green, Alison L.; Teoh, Shwu Jiau; Laroya, Lynette; Peterson, Nate; Tan, Stanley; Tighe, Stacey; Venegas-Li, Ruben; Walton, Anne; Wen, Wen | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Marine protected areas: past, present and future _ a global perspective | | Spalding, M. and L.Z. Hale | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | Melbourne |
| Marine protected areas: Static boundaries in a changing world | Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, second edition | Mcleod, E | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Marine Reserve Targets to Sustain and Rebuild Unregulated Fisheries | PLOS Biology | Nils C. Krueck , Gabby N. Ahmadia, Hugh P. Possingham, Cynthia Riginos, Eric A. Treml, Peter J. Mumby | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Overfishing threatens the sustainability of coastal marine biodiversity, especially in tropical developing countries. To counter this problem, about 200 governments worldwide have committed to protecting 10%Ð20% of national coastal marine areas. However, associated impacts on fisheries productivity are unclear and could weaken the food security of hundreds of millions of people who depend on diverse and largely unregulated fishing activities. Here, we present a systematic theoretic analysis of the ability of reserves to rebuild fisheries under such complex conditions, and we identify maximum reserve coverages for biodiversity conservation that do not impair long-term fisheries productivity. Our analysis assumes that fishers have no viable alternative to fishing, such that total fishing effort remains constant (at best). We find that realistic reserve networks, which protect 10%Ð30% of fished habitats in 1Ð20 km wide reserves, should benefit the long-term productivity of almost any complex fishery. We discover a Òrule of thumbÓ to safeguard against the long-term catch depletion of particular species: individual reserves should export 30% or more of locally produced larvae to adjacent fishing grounds. Specifically on coral reefs, where fishers tend to overexploit species whose dispersal distances as larvae exceed the home ranges of adults, decisions on the size of reserves needed to meet the 30% larval export rule are unlikely to compromise the protection of resident adults. Even achieving the modest Aichi Target 11 of 10% Òeffective protectionÓ can then help rebuild depleted catch. However, strictly protecting 20%Ð30% of fished habitats is unlikely to diminish catch even if overfishing is not yet a problem while providing greater potential for biodiversity conservation and fishery rebuilding if overfishing is substantial. These findings are important because they suggest that doubling or tripling the only globally enforced marine reserve target will benefit biodiversity conservation and higher fisheries productivity where both are most urgently needed. | | |
| Marine reserves: the best option for our oceans? | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Norse, EA; Grimes, CB; Ralston, S; Hilborn, R; Castilla, JC; Palumbi, SR; Fraser, D; Kareiva, P | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | 496 www. frontiersinecology. orgΩ The Ecological Society of America tists) recommended the establishment of a national system of marine reserves. Protected areas have become the last redoubts for many terrestrial species. In the sea they probably have th | | |
| Marine spatial planning in practice | Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science | JS Collie, MW Beck, B Craig, TE Essington, D Fluharty, J Rice, JN Sanchirico | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Marine species distribution shifts on the US Northeast Continental Shelf under continued ocean warming | PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY | Kleisner, Kristin M.; Fogarty, Michael J.; McGee, Sally; Hare, Jonathan A.; Moret, Skye; Perretti, Charles T.; Saba, Vincent S. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | The U.S. Northeast Continental Shelf marine ecosystem has warmed much faster than the global ocean and it is expected that this enhanced warming will continue through this century. Complex bathymetry and ocean circulation in this region have contributed to biases in global climate model simulations of the Shelf waters. Increasing the resolution of these models results in reductions in the bias of future climate change projections and indicates greater warming than suggested by coarse resolution climate projections. Here, we used a high-resolution global climate model and historical observations of species distributions from a trawl survey to examine changes in the future distribution of suitable thermal habitat for various demersal and pelagic species on the Shelf. Along the southern portion of the shelf (Mid-Atlantic Bight and Georges Bank), a projected 4.1 ¡C (surface) to 5.0 ¡C (bottom) warming of ocean temperature from current conditions results in a northward shift of the thermal habitat for the majority of species. While some southern species like butterfish and black sea bass are projected to have moderate losses in suitable thermal habitat, there are potentially significant increases for many species including summer flounder, striped bass, and Atlantic croaker. In the north, in the Gulf of Maine, a projected 3.7 ¡C (surface) to 3.9 ¡C (bottom) warming from current conditions results in substantial reductions in suitable thermal habitat such that species currently inhabiting this region may not remain in these waters under continued warming. We project a loss in suitable thermal habitat for key northern species including Acadian redfish, American plaice, Atlantic cod, haddock, and thorney skate, but potential gains for some species including spiny dogfish and American lobster. We illustrate how changes in suitable thermal habitat of important commercially fished species may impact local fishing communities and potentially impact major fishing ports along the U.S. Northeast Shelf. Given the complications of multiple drivers including species interactions and fishing pressure, it is difficult to predict exactly how species will shift. However, observations of species distribution shifts in the historical record under ocean warming suggest that temperature will play a primary role in influencing how species fare. Our results provide critical information on the potential for suitable thermal habitat on the U.S. Northeast Shelf for demersal species in the region, and may contribute to the development of ecosystem-based fisheries management strategies in response to climate change. | Climate change; Thermal habitat; Global climate model; Northwest Atlantic; Temperature shifts | |
| Marine zoning in St. Kitts and Nevis: A design for sustainable management in the Caribbean | Ocean and Coastal Management | Agostini, Vera N.; Margles, Shawn W.; Knowles, John K.; Schill, Steven R.; Bovino, Robbie J.; Blyther, Ruth J. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| MarineMap: A web-based platform for collaborative marine protected area planning | Ocean and Coastal Management | Merrifield, Matthew S.; McClintock, Will; Burt, Chad; Fox, Evan; Serpa, Paulo; Steinback, Charles; Gleason, Mary | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Market access, population density, and socioeconomic development explain diversity and functional group biomass of coral reef fish assemblages | Global Environmental Change-Human And Policy Dimensions | Brewer, Tom D.; Cinner, Joshua E.; Fisher, Rebecca; Green, Alison; Wilson, Shaun K. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Markov chain estimation of avian seasonal fecundity | Ecological Applications | Etterson, Matthew A.; Bennett, Richard S.; Kershner, Eric L.; Walk, Jeffery W. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Avian seasonal fecundity is of interest from evolutionary, ecological, and conservation perspectives. However, direct estimation of seasonal fecundity is difficult, especially with multi-brooded birds, and models representing the renesting and quitting pr | | |
| Marxan with Zones: Software for optimal conservation based land- and sea-use zoning | Environmental Modelling & Software | Watts, M. E., I. R. Ball, R. S. Stewart, C. J. Klein, K. Wilson, C. Steinback, R. Lourival, L. Kircher, and H. P. Possingham | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Massachusetts Natural Heritage Program | Rhodora | Fisher, Mn; Buttrick, Sc | 1980 | 2017/12/14 | Through this involvement\ and experience have evolved the Con servancy's Natural Heritage Programs (Jenkins, 1975, 1976, & 1977). These programs are a new approach to continuous biological collection and management, one which focuses upon the distribu .. | | |
| Mating systems of Dicerandra frutescens ssp. frutescens and D. christmanii: assessing limits on seed production in two narrow endemics of Florida scrub | Biodiversity and Conservation | Evans, M.E.K., E.S. Menges, and D.R. Gordon | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Maximising return on conservation investment in the conterminous USA | Ecology Letters | Withey, John C.; Lawler, Joshua J.; Polasky, Stephen; Plantinga, Andrew J.; Nelson, Erik J.; Kareiva, Peter; Wilsey, Chad B.; Schloss, Carrie A.; Nogeire, Theresa M.; Ruesch, Aaron; Ramos, Jorge, Jr.; Reid, Walter | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Maximizing conserved biodiversity: why ecosystem indicators and thresholds matter | Ecological Economics | Eiswerth, ME; Haney, JC | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | Accounting for biodiversity is important in several different types of constrained choice problems, including public and private decisions for habitat and species conservation, the establishment of recreational parks and natural areas, mitigation banking, | | |
| Maximizing return on investment in conservation | Biological Conservation | Murdoch, William; Polasky, Stephen; Wilson, Kerrie A.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Kareiva, Peter; Shaw, Rebecca | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Global conservation needs far exceed the available resources, so scarce resources must be used cost-effectively. Although many conservation priory-setting frameworks used by NGO's or public agencies explicitly claim to emphasize efficiency or wise investm | | |
| Measurement and modeling of indoor air pollution in rural households with multiple stove interventions in Yunnan, China | Atmospheric Environment | Chowdhury, Zohir; Campanella, Luke; Gray, Christen; Al Masud, Abdullah; Marter-Kenyon, Jessica; Pennise, David; Charron, Dana; Zuzhang, Xia | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Measurement scales and ecosystem management | | Gordon, D.R., L. Provencher, and J.L. Hardesty | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Measuring a Professional Conservation Education Training Program for Zoos and Wildlife Parks in China | Zoo Biology | Askue, Laurel; Heimlich, Joe; Yu, Jin Ping; Wang, Xiaohong; Lakly, Shelly | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Designed and implemented in 2006, the Academy for Conservation Training (ACT) is a conservation education academy modeled after the Association for Zoos and Aquariums'(AZA) professional conservation education course. ACT incorporates ... | | |
| Measuring Changes in Consumer Resource Availability to Riverine Pulsing in Breton Sound, Louisiana, USA | PLoS ONE | Piazza, Bryan P.; La Peyre, Megan K. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Measuring conservation success with missing Marine Protected Area boundaries: A case study in the Coral Triangle | ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS | Venegas-Li, Ruben; Cros, Annick; White, Alan; Mora, Camilo | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Measuring Impacts of Restoration on Small Mammals in a Mixed-grass Colorado Prairie | Ecological Restoration | Stone, E.R | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Small mammals in restored and native grassland plots were monitored at Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge in Colorado from 1997 to 2005 in order to measure the effects of restoration on small mammal communities. Variation in small . | | |
| Measuring the benefits and costs of community education and outreach in marine protected areas | Marine Policy | Leisher, Craig; Mangubhai, Sangeeta; Hess, Sebastiaan; Widodo, Hesti; Soekirman, Tri; Tjoe, Salomina; Wawiyai, Stevanus; Larsen, S. Neil; Rumetna, Lukas; Halim, A.; Sanjayan, M. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Measuring the Effectiveness of Conservation: A Novel Framework to Quantify the Benefits of Sage-Grouse Conservation Policy and Easements in Wyoming | PLoS ONE | Copeland, Holly E.; Pocewicz, Amy; Naugle, David E.; Griffiths, Tim; Keinath, Doug; Evans, Jeffrey; Platt, James | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Measuring the Impacts of Community-based Grasslands Management in Mongolia's Gobi | PLoS ONE | Leisher, Craig; Hess, Sebastiaan; Boucher, Timothy M.; van Beukering, Pieter; Sanjayan, M. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Measuring the success of the Management Capacity Building Program for marine protected areas in the Gulf of California | Knowledge Management for Development Journal | Wong-Perez, K.J. and C.L. Thaler | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Mechanical land clearing to promote establishment of coastal sandplain grassland and shrubland communities | Restoration Ecology | Lezberg, AL; Buresch, K; Neill, C; Chase, T | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | The decline in grasslands and other species-rich early successional habitats on the coastal sandplains of the northeastern United States has spurred management to increase the area of these declining plant communities. We mechanically removed ove | | |
| Meeting ecological and societal needs for freshwater | Ecological Applications | Baron, JS; Poff, NL; Angermeier, PL; Dahm, CN; Gleick, PH; Hairston, NG; Jackson, RB; Johnston, CA; Richter, BD; Steinman, AD | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | Human society has used freshwater from rivers, lakes, groundwater, and wetlands for many different urban, agricultural, and industrial activities, but in doing so has overlooked its value in supporting ecosystems. Freshwater is vital to human life and soc | agriculture | |
| Merging paleobiology with conservation biology to guide the future of terrestrial ecosystems | SCIENCE | Barnosky, Anthony D.; Hadly, Elizabeth A.; Gonzalez, Patrick; Head, Jason; Polly, P. David; Lawing, A. Michelle; Eronen, Jussi T.; Ackerly, David D.; Alex, Ken; Biber, Eric; Blois, Jessica; Brashares, Justin; Ceballos, Gerardo; Davis, Edward; Dietl, Gregory P.; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Doremus, Holly; Fortelius, Mikael; Greene, Harry W.; Hellmann, Jessica; Hickler, Thomas; Jackson, Stephen T.; Kemp, Melissa; Koch, Paul L.; Kremen, Claire; Lindsey, Emily L.; Looy, Cindy; Marshall, Charles R.; Mendenhall, Chase; Mulch, Andreas; Mychajliw, Alexis M.; Nowak, Carsten; Ramakrishnan, Uma; Schnitzler, Jan; Das Shrestha, Kashish; Solari, Katherine; Stegner, Lynn; Stegner, M. Allison; Stenseth, Nils Chr; Wake, Marvalee H.; Zhang, Zhibin | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Merging science and management in a rapidly changing world: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago III and 7th Conference on Research and Resource Management in the Southwestern Deserts; 2012 May 1-5; Tucson, AZ | | Gottfried, G.J., P.F. Ffolliott, B.S. Gebow, L.G. Eskew, and L.C. Collins, compilers | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Methods for calculating Protection Equality for conservation planning | PLOS ONE | Chauvenet, Alienor L. M.; Kuempel, Caitlin D.; McGowan, Jennifer; Beger, Maria; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Michigan forest ecosystem vulnerability assessment and synthesis: a report from the Northwoods Climate Change Response Framework project | | Handler, Stephen Duveneck, Matthew J. Iverson, Louis Peters, Emily Scheller, Robert M. Wythers, Kirk R. Brandt, Leslie Butler, Patricia Janowiak, Maria Shannon, P. Danielle Swanston, Chris Eagle, Amy Clark Cohen, Joshua G. Corner, Rich Reich, Peter B. Baker, Tim Chhin, Sophan Clark, Eric Fehringer, David Fosgitt, Jon Gries, James Hall, Christine Hall, Kimberly R. Heyd, Robert Hoving, Christopher L. IbàÐez, Ines Kuhr, Don Matthews, Stephen Muladore, Jennifer Nadelhoffer, Knute Neumann, David Peters, Matthew Prasad, Anantha Sands, Matt Swaty, Randy Wonch, Leiloni Daley, Jad Davenport, Mae Emery, Marla R. Johnson, Gary Johnson, Lucinda Neitzel, David Rissman, Adena Rittenhouse, Chadwick Ziel, Robert | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | Forests in northern Michigan will be affected directly and indirectly by a changing climate during the next 100 years. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of forest ecosystems in Michigan's eastern Upper Peninsula and northern Lower Peninsula to a range of future climates. Information on current forest conditions, observed climate trends, projected climate changes, and impacts to forest ecosystems was considered in order to draw conclusions on climate change vulnerability. Upland spruce-fir forests were determined to be the most vulnerable, whereas oak associations and barrens were determined to be less vulnerable to projected changes in climate. Projected changes in climate and the associated ecosystem impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for economically valuable timber species, forest-dependent wildlife and plants, recreation, and long-range planning. | | Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-129 |
| Microhabitat affinities of Missouri Ozarks lichens | Bryologist | Peck, J.E., J. Grabner, D. Ladd and D.R. Larson | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | The lichen communities of nine mixed-hardwood sites in the southeastern Missouri Ozarks were characterized from sampling of the ground layer, tree-bases, midboles, and canopy branches. Of the 181 lichen taxa documented, the majority were crustose (55%) or | | |
| Mid-Texas, USA coastal marsh vegetation pattern and dynamics as influenced by environmental stress and snow goose herbivory | Wetlands | Miller, DL; Smeins, FE; Webb, JW; Yager, L | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Vegetation pattern and dynamics were characterized across a mid-Texas, USA coastal marsh ecotone subjected to snow goose herbivory, drought, and salt-water pulses. For eight years following snow goose feeding, species cover was evaluated in heavy | | |
| Midwestern US Farmers Perceive Crop Advisers as Conduits of Information on Agricultural Conservation Practices | Environmental Management | Eanes, Francis R.; Singh, Ajay S.; Bulla, Brian R.; Ranjan, Pranay; Prokopy, Linda S.; Fales, Mary; Wickerham, Benjamin; Doran, Patrick J. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Nonpoint source pollution from agricultural land uses continues to pose one of the most significant threats to water quality in the US, with measurable impacts across local, regional, and national scales. The impact and the influence of targeted conservation efforts are directly related to the degree to which farmers are familiar with and trust the entities providing the information and/or outreach. Recent research suggests that farmers consistently rank independent and retail-affiliated crop advisers as among the most trusted and influential sources for agronomic information, but little is understood about whether farmers are willing to receive advice from crop advisers on the use of practices that conserve soil and water, and, if so, whether crop advisers will be perceived as influential. We present survey data from farmers (n_=_1461) in MichiganÕs Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) watershed to explore these questions. Results suggest that farmers view crop advisers as trustworthy sources of information about conservation, and influential on management practices that have large conservation implications. We discuss these results, along with perceived barriers and opportunities to crop advisers partnering with traditional conservation agencies to enhance the impact of voluntary conservation programs. | conservation practice adoption; farmers; crop advisers; nonpoint source pollution; Great Lakes; agriculture | |
| Minnesota forest ecosystem vulnerability assessment and synthesis: a report from the Northwoods Climate Change Response Framework project | Gen. Tech. Rep | Handler, Stephen; Duveneck, Matthew J.; Iverson, Louis; Peters, Emily; Scheller, Robert M.; Wythers, Kirk R.; Brandt, Leslie; Butler, Patricia; Janowiak, Maria; Shannon, P. Danielle; Swanston, Chris; Barrett, Kelly; Kolka, Randy; McQuiston, Casey; Palik, Brian; Reich, Peter B.; Turner, Clarence; White, Mark; Adams, Cheryl; D'Amato, Anthony; Hagell, Suzanne; Johnson, Patricia; Johnson, Rosemary; Larson, Mike; Matthews, Stephen; Montgomery, Rebecca; Olson, Steve; Peters, Matthew; Prasad, Anantha; Rajala, Jack; Daley, Jad; Davenport, Mae; Emery, Marla R.; Fehringer, David; Hoving, Christopher L.; Johnson, Gary; Johnson, Lucinda; Neitzel, David; Rissman, Adena; Rittenhouse, Chadwick; Ziel, Robert | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Mislabeling marine protected areas and why it matters-a case study of Australia | Conservation Letters | Fitzsimons, James A. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Missing the Boat on Freshwater Fish Conservation in California | CONSERVATION LETTERS | Grantham, Theodore E.; Fesenmyer, Kurt A.; Peek, Ryan; Holmes, Eric; Quinones, Rebecca M.; Bell, Andy; Santos, Nick; Howard, Jeanette K.; Viers, Joshua H.; Moyle, Peter B. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Missing the boat: Critical threats to coral reefs are neglected at global scale | Marine Policy | Stephanie L. Wear | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Coral reefs have experienced a global decline due to overfishing, pollution, and warming oceans that are becoming increasingly acidic. To help halt and reverse this decline, interventions should be aimed at those threats reef experts and managers identify as most severe. The survey included responses from 170 managers, representing organizations from 50 countries and territories, and found that respondents generally agreed on the two major threats: overfishing and coastal development. However, resource allocation did not match this consensus on major threats. In particular, while overfishing receives much attention, coastal development and its attendant pollution are largely neglected and underfunded. These results call for a re-examination of how resources are allocated in coral reef conservation, with more attention given to aligning how money is spent with what are perceived to be the primary threats. | Coastal development; Decision-making; Overfishing; Resource allocation; Ocean warming; Watershed pollution | |
| Mississippi River Ecosystem Restoration: The Past Forty-Plus Years | FISHERY RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND CONSERVATION IN THE MISSISSIPPI AND YANGTZE (CHANGJIANG) RIVER BASINS | Benjamin, Gretchen L.; Rodgers, Angeline J.; Killgore, K. Jack | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Mitigating the ecological effects of riverbank filtration | Journal American Water Works Association | Kendy, E. & Bredeheoft, J.D | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | One option for mitigating the effect of a large RBF well is to spread the pumping out across the aquifer. Figure 1 compares the areas affected by a 5,000-m3/d well and a 15,000-m^ sup 3^/d well. As indicated in the figure, if a well is located 50 | | |
| Mitigation for one & all: An integrated framework for mitigation of development impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REVIEW | Tanis, Heather; Kennedy, Christina M.; Ruckelshaus, Mary; Goldstein, Joshua; Kiesecker, Joseph M. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Emerging development policies and lending standards call for consideration of ecosystem services when mitigating impacts from development, yet little guidance exists to inform this process. Here we propose a comprehensive framework for advancing both biodiversity and ecosystem service mitigation. We have clarified a means for choosing representative ecosystem service targets alongside biodiversity targets, identified servicesheds as a useful spatial unit for assessing ecosystem service avoidance, impact, and offset options, and discuss methods for consistent calculation of biodiversity and ecosystem service mitigation ratios. We emphasize the need to move away from area- and habitat-based assessment methods for both biodiversity and ecosystem services towards functional assessments at landscape or seascape scales. Such comprehensive assessments more accurately reflect cumulative impacts and variation in environmental quality, social needs and value preferences. The integrated framework builds on the experience of biodiversity mitigation while addressing the unique opportunities and challenges presented by ecosystem service mitigation. These advances contribute to growing potential for economic development planning and execution that will minimize impacts on nature and maximize human wellbeing. | | |
| Mitigation for the people: an ecosystem services framework | | Tallis, H., Kennedy, C.M., Ruckelshaus, M., Goldstein, J. & Kiesecker, J.M. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Many of the laws that establish environmental impact mitigation were designed to protect people from the impacts of environmental degradation, yet economic development impacts on ecosystem services_ the benefits nature provides to people _ are seldom well incorporated in mitigation. We lack a unified conceptual framework and analytical precedent to guide the integration of ecosystem services into more commonly practiced biodiversity mitigation contexts. Here, we present a four-step framework that addresses key deficiencies in current biodiversity mitigation practice and recommend how ecosystem services can be included in the context of existing regulatory approaches. Within this framework, we address the conceptual and analytical advances needed to establish ecosystem service targets, delineate a spatial extent that captures ecosystem service supply and delivery (servicesheds), establish avoidance thresholds for services, quantitatively estimate impacts on services, consistently construct mitigation replacement ratios, and identify and design potential ecosystem service offsets. In each of these areas, we identify opportunities to embed ecosystem services alongside biodiversity in a single integrated framework. | | |
| Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest Rapid Evolution of Dwarf California Channel Islands Foxes (Urocyon littoralis) | PLoS ONE | Hofman, Courtney A.; Rick, Torben C.; Hawkins, Melissa T. R.; Funk, W. Chris; Ralls, Katherine; Boser, Christina L.; Collins, Paul W.; Coonan, Tim; King, Julie L.; Morrison, Scott A.; Newsome, Seth D.; Sillett, T. Scott; Fleischer, Robert C.; Maldonado, J | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Modeled Sea Level Rise Impacts on Coastal Ecosystems at Six Major Estuaries on Florida's Gulf Coast: Implications for Adaptation Planning | PLOS ONE | Geselbracht, Laura L.; Freeman, Kathleen; Birch, Anne P.; Brenner, Jorge; Gordon, Doria R. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Modeling benefits from nature: using ecosystem services to inform coastal and marine spatial planning | International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management | Guerry, A. D., Ruckelshaus, M. H., Arkema, K. K., Bernhardt, J. R., Guannel, G., Kim, C. K., ... & Spencer, J. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Modeling Conservation Linkages | | Singleton, P.H. and B.H. McRae | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Modeling ecohydrological impacts of land management and water use in the Silver Creek basin, Idaho | Journal Of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences | Loinaz, Maria C.; Gross, Dayna; Unnasch, Robert; Butts, Michael; Bauer-Gottwein, Peter | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Modeling economic and carbon consequences of a shift to wood-based energy in a rural 'cluster'; a network analysis in southeast Alaska | Ecological Economics | Saah, D., T. Patterson, T. Buchholz, D. Ganz, D. Albert and K. Rush | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Modeling Hawaiian ecosystem degradation due to invasive plants under current and future climates | PLoS ONE | Vorsino, Adam E.; Fortini, Lucas B.; Amidon, Fred A.; Miller, Stephen E.; Jacobi, James D.; Price, Jonathan P.; Gon III, Sam 'Ohukani'ohi'a; Koob, Gregory A. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | Occupation of native ecosystems by invasive plant species alters their structure and/or function. In Hawaii, a subset of introduced plants is regarded as extremely harmful due to competitive ability, ecosystem modification, and biogeochemical habitat degradation. By controlling this subset of highly invasive ecosystem modifiers, conservation managers could significantly reduce native ecosystem degradation. To assess the invasibility of vulnerable native ecosystems, we selected a proxy subset of these invasive plants and developed robust ensemble species distribution models to define their respective potential distributions. The combinations of all species models using both binary and continuous habitat suitability projections resulted in estimates of species richness and diversity that were subsequently used to define an invasibility metric. The invasibility metric was defined from species distribution models with 0.8; True Skill Statistic >0.75) as evaluated per species. Invasibility was further projected onto a 2100 Hawaii regional climate change scenario to assess the change in potential habitat degradation. The distribution defined by the invasibility metric delineates areas of known and potential invasibility under current climate conditions and, when projected into the future, estimates potential reductions in native ecosystem extent due to climate-driven invasive incursion. We have provided the code used to develop these metrics to facilitate their wider use (Code S1). This work will help determine the vulnerability of native-dominated ecosystems to the combined threats of climate change and invasive species, and thus help prioritize ecosystem and species management actions. | | |
| Modeling marine ecosystem services | | Guerry, A.D., M.H. Ruckelshaus, M.L. Plummer, and D. Holland. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Modeling multiple ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs at landscape scales | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Nelson, Erik; Mendoza, Guillermo; Regetz, James; Polasky, Stephen; Tallis, Heather; Cameron, D. Richard; Chan, Kai M. A.; Daily, Gretchen C.; Goldstein, Joshua; Kareiva, Peter M.; Lonsdorf, Eric; Naidoo, Robin; Ricketts, Taylor H.; Shaw, M. Rebecca | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Modeling on the Grand Scale: LANDFIRE Lessons Learned. PNW-GTR-869 | | Blankenship, K., J. Smith, R. Swaty, A. Shlisky, J. Patton, S.Hagen | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | Portland, OR |
| Modeling residential development in California from 2000 to 2050: Integrating wildfire risk, wildland and agricultural encroachment | Land Use Policy | Mann, Michael L.; Berck, Peter; Moritz, Max A.; Batllori, Enric; Baldwin, James G.; Gately, Conor K.; Cameron, D. Richard | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Modeling Species Distribution and Change Using Random Forest | | Evans, Jeffrey S.; Murphy, Melanie A.; Holden, Zachary A.; Cushman, Samuel A. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Modeling the Distribution of Migratory Bird Stopovers to Inform Landscape-Scale Siting of Wind Development | PLoS ONE | Pocewicz, Amy; Estes-Zumpf, Wendy A.; Andersen, Mark D.; Copeland, Holly E.; Keinath, Douglas A.; Griscom, Hannah R. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Modeling the effects of conservation practices on stream health | Science Of The Total Environment | Einheuser, Matthew D.; Nejadhashemi, A. Pouyan; Sowa, Scott P.; Wang, Lizhu; Hamaamin, Yaseen A.; Woznicki, Sean A. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Modeling the long-term effects of fire suppression on central hardwood forests in Missouri Ozarks, using LANDIS | Forest Ecology and Management | Shang, ZongBo; He, Hong S.; Lytle, David E.; Shifley, Stephen R.; Crow, Thomas R. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Fire suppression has been found to dramatically change fire regimes, lead to accumulation of fuels, and alter forest composition and species abundance in the Central Hardwood Forests in the Missouri Ozarks, United States. After a half century of fire supp | | |
| Models of Regional Habitat Quality and Connectivity for Pumas (Puma concolor) in the Southwestern United States | PLoS ONE | Dickson, Brett G.; Roemer, Gary W.; McRae, Brad H.; Rundall, Jill M. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Modern Use and Environmental Impact of the Kava Plant in Remote Oceania | Dangerous Harvest: Drug Plants and the Transformation of Indigenous Landscapes. | Merlin, M. and B. Raynor | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Modified Pollard Transects Do Not Predict Estimated Daily Population Size For The Secretive Butterfly, Neonympha Mitchellii Mitchellii French | Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society | Shuey, John; Szymanski, Jennifer | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Moisture as a determinant of habitat quality for a nonbreeding Neotropical migratory songbird | Ecology | Smith, Joseph A. M.; Reitsma, Leonard R.; Marra, Peter P. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Monitoring composition of foothills grassland using frequency of indicator species | Natural Areas Journal | Lesica, P; Hanna, D | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Monitoring does not always count | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | McDonald-Madden, Eve; Baxter, Peter W. J.; Fuller, Richard A.; Martin, Tara G.; Game, Edward T.; Montambault, Jensen; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Monitoring in the Western Pacific region shows evidence of seagrass decline in line with global trends | Marine Pollution Bulletin | Short, Frederick T.; Coles, Robert; Fortes, Miguel D.; Victor, Steven; Salik, Maxwell; Isnain, Irwan; Andrew, Jay; Seno, Aganto | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Monitoring natural resources on rangeland conservation easements; who's minding the easement? | Rangelands | Rissman, A. R., R. J. Reiner,¾and¾A. M. Merenlender | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, ranching | |
| Monitoring survival, growth, and reproduction of Aletes humilis | | Schulz, TT; Carpenter, AT | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | Larimer aletes (Aletes humilis Coulter & Rose), a globally rare plant, has been monitored for 7 years beginning in 1989 at Phantom Canyon Preserve, Colorado. It is a cushion plant that usually grows in cracks in granite along north-facing cliffs | | |
| Monitoring The Effectiveness Of A Boardwalk At Protecting A Low Heath Bald In The Southern Appalachians | Natural Areas Journal | Sutter, Rd; Benjamin, Se; Murdock, N; Teague, B | 1993 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Monitoring the Impact of Grazing on Rangeland Conservation Easements Using MODIS Vegetation Indices | RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT | Tsalyuk, Miriam; Kelly, Maggi; Koy, Kevin; Getz, Wayne M.; Butterfield, H. Scott | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Monitoring the effects of grazing on rangelands is crucial for ensuring sustainable rangeland ecosystem function and maintaining its conservation values. Residual dry matter (RDM), the dry grass biomass left on the ground at the end of the grazing season, is a commonly used proxy for rangeland condition in Mediterranean climates. Moderate levels of RDM are correlated with soil stability, forage production, wildlife habitat, and diversity of native plants. Therefore RDM is widely monitored on rangeland conservation properties. Current ground-based methods for RDM monitoring are expensive, are labor intensive, and provide information in the fall, after the effects of grazing have already occurred. In this paper we present a cost-effective, rapid, and robust methodology to monitor and predict RDM using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data. We performed a time series analysis of three MODIS-based vegetation indices (VIs) measured over the period 2000_2012: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Leaf Area Index (LAI), and Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR). We examined the correlation between the four VIs and fall RDM measured at The Nature ConservancyÍs Simon Newman Ranch in central California. We found strong and significant correlations between maximum VI values in late spring and RDM in the fall. Among the VIs, LAI values had the most significant correlation with fall RDM. MODIS-based multivariate models predicted up to 63% of fall RDM. Importantly, maximum and sum VIs values were significantly higher in management units with RDM levels in compliance with RDM conservation easement terms compared with units out of compliance. On the basis of these results, we propose a management model that uses time series analysis of MODIS VIs to predict forage quantities, manage stocking rates, and monitor rangeland easement compliance. This model can be used to improve monitoring of rangeland conservation by providing information on range conditions throughout the year. | | |
| Monitoring Western Gray Squirrels for Landscape Management in Western Washington | Northwest Science | Fimbel, Cheryl; Freed, Sanders | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Montane Cloud Forests In Micronesia - Status And Future Management | | Raynor, B | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Montane oak forest distribution along temperature, humidity and soil gradients in Costa Rica | Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Oak Forests | Kappelle, M. & J.G. van Uffelen | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| More than the Fish. Environmental Flows for Good Policy and Governance, Poverty Alleviation and Climate Adaptation | | Matthews, J. H.; Forslund, A.; McClain, M. E.; Tharmee, R. E. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Moro Big Pine: Conservation and Collaboration in the Pine Flatwoods of Arkansas | Journal of Forestry | Bragg, Don C.; O'Neill, Ricky; Holimon, William; Fox, Joe; Thornton, Gary; Mangham, Roger | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Morphology of the prometamorphic larva of the spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus intermontanus (Anura : Pelobatidae), with an emphasis on the lateral line system and mouthparts | Journal Of Morphology | Hall, JA; Larsen, JH; Fitzner, RE | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Morphometric variation in North American Pogonomyrmex and Solenopsis ants: caste evolution through ecological release or dietary change? | Ethology Ecology & Evolution | Ferster, B; Pie, MR; Traniello, JFA | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Polymorphism in the ant Pogonomyrmex badius was studied using morphometric analysis. Head shape in P. badius was compared to 14 closely related monomorphic Pogonomyrmex believed to differ in worker morphology due to character displacement. Head shape in P | | |
| Moth Communities Correspond with Plant Communities in Midwestern (Indiana, USA) Sand Prairies and Oak Barrens and Their Degradation Endpoints | American Midland Naturalist | Shuey, John A.; Metzler, Eric H.; Tungesvick, Kevin | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Mountain Ecosystem Response To Global Change | Erdkunde | Loeffler, Joerg; Anschlag, Kerstin; Baker, Barry; Finch, Oliver-D.; Diekkrueger, Bernd; Wundram, Dirk; Schroeder, Boris; Pape, Roland; Lundberg, Anders | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Movement of walleye in an impounded reach of the Au Sable River, Michigan, USA | Environmental Biology of Fishes | DePhilip, MM; Diana, JS; Smith, D | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Synopsis We estimated long-range spawning and foraging movements of walleye and observed their use of river and reservoir habitats between two large hydroelectric dams on the Au Sable River, Michigan. We used radiotelemetry to monitor seasonal and daily | | |
| Movement patterns of three arboreal primates in a Neotropical moist forest explained by LiDAR-estimated canopy structure | LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY | McLean, Kevin A.; Trainor, Anne M.; Asner, Gregory P.; Crofoot, Margaret C.; Hopkins, Mariah E.; Campbell, Christina J.; Martin, Roberta E.; Knapp, David E.; Jansen, Patrick A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Movements and site fidelity of the giant manta ray, Manta birostris, in the Komodo Marine Park, Indonesia | Marine Biology | Dewar, Heidi; Mous, Peter; Domeier, Michael; Muljadi, Andreas; Pet, Jos; Whitty, Jev | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Despite their large size and frequent occurrence in near-shore tropical habitats, little published information is available on the movements and behaviors of the giant manta ray, Manta birostris, and what factors influence visitation patterns. To | | |
| Movements of double-crested cormorants fledged on the Columbia River Estuary | Northwest Naturalist | Clark, Alan C., T.M. Kollasch, D.A. Williamson | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) have been the subject of increased research throughout North America in recent years, primarily as a result of conflicts with sport and commercial fisheries (Nettleship and Duffy 1995; Hatch and Weseloh 19 | | |
| Moving Forward Towards Networks and Broader Spatial Management | | Meliane, I., A. White, S. Smith, C. M. Crain, and M. Beck | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Multi-scale predictive habitat suitability modeling based on hierarchically delineated patches: an example for yellow-billed cuckoos nesting in riparian forests, California, USA | Landscape Ecology | Girvetz, E. H., and S. E. Greco | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | The discipline of landscape ecology recognizes the importance of measuring habitat suitability variables at spatial scales relevant to specific organisms. This paper uses a novel multi-scale hierarchical patch delineation method, PatchMorph, to m | | |
| Multi-scale responses of eastern Massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus) to prescribed fire. | American Midland Naturalist | Cross, M. D., K. V. Root, C. J. Mehne, J. McGowan-Stinski, and D. R. Pearsall | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Multi-temporal LiDAR and Landsat quantification of fire-induced changes to forest structure | REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT | McCarley, T. Ryan; Kolden, Crystal A.; Vaillant, Nicole M.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Wing, Brian M.; Kellogg, Bryce S.; Kreitler, Jason | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Multiple models guide strategies for agricultural nutrient reductions | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Scavia, Donald; Kalcic, Margaret; Muenich, Rebecca Logsdon; Read, Jennifer; Aloysius, Noel; Bertani, Isabella; Boles, Chelsie; Confesor, Remegio; DePinto, Joseph; Gildow, Marie; Martin, Jay; Redder, Todd; Robertson, Dale; Sowa, Scott; Wang, Yu-Chen; Yen, Haw | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | In response to degraded water quality, federal policy makers in the US and Canada called for a 40% reduction in phosphorus (P) loads to Lake Erie, and state and provincial policy makers in the Great Lakes region set a load-reduction target for the year 2025. Here, we configured five separate SWAT (US Department of Agriculture's Soil and Water Assessment Tool) models to assess load reduction strategies for the agriculturally dominated Maumee River watershed, the largest P source contributing to toxic algal blooms in Lake Erie. Although several potential pathways may achieve the target loads, our results show that any successful pathway will require large-scale implementation of multiple practices. For example, one successful pathway involved targeting 50% of row cropland that has the highest P loss in the watershed with a combination of three practices: subsurface application of P fertilizers, planting cereal rye as a winter cover crop, and installing buffer strips. Achieving these levels of implementation will require local, state/provincial, and federal agencies to collaborate with the private sector to set shared implementation goals and to demand innovation and honest assessments of water quality-related programs, policies, and partnerships. | agriculture | |
| Multiple Space-Use Strategies And Their Divergent Consequences In A Nonbreeding Migratory Bird (Parkesia Noveboracensis) | Auk | Smith, Joseph A. M.; Reitsma, Leonard R.; Marra, Peter P. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Multiple-use management | | Alavalapati, J.R.R. & Montambault, J.R. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | Detroit |
| Nassella pulchra and spatial patterns in soil resources in na- tive California grassland | Grasslands | Parker, S.S. and J.P. Schimel | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| National indicators for observing ecosystem service change | GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS | Karp, Daniel S.; Tallis, Heather; Sachse, Rene; Halpern, Ben; Thonicke, Kirsten; Cramer, Wolfgang; Mooney, Harold; Polasky, Stephen; Tietjen, Britta; Waha, Katharina; Walt, Ariane; Wolny, Stacie | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | EarthÍs life-support systems are in rapid decline, yet we have few metrics or indicators with which to track these changes. The worldÍs governments are calling for biodiversity and ecosystem-service monitoring to guide and evaluate international conservation policy as well as to incorporate natural capital into their national accounts. The Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON) has been tasked with setting up this monitoring system. Here we explore the immediate feasibility of creating a global ecosystem-service monitoring platform under the GEO BON framework through combining data from national statistics, global vegetation models, and production function models. We found that nine ecosystem services could be annually reported at a national scale in the short term: carbon sequestration, water supply for hydropower, and non-fisheries marine products, crop, livestock, game meat, fisheries, mariculture, and timber production. Reported changes in service delivery over time reflected ecological shocks (e.g., droughts and disease outbreaks), highlighting the immediate utility of this monitoring system. Our work also identified three opportunities for creating a more comprehensive monitoring system. First, investing in input data for ecological process models (e.g., global land-use maps) would allow many more regulating services to be monitored. Currently, only 1 of 9 services that can be reported is a regulating service. Second, household surveys and censuses could help evaluate how nature affects people and provides non-monetary benefits. Finally, to forecast the sustainability of service delivery, research efforts could focus on calculating the total remaining biophysical stocks of provisioning services. Regardless, we demonstrated that a preliminary ecosystem-service monitoring platform is immediately feasible. With sufficient international investment, the platform could evolve further into a much-needed system to track changes in our planet's life-support systems. | | |
| National Indicators Show Biodiversity Progress Response | Science | Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Chenery, Anna M.; Collen, Ben; Gregory, Richard D.; Revenga, Carmen; Walpole, Matt | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Native alternatives for non-native turfgrasses in central Florida: Germination and responses to cultural treatments | Restoration Ecology | Jenkins, AM; Gordon, DR; Renda, MT | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Native Bees Associated With Isolated Aspen Stands in Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Prairie | Natural Areas Journal | Gonzalez, Natalie; DeBano, Sandra J.; Kimoto, Chiho; Taylor, Robert V.; Tubbesing, Carmen; Strohm, Christopher | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Native North American pine attenuates the competitive effects of a European invader on native grasses | Biological Invasions | Metlen, Kerry L.; Callaway, Ragan M. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Natural capital and ecosystem services informing decisions: From promise to practice | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Guerry, Anne D.; Polasky, Stephen; Lubchenco, Jane; Chaplin-Kramer, Rebecca; Daily, Gretchen C.; Griffin, Robert; Ruckelshaus, Mary; Bateman, Ian J.; Duraiappah, Anantha; Elmqvist, Thomas; Feldman, Marcus W.; Folke, Carl; Hoekstra, Jon; Kareiva, Peter M.; Keeler, Bonnie L.; Li, Shuzhuo; McKenzie, Emily; Ouyang, Zhiyun; Reyers, Belinda; Ricketts, Taylor H.; Rockstrom, Johan; Tallis, Heather; Vira, Bhaskar | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Natural capital and ecosystem services informing decisions: From promise to practice. | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Guerry, A.D., S. Polasky, J. Lubchenco, R. Chaplin-Kramer, G.C. Daily, R. Griffin, M. Ruckelshaus, I.J. Bateman, A. Duraiappah, T. Elmqvist, M.W. Feldman, C. Folke, J. Hosekstra, P. M. Kareiva, B. L. Keeler, S. Li, E. McKenzie, Z. Ouyang, B. Reyers, T. H. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Natural heritage programs: Public-private partnerships for biodiversity conservation | Wildlife Society Bulletin | Groves, CR; Klein, ML; Breden, TF | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | Since its formation in 1951, The Nature Conservancy's (TNC) primary mission has been to conserve biological diversity. Throughout much of its history, TNC has attempted to accomplish this mission through establishing nature reserves. As the Conservancy . | | |
| Natural history and evolution of the worldês deserts | Global Deserts Outlook | Ezcurra, E., E. Mellink, E. Wehncke, C. Gonzˆlez, S. Morrison, A. Warren, D. Dent, and P. Driessen | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Natural Shorelines Promote the Stability of Fish Communities in an Urbanized Coastal System | PLOS ONE | Scyphers, Steven B.; Gouhier, Tarik C.; Grabowski, Jonathan H.; Beck, Michael W.; Mareska, John; Powers, Sean P. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Natural spawning of three species of grouper in floating cages at a pilot broodstock facility at Komodo, Flores, Indonesia | SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin | Sudaryanto, Meyer T. & Mous P.J. | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Broodstock of mouse grouper, Cromileptes altivelis, tiger grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, and estuary grouper, E. coioides, are commonly housed in shore-based tanks. Often, hormone injections are used to induce spawning. Broodstock of a pilot | | |
| Natural variability of vegetation, soils, and physiography in the bristlecone pine forests of the rocky mountains. Great basin naturalist (vol 57, pg 21, 1997) | Great Basin Naturalist | Ranne, BM; Baker, WL; Andrews, T; Ryan, MG | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Nature Contact and Human Health: A Research Agenda | Environmental Health Perspectives | Howard Frumkin, Gregory N. Bratman, Sara Jo Breslow, Bobby Cochran, Peter H. Kahn Jr., Joshua J. Lawler, Phillip S. Levin, Pooja S. Tandon, Usha Varanasi, Kathleen L. Wolf, and Spencer A. Wood | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | BACKGROUND: At a time of increasing disconnectedness from nature, scientific interest in the potential health benefits of nature contact has grown. Research in recent decades has yielded substantial evidence, but large gaps remain in our understanding. OBJECTIVES: We propose a research agenda on nature contact and health, identifying principal domains of research and key questions that, if answered, would provide the basis for evidence-based public health interventions. DISCUSSION: We identify research questions in seven domains: a) mechanistic biomedical studies; b) exposure science; c) epidemiology of health benefits; d) diversity and equity considerations; e) technological nature; f) economic and policy studies; and g) implementation science. CONCLUSIONS: Nature contact may offer a range of human health benefits. Although much evidence is already available, much remains unknown. A robust research effort, guided by a focus on key unanswered questions, has the potential to yield high-impact, consequential public health insights. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1663 | | |
| Nature reserves: Do they capture the full range of America's biological diversity? | Ecological Applications | Scott, JM; Davis, FW; McGhie, RG; Wright, RG; Groves, C; Estes, J | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | Less than 6% of the coterminous United States is in nature reserves. Assessment of the occurrence of nature reserves across ranges of elevation and soil productivity classes indicates that nature reserves are most frequently found at higher elevations and | | |
| Nature-based solutions: lessons from around the world | Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Maritime Engineering | Nigel Pontee, Siddharth Narayan, Michael W. Beck, Adam H. Hosking | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | This paper considers an emerging group of coastal management approaches that offer the potential to reduce coastal flood and erosion risks while also providing nature conservation, aesthetic and amenity benefits. These solutions mimic the characteristics of natural features, but are enhanced or created by man to provide specific services such as wave energy dissipation and erosion reduction. Such approaches can include beaches, dunes, saltmarshes, mangroves, sea grasses, coral and oyster reefs. The paper describes a number of innovative projects and the lessons learned in their development and implementation. These lessons include the planning, design and construction of projects, their development following implementation, the engagement of local communities and the cost-effectiveness of solutions. | | |
| Nature: poorest may see it as their economic rival | Nature | Marvier, Michelle; Grant, Joy; Kareiva, Peter | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | The moral imperative of saving species and protecting nature, as put forward by Douglas J. McCauley (" Selling out on nature" Nature 443, 27Š—–28; 2006), must be weighed against the moral imperative of saving people. Typically, it is the poorest members o | | |
| Nature's bounties: reliance on pollinators for health | LANCET | Daily, Gretchen C.; Karp, Daniel S. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Navigating a Murky Adaptive Comanagement Governance Network: Agua Fria Watershed, Arizona, USA | Ecology and Society | Childs, Cameron; York, Abigail M.; White, Dave; Schoon, Michael L.; Bodner, Gitanjali S. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Near-term priorities for the science, policy and practice of Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning (CMSP) | Marine Policy | Halpern, Benjamin S.; Diamond, Jordan; Gaines, Steve; Gelcich, Stefan; Gleason, Mary; Jennings, Simon; Lester, Sarah; Mace, Amber; McCook, Laurence; McLeod, Karen; Napoli, Nicholas; Rawson, Kit; Rice, Jake; Rosenberg, Andrew; Ruckelshaus, Mary; Saier, Bet | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Negative effects of changing temperature on amphibian immunity under field conditions | Functional Ecology | Raffel, T. R.; Rohr, J. R.; Kiesecker, J. M.; Hudson, P. J. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Summary 1. Recent evidence of the important role of emerging diseases in amphibian population declines makes it increasingly important to understand how environmental changes affect amphibian immune systems. 2. Temperature-dependent immunity may be ... | | |
| Negative effects of gardening damselfish Stegastes planifrons on coral health depend on predator abundance | MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES | Vermeij, M. J. A.; Debey, H.; Grimsditch, G.; Brown, J.; Obura, D.; DeLeon, R.; Sandin, S. A. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Nekton community response to a large-scale Mississippi River discharge: Examining spatial and temporal response to river management | Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science | Piazza, B.P. and M.K. La Peyre | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Neotropical migratory breeding bird communities in riparian forests of different widths along the Altamaha River, Georgia | Wilson Bulletin | Hodges, MF; Krementz, DG | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | We surveyed riparian forest corridors of different widths along the lower Altamaha River in Georgia in 1993 and 1994 to investigate the relationship between forest corridor width and Neotropical breeding bird community diversity and abundance. Species ric | | |
| Neotropical montane oak forests: overview and outlook | Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Oak Forests | Kappelle, M | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | The preceding chapters of this book discuss scientific research results on natural and managed oak forests growing in the highlands of the American Tropics. Chapter authors highlight evolutionary, ecological and socioeconomic aspects of specific oak fores | | |
| Nesting of four poorly-known bird species on the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica | Wilson Bulletin | Young, BE; Zook, JR | 1999 | 2017/12/14 | We describe the nests of four species of birds from the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica. A Great Potoo (Nyctibius grandis, nest previously unknown from Mesoamerica) nest was nothing more than a crevice in a high branch of a large tree, similar to those repo | | |
| Nesting of the Rufous-tailed Hawk Buteo ventralis on a rocky wall in southern Chile | Revista Brasileira De Ornitologia | Norambuena, Heraldo V.; Zamorano, Solange; Munoz-Pedreros, Andres | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Nesting Success Of Grassland Birds In Small Patches In An Agricultural Landscape | Auk | Walk, Jeffery W.; Kershner, Eric L.; Benson, Thomas J.; Warner, Richard E. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Neurobiological Lessons Learned from Comparative Studies: Evolutionary Forces Shaping Brain and Behavior Preface | Brain Behavior and Evolution | Hofmann, Hans A.; Shumway, Caroly A. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| New additions to the butterfly fauna of Belize | Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society | Shuey, J. A., Giles, V., Meerman, J. C., Labus, P., Schutte, C. W., & Kovarik, P. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| New Conservation: Setting the Record Straight and Finding Common Ground | Conservation Biology | Kareiva, Peter | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| New distribution notes on the mosses of Massachusetts | Rhodora | Anderson, JE; Cooper-Ellis, S; Tan, BC | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | Eighteen moss species new to Massachusetts and 194 additional county records are reported. The new state records are briefly discussed. All county records are listed in an appendix. The moss flora of Massachusetts now stands at 356 species and 16 varietie | | |
| New metrics for managing and sustaining the ocean's bounty | Marine Policy | Tallis, Heather; Lester, Sarah E.; Ruckelshaus, Mary; Plummer, Mark; McLeod, Karen; Guerry, Anne; Andelman, Sandy; Caldwell, Margaret R.; Conte, Marc; Copps, Stephen; Fox, David; Fujita, Rod; Gaines, Steven D.; Gelfenbaum, Guy; Gold, Barry; Kareiva, Peter | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| New opportunities for conservation of a threatened biogenic habitat: a worldwide assessment of knowledge on bivalve reef representation in marine and coastal Ramsar Sites. | Marine & Freshwater Research | Kasoar, T., P.S.E.z. Ermgassen, A. Carranza, B. Hancock, M. Spalding | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | The present study draws attention to the current state of knowledge of bivalve reef, an important but historically overlooked habitat type. Recent interest has led to the explicit recognition of this habitat type under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar Convention), an international treaty that has widespread governmental and scientific involvement. To assess the state of knowledge, the Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) for marine and coastal Sites was searched for evidence that bivalve-reef habitat is present in the site. We then examined the quality of this information using alternative data sources. These were public databases of geolocated species records at three spatial scales, local and regional experts, and a general web search. It was found that of the 893 marine and coastal Ramsar Sites considered, the RIS for 16 Sites provided strong evidence of bivalve-reef habitat and 99 had confirmed presence of reef-forming bivalves, a strikingly high number, given that it is not yet compulsory to include bivalve reef in RISs. However, the alternative information sources identified bivalve reefs or reef-forming bivalves in 142 further Sites. No one information source provided comprehensive information, highlighting the overall poor state of knowledge of this habitat type. | coastal habitats, marine habitats, mussel beds, oyster reefs, shellfish | |
| New partnerships for managing large desert landscapes: experiences from the Martu Living Deserts Project | RANGELAND JOURNAL | Jupp, Tony; Fitzsimons, James; Carr, Ben; See, Peter | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Native fauna in Australia's arid zone has declined significantly since European settlement; however, Martu country in the Western Desert of Western Australia retains a diversity of iconic and threatened species that were once more widespread. An innovative partnership between The Nature Conservancy, BHP Billiton and the Martu people (represented by Kanyirninpa Jukurrpa _ KJ) is achieving positive social, cultural, economic and environmental outcomes, which builds on funding from the Australian Government for land management on Martu country. The partners support Martu people in fulfilling their desire to conserve the cultural and natural values of their 13.7 million ha native title determination area. Through KJ as the local delivery partner, Martu people are returning to work on country to clean and protect waterholes; improve fire management; control feral herbivores and predators; manage cultural heritage; and actively manage priority threatened species (such as the Greater Bilby and the Black-flanked Rock-wallaby). The project provides significant employment opportunities for Martu men and women in ranger teams working throughout their country. It is also generating measurable social, cultural and economic benefits for Martu people and environmental benefits for part of the most intact arid ecosystem anywhere on Earth. | | |
| New Records Of Onthophagus Cavernicollis Howden And Cartwright (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) From Ozark Caves, With A Review Of Scarabaeoids Reported From North American Caves | Coleopterists Bulletin | Slay, Michael E.; Skelley, Paul E.; Taylor, Steven J. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| New species of Clelia (Colubridae) from the inter-Andean dry valleys of Bolivia | Journal Of Herpetology | Reichle, S; Embert, D | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | A new species of Clelia Fitzinger, 1826, is described on the basis of 37 specimens. It differs from all other Clelia by having two loreals and a higher number (21 vs. 19) of dorsal scale rows in the neck region. The species is probably endemic to | | |
| New species of Metynnis Cope, 1878 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Rio Paraguay Basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil | Neotropical Ichthyology | Ota, R. P., C. S. Pavanelli, and P. Petry | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| New State Record And Western Range Extension For Pseudosinella Dubia Christiansen (Collembola: Entomobryidae) From Oklahoma, Usa | Entomological News | Slay, Michael E.; Graening, G. O.; Fenolio, Dante B. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| New taxa of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Ozark Ecoregion | Opuscula Philolichenum | RICHARD C. HARRIS & DOUGLAS LADD | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| New tools for marine conservation and management to reduce coastal losses to natural and human communities | Biologia marina mediterranea | MW Beck | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| New tools for marine conservation: the leasing and ownership of submerged lands | Conservation Biology | Beck, MW; Marsh, TD; Reisewitz, SE; Bortman, ML | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | It has been assumed that strategies for estuarine and marine conservation must be substantially different than those for terrestrial conservation because the seas are all publicly owned. This is an unfortunate misconception. We explored the leas | | |
| Next-generation restoration for sage-grouse: a framework for visualizing local conifer cuts within a landscape context | ECOSPHERE | Reinhardt, Jason R.; Naugle, David E.; Maestas, Jeremy D.; Allred, Brady; Evans, Jeffrey; Falkowski, Michael | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Niche Divergence Among Sex and Age Classes in Black-and-White Snub-nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) | International Journal Of Primatology | Wan, Yi; Quan, Rui-Chang; Ren, Guo-Peng; Wang, Lin; Long, Yong-Cheng; Liu, Xiao-Hu; Zhu, Jian-Guo | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Niche shifts and energetic condition of songbirds in response to phenology of food-resource availability in a high-elevation sagebrush ecosystem | AUK | Cutting, Kyle A.; Anderson, Michelle L.; Beever, Erik A.; Schroff, Sean R.; Klaphake, Eric; Korb, Nathan; McWilliams, Scott | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Nitrate Reduction in a Hydrologically Restored Bottomland Hardwood Forest in the Mississippi River Watershed, Northern Louisiana | Soil Science Society of America Journal (SSSAJ) | Nia Hursta, John R. White, and Joseph Baustian | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Nitrogen loading from the Mississippi River leads to formation of water column hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico every summer. Bottomland hardwood (BLH) forests located within the Mississippi River watershed could play a crucial role in reducing NO3_ loading to the Gulf of Mexico. However, much riverÐfloodplain connectivity has been muted due to building of levees and land conversion for agriculture. Restoring floodplainÐriver connectivity can potentially reduce river NO3_. Mollicy Farms, a 6475-ha BLH site in northern Louisiana, is the largest floodplain reconnection and BLH reforestation project in the Mississippi River Basin. Soil properties, including microbial measures (microbial biomass N, potentially mineralizable N, and _-glucosidase activity) and NO3_ reduction rates were compared with a control site. Nitrate reduction rates in the restored site were 28% lower than in the control site (11.8 ± 3.4 vs. 16.4 ± 8.1 mg N m_2 d_1), with the potential removal of _48.1 Mg of NO3ÐN from the Ouachita River annually. Other soil microbial measures, however, were >50% lower in the restored site compared with the control site, demonstrating that NO3_ reduction has responded more quickly to hydrologic reconnection. Therefore, NO3_ reduction in restored floodplain wetlands may have a relatively more rapid trajectory of recovery, allowing hydrologic reconnection to be an effective tool for enhancing NO3_ reduction in the Lower Mississippi alluvial valley and reducing N flux to the coastal ocean. | | |
| Nitrate reduction in a reconstructed floodplain oxbow fed by tile drainage | ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING | Schilling, Keith E.; Kult, Keegan; Wilke, Karen; Streeter, Matthew; Vogelgesang, Jason | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Nitrate-nitrogen patterns in engineered catchments in the upper Mississippi River basin | Ecological Engineering | Schilling, Keith E.; Jones, Christopher S.; Seeman, Anthony; Bader, Eileen; Filipiak, Jennifer | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Nitrogen and carbon storage in alpine plants | Integrative And Comparative Biology | Monson, RK; Rosenstiel, TN; Forbis, TA; Lipson, DA; Jaeger, CH | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Alpine plants offer unique opportunities to study the processes and economics of nutrient storage. The short alpine growing season forces rapid completion of plant growth cycles, which in turn causes competition between vegetative and reproductiv | | |
| Nitrogen and Climate Change | Science | Hungate, B.A., Duke, J.S., Shaw, R.S., Luo Y., Field, C. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Summary Models project that land ecosystems may be able take up a considerable proportion of the carbon dioxide released by human activities, thereby counteracting the anthropogenic emissions. In their Perspective, Hungate et al. argue that these carbon | | |
| Nitrogen retention by Sphagnum mosses: responses to atmospheric nitrogen deposition and drought | Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique | Aldous, AR | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | Sphagnum mosses are assumed to be effective at acquiring low amounts of nitrogen (N) in precipitation to support annual growth. However, N concentrations in precipitation have increased from anthropogenic sources over the last 150 years. I hypothesized th | | |
| Nitrogen translocation in Sphagnum mosses: effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition | New Phytologist | Aldous, AR | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | Nitrogen translocation in Sphagnum mosses was compared in bogs with contrasting atmospheric N deposition (AdirondackŠ—–relatively high N deposition; MaineŠ—–relatively low) and by following the movement of a 15 NH 4 15 NO 3 tracer applied to plots of Spha | | |
| No Reef Is an Island: Integrating Coral Reef Connectivity Data into the Design of Regional-Scale Marine Protected Area Networks | PLOS ONE | Schill, Steven R.; Raber, George T.; Roberts, Jason J.; Treml, Eric A.; Brenner, Jorge; Halpin, Patrick N. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Non-natives: 141 scientists object | Nature | Simberloff, Daniel; Alexander, Jake; Allendorf, Fred; Aronson, James; Antunes, Pedro M.; Bacher, Sven; Bardgett, Richard; Bertolino, Sandro; Bishop, Melanie; Blackburn, Tim M.; Blakeslee, April; Blumenthal, Dana; Bortolus, Alejandro; Buckley, Ralf; Buckle | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Nongovernmental organizations | Endangered Species Act at Thirty | Kareiva, P., T. Tear, S. Solie, M. Brown, L. Sotomayor, and C. Yuan-Farrell | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Nonmaternal Infant Handling in Wild White-Headed Langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) | International Journal of Primatology | Tong Jin, Dezhi Wang, Wenshi Pan, Meng Yao | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Infants of many primate species have extensive interactions with group members other than their mothers, which can affect an infantÍs fitness. Patterns of nonmaternal infant handling vary according to the motherÍs response as well as the number, sex, age, and dominance ranks of social partners. The primary goal of this study was to identify the basic pattern and explore the function of nonmaternal infant handling behavior in wild white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) at the Nongguan Hills in Guangxi, Southwest China. We report nonmaternal interactions in the first 3 mo after birth for 15 infants born during six birth seasons in a 67-mo field study. The nonmaternal infant handling we observed was generally in the form of caregiving, and mothers permitted most handling attempts. Infants were handled by nonmothers from the first day after birth. Infants spent 20_30% of the daytime associated with nonmothers during the first month of life, and time in contact with nonmothers decreased with infant age. Rates of nonmaternal infant handling varied significantly with the sex and age of handlers. Juvenile and subadult females handled infants significantly more than expected from their proportional representations in the group, whereas adult females did so less frequently than expected. Older male infants and juvenile males rarely handled infants, and adult males never did so. Infant handling behavior showed no correlation with the dominance rank of handlers relative to the mothers. Our data, although limited in some analyses, are in line with the predictions of the learning-to-mother hypothesis, but do not support the female competition or alliance formation hypotheses. | Allomaternal care Allomothering Infant care Leaf monkeys Learning-to-mother Primates | |
| Nonnative forest insects and pathogens in the United States: Impacts and policy options | ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS | Lovett, Gary M.; Weiss, Marissa; Liebhold, Andrew M.; Holmes, Thomas P.; Leung, Brian; Lambert, Kathy Fallon; Orwig, David A.; Campbell, Faith T.; Rosenthal, Jonathan; McCullough, Deborah G.; Wildova, Radka; Ayres, Matthew P.; Canham, Charles D.; Foster, David R.; LaDeau, Shannon L.; Weldy, Troy | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Nonnative Plants of California | | Bossard, Carla C.; Randall, John M. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Notes from the field: Lessons learned from using ecosystem service approaches to inform real-world decisions | ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS | Ruckelshaus, Mary; McKenzie, Emily; Tallis, Heather; Guerry, Anne; Daily, Gretchen; Kareiva, Peter; Polasky, Stephen; Ricketts, Taylor; Bhagabati, Nirmal; Wood, Spencer A.; Bernhardt, Joanna | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | While there have been rapid advances in assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES), a critical remaining challenge is how to move from scientific knowledge to real-world decision making. We offer 6 lessons from our experiences applying new approaches and tools for quantifying BES in 20 pilot demonstrations: (1) Applying a BES approach is most effective in leading to policy change as part of an iterative science-policy process; (2) simple ecological production function models have been useful in a diverse set of decision contexts, across a broad range of biophysical, social, and governance systems. Key limitations of simple models arise at very small scales, and in predicting specific future BES values; (3) training local experts in the approaches and tools is important for building local capacity, ownership, trust, and long-term success; (4) decision makers and stakeholders prefer to use a variety of BES value metrics, not only monetary values; (5) an important science gap exists in linking changes in BES to changes in livelihoods, health, cultural values, and other metrics of human wellbeing; and (6) communicating uncertainty in useful and transparent ways remains challenging. | | |
| Notes on the biology of Pygmy Palm Swift Micropanyptila furcata | Cotinga | Collins, C. T., Kelsey, R., & Ryan, T. P. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Notes on the distribution and breeding of the Manus Friarbird Philemon albitorques and other birds of small islands of the Admiralties Group, Papua New Guinea | Australian Field Ornithology | Fitzsimons, J.A | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Notes on the roost sites of the Sulawesi Masked Owl Tyto rosenbergii | Forktail | Fitzsimons, James A. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Novel fine-scale aerial mapping approach quantifies grassland weed cover dynamics and response to management | PLOS ONE | Malmstrom, Carolyn M.; Butterfield, H. Scott; Planck, Laura; Long, Christopher W.; Eviner, Valerie T. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Invasive weeds threaten the biodiversity and forage productivity of grasslands worldwide. However, management of these weeds is constrained by the practical difficulty of detecting small-scale infestations across large landscapes and by limits in understanding of landscape-scale invasion dynamics, including mechanisms that enable patches to expand, contract, or remain stable. While high-end hyperspectral remote sensing systems can effectively map vegetation cover, these systems are currently too costly and limited in availability for most land managers. We demonstrate application of a more accessible and cost-effective remote sensing approach, based on simple aerial imagery, for quantifying weed cover dynamics over time. In California annual grasslands, the target communities of interest include invasive weedy grasses (Aegilops triuncialis and Elymus caput-medusae) and desirable forage grass species (primarily Avena spp. and Bromus spp.). Detecting invasion of annual grasses into an annual-dominated community is particularly challenging, but we were able to consistently characterize these two communities based on their phenological differences in peak growth and senescence using maximum likelihood supervised classification of imagery acquired twice per year (in mid- and end-of season). This approach permitted us to map weed-dominated cover at a 1-m scale (correctly detecting 93% of weed patches across the landscape) and to evaluate weed cover change over time. We found that weed cover was more pervasive and persistent in management units that had no significant grazing for several years than in those that were grazed, whereas forage cover was more abundant and stable in the grazed units. This application demonstrates the power of this method for assessing fine-scale vegetation transitions across heterogeneous landscapes. It thus provides means for small-scale early detection of invasive species and for testing fundamental questions about landscape dynamics. | weeds; grasses; invasive species; grasslands; grazing; imaging techniques; seasons; remote sensing | |
| Nutrient and phytoplankton responses to a flood event in a series of interconnected coastal lakes: Myall Lakes Australia | Hydrobiologia | Wilson, Joanne | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Myall Lakes is a large brackish coastal lake on the east coast of Australia that was considered pristine until the occurrence of blue-green algal blooms in 1999. The temporal and spatial extent of chemical and biological changes to the water colu | | |
| Nutrient and Rainfall Additions Shift Phylogenetically Estimated Traits of Soil Microbial Communities | Frontiers in Microbiology | Gravuer, Kelly; Eskelinen, Anu | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Microbial traits related to ecological responses and functions could provide a common currency facilitating synthesis and prediction; however, such traits are difficult to measure directly for all taxa in environmental samples. Past efforts to estimate trait values based on phylogenetic relationships have not always distinguished between traits with high and low phylogenetic conservatism, limiting reliability, especially in poorly known environments, such as soil. Using updated reference trees and phylogenetic relationships, we estimated two phylogenetically conserved traits hypothesized to be ecologically important from DNA sequences of the 16S rRNA gene from soil bacterial and archaeal communities. We sampled these communities from an environmental change experiment in California grassland applying factorial addition of late-season precipitation and soil nutrients to multiple soil types for 3 years prior to sampling. Estimated traits were rRNA gene copy number, which contributes to how rapidly a microbe can respond to an increase in resources and may be related to its maximum growth rate, and genome size, which suggests the breadth of environmental and substrate conditions in which a microbe can thrive. Nutrient addition increased community-weighted mean estimated rRNA gene copy number and marginally increased estimated genome size, whereas precipitation addition decreased these community means for both estimated traits. The effects of both treatments on both traits were associated with soil properties, such as ammonium, available phosphorus, and pH. Estimated trait responses within several phyla were opposite to the community mean response, indicating that microbial responses, although largely consistent among soil types, were not uniform across the tree of life. Our results show that phylogenetic estimation of microbial traits can provide insight into how microbial ecological strategies interact with environmental changes. The method could easily be applied to any of the thousands of existing 16S rRNA sequence data sets and offers potential to improve our understanding of how microbial communities mediate ecosystem function responses to global changes. | traits; rRNA gene copy number; genome size; California; grassland; serpentine; fertilization; climate change; agriculture | |
| Nutrient Release from a Recently Flooded Delta Wetland: Comparison of Field Measurements to Laboratory Results | Wetlands | Wong, Siana W.; Barry, Matthew J.; Aldous, Allison R.; Rudd, Nathan T.; Hendrixson, Heather A.; Doehring, Carolyn M. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Object-based classification of semi-arid wetlands | Journal Of Applied Remote Sensing | Halabisky, Meghan; Moskal, L. Monika; Hall, Sonia A. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Obligate Brood Parasites Show More Functionally Effective Innate Immune Responses: An Eco-immunological Hypothesis | Evolutionary Biology | Hahn, D. Caldwell; Summers, Scott G.; Genovese, Kenneth J.; He, Haiqi; Kogut, Michael H. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Observations Of Wintering Gyrfalcons (Falco-Rusticolus) Hunting Sage Grouse (Centrocercus-Urophasianus) In Wyoming And Montana Usa | Journal of Raptor Research | Garber, Cs; Mutch, Bd; Platt, S | 1993 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Obstacles to Bottom-Up Implementation of Marine Ecosystem Management | Conservation Biology | Evans, Kirsten E.; Klinger, Terrie | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Occupancy and habitat use of the endangered Akikiki and Akekee on Kauai Island, Hawaii | CONDOR | Behnke, Lucas A. H.; Pejchar, Liba; Crampton, Lisa H. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Occupation, changing migration dynamics, and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon | Economics Of Deforestation In The Amazon: Dispelling The Myths | Campari, Joao S. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Occurrence and distribution of established and new introduced bird species in north Sulawesi, Indonesia | Forktail | Fitzsimons, James A.; Thomas, Janelle L.; Argeloo, Marc | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Occurrence of the River Shiner, Notropis blennius, in Lake Meredith, Texas | Southwestern Naturalist | Patrikeev, M; Bonner, TH; Trujillo, GM | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | The river shiner, Notropis blennius, was collected from Lake Meredith, Texas and outside of its reported native range. This specimen likely represents a bait-bucket release. Within its native range, the river shiner readily acclimates to lentic c | | |
| Ocean acidificationãManagement | | McLeod, E., and K.R.N. Anthony | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ocean conservation in a high CO2 world: the need to evaluate new approaches | Nature Climate Change | Rau, G.H., E. Mcleod, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ocean urea fertilization for carbon credits poses high ecological risks | Marine Pollution Bulletin | Glibert, Patricia M.; Azanza, Rhodora; Burford, Michele; Furuya, Ken; Abal, Eva; Al-Azri, Adnan; Al-Yamani, Faiza; Andersen, Per; Anderson, Donald M.; Beardall, John; Berg, G. Mine; Brand, Larry; Bronk, Deborah; Brookes, Justin; Burkholder, Joann M.; Cemb | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | The proposed plan for enrichment of the Sulu Sea, Philippines, a region of rich marine biodiversity, with thousands of tonnes of urea in order to stimulate algal blooms and sequester carbon is flawed for multiple reasons. Urea is preferentially used as a | | |
| Of Grouse and Golden Eggs: Can Ecosystems Be Managed Within a Species-Based Regulatory Framework? | Rangeland Ecology & Management | Boyd, Chad S.; Johnson, Dustin D.; Kerby, Jay D.; Svejcar, Tony J.; Davies, Kirk W. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Offsets: factor failure into protected areas | NATURE | Kiesecker, Joseph M.; McKenney, Bruce; Kareiva, Peter | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ominous trends in nature recreation | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Kareiva, P | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation science is replete with analyses of threats to biodiversity. The IUCN even has a formal taxonomy of threats to imperiled species that can be used to tally up global inventories of threats across taxa or geographies (1). Habitat loss and habit | | |
| On The Relative Importance Of Floral Color, Shape, And Nectar Rewards In Attracting Pollinators To Mimulus | Great Basin Naturalist | Sutherland, Sd; Vickery, Rk | 1993 | 2017/12/14 | Pollinator preferences were observed for the six species of section Erythranthe of the genus Mimulus using greenhouse-grown plants placed in a meadow in the Red Butte Canyon Natural Area, Salt Lake County, Utah. The principal pollinators were hummingbirds | | |
| One Hundred Questions of Importance to the Conservation of Global Biological Diversity | Conservation Biology | Sutherland, W. J.; Adams, W. M.; Aronson, R. B.; Aveling, R.; Blackburn, T. M.; Broad, S.; Ceballos, G.; Cote, I. M.; Cowling, R. M.; Da Fonseca, G. A. B.; Dinerstein, E.; Ferraro, P. J.; Fleishman, E.; Gascon, C.; Hunter, M., Jr.; Hutton, J.; Kareiva, P. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| One method does not fit all: A reply to Segan et al. | Biological Conservation | Wilhere, George F.; Goering, Mark | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| One size does not fit all: Natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership | ECOSYSTEM SERVICES | Bremer, Leah L.; Auerbach, Dan A.; Goldstein, Joshua H.; Vogl, Adrian L.; Shemie, Daniel; Kroeger, Timm; Nelson, Joanna L.; Benitez, Silvia P.; Calvache, Alejandro; Guimaraes, Joao; Herron, Colin; Higgins, Jonathan; Klemz, Claudio; Leon, Jorge; Sebastian Lozano, Juan; Moreno, Pedro H.; Nunez, Francisco; Veiga, Fernando; Tiepolo, Gilberto | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| One step ahead of the plow: Using cropland conversion risk to guide Sprague's Pipit conservation in the northern Great Plains | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Lipsey, Marisa K.; Doherty, Kevin E.; Naugle, David E.; Fields, Sean; Evans, Jeffrey S.; Davis, Stephen K.; Koper, Nicola | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| One step ahead of the plow: Using cropland conversion risk to guide Sprague's pipit conservation in the northern Great Plains (vol 191, pg 739, 2015) | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Lipsey, Marisa K.; Doherty, Kevin E.; Naugle, David E.; Fields, Sean; Evans, Jeffrey S.; Davis, Stephen K.; Koper, Nicola | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| OPAL: An open-source software tool for integrating biodiversity and ecosystem services into impact assessment and mitigation decisions | ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE | Mandle, Lisa; Douglass, James; Lozano, Juan Sebastian; Sharp, Richard P.; Vogl, Adrian L.; Denu, Douglas; Walschburger, Thomas; Tanis, Heather | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Governments and financial institutions increasingly require that environmental impact assessment and mitigation account for consequences to both biodiversity and ecosystem services. Here we present a new software tool, OPAL (Offset Portfolio Analyzer and Locator), which maps and quantifies the impacts of development on habitat and ecosystem services, and facilitates the selection of mitigation activities to offset losses. We demonstrate its application with an oil and gas extraction facility in Colombia. OPAL is the first tool to provide direct consideration of the distribution of ecosystem service benefits among people in a mitigation context. Previous biodiversity-focused efforts led to redistribution or loss of ecosystem services with environmental justice implications. Joint consideration of biodiversity and ecosystem services enables targeting of offsets to benefit both nature and society. OPAL reduces the time and technical expertise required for these analyses and has the flexibility to be used across a range of geographic and policy contexts. | Environmental impact assessment; Biodiversity offsets; Compensatory mitigation; Decision support tool; Land use planning; Environmental justice | |
| Open Space Loss and Land Inequality in United States' Cities, 1990-2000 | PLoS ONE | McDonald, Robert I.; Forman, Richard T. T.; Kareiva, Peter | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Operational Forest Stream Crossings Effects on Water Quality in the Virginia Piedmont | Southern Journal Of Applied Forestry | Aust, Wallace M.; Carroll, Mathew B.; Bolding, M. Chad; Dolloff, C. Andrew | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Operationalizing resilience for adaptive coral reef management under global environmental change | Global Change Biology | Anthony, Kenneth R. N.; Marshall, Paul A.; Abdulla, Ameer; Beeden, Roger; Bergh, Chris; Black, Ryan; Eakin, C. Mark; Game, Edward T.; Gooch, Margaret; Graham, Nicholas A. J.; Green, Alison; Heron, Scott F.; van Hooidonk, Ruben; Knowland, Cheryl; Mangubhai | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Cumulative pressures from global climate and ocean change combined with multiple regional and local-scale stressors pose fundamental challenges to coral reef managers worldwide. Understanding how cumulative stressors affect coral reef vulnerability is critical for successful reef conservation now and in the future. In this review, we present the case that strategically managing for increased ecological resilience (capacity for stress resistance and recovery) can reduce coral reef vulnerability (risk of net decline) up to a point. Specifically, we propose an operational framework for identifying effective management levers to enhance resilience and support management decisions that reduce reef vulnerability. Building on a system understanding of biological and ecological processes that drive resilience of coral reefs in different environmental and socio-economic settings, we present an Adaptive Resilience-Based management (ARBM) framework and suggest a set of guidelines for how and where resilience can be enhanced via management interventions. We argue that press-type stressors (pollution, sedimentation, overfishing, ocean warming and acidification) are key threats to coral reef resilience by affecting processes underpinning resistance and recovery, while pulse-type (acute) stressors (e.g. storms, bleaching events, crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks) increase the demand for resilience. We apply the framework to a set of example problems for Caribbean and Indo-Pacific reefs. A combined strategy of active risk reduction and resilience support is needed, informed by key management objectives, knowledge of reef ecosystem processes and consideration of environmental and social drivers. As climate change and ocean acidification erode the resilience and increase the vulnerability of coral reefs globally, successful adaptive management of coral reefs will become increasingly difficult. Given limited resources, on-the-ground solutions are likely to focus increasingly on actions that support resilience at finer spatial scales, and that are tightly linked to ecosystem goods and services. | | |
| Operationalizing the social-ecological systems framework to assess sustainability | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Leslie, Heather M.; Basurto, Xavier; Nenadovic, Mateja; Sievanen, Leila; Cavanaugh, Kyle C.; Jose Cota-Nieto, Juan; Erisman, Brad E.; Finkbeiner, Elena; Hinojosa-Arango, Gustavo; Moreno-Baez, Marcia; Nagavarapu, Sriniketh; Reddy, Sheila M. W.; Sanchez-Rodriguez, Alexandra; Siegel, Katherine; Juan Ulibarria-Valenzuela, Jose; Hudson Weaver, Amy; Aburto-Oropeza, Octavio | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Meeting human needs while sustaining ecosystems and the benefits they provide is a global challenge. Coastal marine systems present a particularly important case, given that >50% of the world's population lives within 100 km of the coast and fisheries are the primary source of protein for >1 billion people worldwide. Our integrative analysis here yields an understanding of the sustainability of coupled social-ecological systems that is quite distinct from that provided by either the biophysical or the social sciences alone and that illustrates the feasibility and value of operationalizing the social-ecological systems framework for comparative analyses of coupled systems, particularly in data-poor and developing nation settings. | | |
| Opheodrys aestivus (rough green snake). Predation | Herpetological Review | Nelson, S., R. M. Kostecke, and D. A. Cimprich | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Opportunities and Challenges to Implementing Bird Conservation on Private Lands | Wildlife Society Bulletin | Ciuzio, Elizabeth; Hohman, William L.; Martin, Brian; Smith, Mark D.; Stephens, Scott; Strong, Allan M.; VerCauteren, Tammy | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Opportunities and constraints for implementing integrated land-sea management on islands | ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION | Jupiter, Stacy D.; Wenger, Amelia; Klein, Carissa J.; Albert, Simon; Mangubhai, Sangeeta; Nelson, Joanna; Teneva, Lida; Tulloch, Vivitskaia J.; White, Alan T.; Watson, James E. M. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Opportunities and constraints for intensive agriculture in the Hawaiian archipelago prior to European contact | Journal of Archaeological Science | Ladefoged, Thegn N. ; Kirch, Patrick V.; Gon III, Samuel M.; Chadwick, Oliver A.; Hartshorn, Anthony S.; Vitousek, Peter M. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | Human_land interaction; Agriculture; Pondfields; Rain-fed agriculture; Hawai'i; GIS | |
| Opposing effects of different soil organic matter fractions on crop yields | ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS | Wood, Stephen A.; Sokol, Noah; Bell, Colin W.; Bradford, Mark A.; Naeem, Shahid; Wallenstein, Matthew D.; Palm, Cheryl A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Opposing environmental gradients govern vegetation zonation in an intermountain playa | Wetlands | Sanderson, John S.; Kotliar, Natasha B.; Steingraeber, David A. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Vegetation zonation was investigated at an intermountain playa wetland (Mishak Lakes) in the San Luis Valley (SLV) of southern Colorado. Plant composition and abiotic conditions were quantified in six vegetation zones. Reciprocal transplants were performed to test the importance of abiotic factors in governing zonation. Abiotic conditions differed among several vegetation zones. Prolonged inundation led to anaerobic soils in the Eleocharis palustris and the submerged aquatics zones, on the low end of the siteÍs 1.25 m elevation gradient. On the high end of the gradient, soil salinity and sodicity (a measure of exchangeable sodium) were high in the Distichlis spicata zone (electrical conductivity, EC = 5.3 dS/m, sodium absorption ratio, SAR = 44.0) and extreme in the Sarcobatus vermiculatus zone (EC = 21 dS/m, SAR = 274). Transplanted species produced maximum biomass in the zone where they originated, not in any other higher or lower vegetation zone. The greatest overall transplant effect occurred for E. palustris, which experienced a _77% decline in productivity when transplanted to other zones. This study provides evidence that physical factors are a major determinant of vegetation zone composition and distribution across the entire elevation gradient at Mishak Lakes. Patterns at Mishak Lakes arise from counter-directional stress gradients: a gradient from anaerobic to well-oxygenated from basin bottom to upland and a gradient from extremely high salinity to low salinity in the opposing direction. Because abiotic conditions dominate vegetation zonation, restoration of the altered hydrologic regime of this wetland to a natural hydrologic regime may be sufficient to re-establish many of the natural biodiversity functions provided by these wetlands. | | |
| Optimal allocation of Red List assessments to guide conservation of biodiversity in a rapidly changing world | GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY | Hermoso, Virgilio; Januchowski-Hartley, Stephanie Renee; Linke, Simon; Dudgeon, David; Petry, Paulo; Mcintyre, Peter | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Optimal dynamic allocation of conservation funding among priority regions | Bulletin of Mathematical Biology | Bode, Michael; Wilson, Kerrie; McBride, Marissa; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Optimising control of invasive crayfish using life-history information | Freshwater Biology | Rogowski, David L.; Sitko, Suzanne; Bonar, Scott A. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Optimism and Challenge for Science-Based Conservation of Migratory Species in and out of U.S. National Parks | Conservation Biology | Berger, Joel; Cain, Steven L.; Cheng, Ellen; Dratch, Peter; Ellison, Kevin; Francis, John; Frost, Herbert C.; Gende, Scott; Groves, Craig; Karesh, William A.; Leslie, Elaine; Machlis, Gary; Medellin, Rodrigo A.; Noss, Reed F.; Redford, Kent H.; Soukup, Mi | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Optimizing land use decision-making to sustain Brazilian agricultural profits, biodiversity and ecosystem services | Biological Conservation | Kennedy, Christina M.; Hawthorne, Peter L.; Miteva, Daniela A.; Baumgarten, Leandro; Sochi, Kei; Matsumoto, Marcelo; Evans, Jeffrey S.; Polasky, Stephen; Hamel, Perrine; Vieira, Emerson M.; Develey, Pedro Ferreira; Sekercioglu, Cagan H.; Davidson, Ana D.; Uhlhorn, Elizabeth M.; Kiesecker, Joseph | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Designing landscapes that can meet human needs, while maintaining functioning ecosystems, is essential for long-term sustainability. To achieve this goal, we must better understand the trade-offs and thresholds in the provision of ecosystem services and economic returns. To this end, we integrate spatially explicit economic and biophysical models to jointly optimize agricultural profit (sugarcane production and cattle ranching), biodiversity (bird and mammal species), and freshwater quality (nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment retention) in the Brazilian Cerrado. We generate efficiency frontiers to evaluate the economic and environmental trade-offs and map efficient combinations of agricultural land and natural habitat under varying service importance. To assess the potential impact of the Brazilian Forest Code (FC), a federal policy that aims to promote biodiversity and ecosystem services on private lands, we compare the frontiers with optimizations that mimic the habitat requirements in the region. We find significant opportunities to improve both economic and environmental outcomes relative to the current landscape. Substantial trade-offs between biodiversity and water quality exist when land use planning targets a single service, but these trade-offs can be minimized through multi-objective planning. We also detect non-linear profit-ecosystem services relationships that result in land use thresholds that coincide with the FC requirements. Further, we demonstrate that landscape-level planning can greatly improve the performance of the FC relative to traditional farm-level planning. These findings suggest that through joint planning for economic and environmental goals at a landscape-scale, Brazil's agricultural sector can expand production and meet regulatory requirements, while maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem service provision. | sustainable agriculture; production possibility frontier; land use optimization; land use policy; tropical conservation; agriculture | |
| Optimizing regulatory requirements to aid in the implementation of compensatory mitigation | JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY | Sochi, Kei; Kiesecker, Joseph | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Options for sustainable groundwater management in arid and semi arid areas | | Steenhuis TS, Bilgili AV, Kendy E, Zaimoglu Z. Steenhuis, T.S., A.V. Bilgili, E. Kennedy, Z. Zaimoglu, M.E. Cakmak M.A. âullu and S. Ergezer. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Orangutan nest surveys: the devil is in the details | Oryx | Marshall, A. J., and E. Meijaard | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Orangutan distribution, density, abundance and impacts of disturbance | | Husson, S. J., S. A. Wich, A. J. Marshall, R. A. Dennis, M. Ancrenaz, R. Brassey, M. Gumal, A. J. Hearn, E. Meijaard, T. Simorangkir, and I. Singleton | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Our understanding of fire and grazing is largely based on small-scale experimental studies in which treatments are uniformly applied to experimental units that are considered homogenous. Any discussion of an interaction between fire and grazing | | |
| Orangutan population biology, life history, and conservation. Perspectives from population viability analysis models | | Marshall, A. J., R. Lacy, M. Ancrenaz, O. Byers, S. Husson, M. Leighton, E. Meijaard, N. Rosen, I. Singleton, S. Stephens, K. Traylor-Holzer, S. U. Atmoko, C. P. van Schaik, and S. A. Wich | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Organochlorine pesticides are not implicated in the decline of the Loggerhead Shrike | Condor | Herkert, JR | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | I compared pesticide levels in the eggs of Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus) collected from Illinois in 1995-1996 with those reported for the state in 1971-1972. Pesticides were detected in 19 of 21 (90%) eggs from 1995-1996. DDE was the | | |
| Otolith Chemistry to Determine Within-River Origins of Alabama Shad in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin | Transactions Of The American Fisheries Society | Schaffler, Jason J.; Young, Shawn P.; Herrington, Steve; Ingram, Travis; Tannehill, Josh | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Outbreak of Acropora white syndrome following a mild bleaching event at Palmyra Atoll, Northern Line Islands, Central Pacific | Coral Reefs | Williams, G. J.; Knapp, I. S.; Work, T. M.; Conklin, E. J. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Outbreak of Phoracantha semipunctata in Response to Severe Drought in a Mediterranean Eucalyptus Forest | FORESTS | Seaton, Stephen; Matusick, George; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Hardy, Giles E. St. J. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Outplanting Wyoming Big Sagebrush Following Wildfire: Stock Performance and Economics | Rangeland Ecology & Management | Dettweiler-Robinson, Eva; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Evans, James R.; Newsome, Heidi; Davies, G. Matt; Wirth, Troy A.; Pyke, David A.; Easterly, Richard T.; Salstrom, Debra; Dunwiddie, Peter W. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Overcoming information limitations for developing an en- vironmental flow prescription for a Central American River | Ecology and Society | Esselman, P. and J. Opperman | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Overfishing of inland waters | BioScience | Allan, JD; Abell, R; Hogan, Z; Revenga, C; Taylor, BW; Welcomme, RL; Winemiller, K | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Inland waters have received only slight consideration in recent discussions of the global fisheries crisis, even though inland fisheries provide much-needed protein, jobs, and income, especially in poor rural communities of developing countries. | | |
| Overstory response to alternative thinning treatments in young Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon | Northwest Science | Davis, L. R., K. J. Puettmann and G. F. Tucker | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | An increase in land dominated by young second-growth Douglas-fir forests in the Pacific Northwest has coincided with heightened concerns over loss of old-growth habitat. In search of options for managing young forests to provide late-successional forest s | | |
| Overstory tree mortality resulting from reintroducing fire to long-unburned longleaf pine forests: the importance of duff moisture | Canadian Journal of Forest Research | Varner, J. Morgan, III; Hiers, J. Kevin; Ottmar, Roger D.; Gordon, Doria R.; Putz, Francis E.; Wade, Dale D. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | In forests historically maintained by frequent fire, reintroducing fire after decades of exclusion often causes widespread overstory mortality. To better understand this phenomenon, we subjected 16 fire-excluded (ca. 40 years since fire) 10 ha longleaf pi | | |
| Overwater Movement of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in a Naturally Fragmented Coastal Landscape | Northeastern Naturalist | Dueser, Raymond D.; Moncrief, Nancy D.; Keiss, Oskars; Martin, Joel D.; Porter, John H.; Truitt, Barry R. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Oyster habitat restoration monitoring and assessment handbook | | Baggett, L.P., S.P. Powers, R. Brumbaugh, L.D. Coen, B. DeAngelis, J. Greene, B. Hancock, and S. Morlock | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Oyster reef restoration in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Extent, methods and outcomes | Ocean and Coastal Management | La Peyre, Megan; Furlong, Jessica; Brown, Laura A.; Piazza, Bryan P.; Brown, Ken | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Oyster reefs at risk and recommendations for conservation, restoration, and management | BioScience | Beck, M. W., Brumbaugh, R. D., Airoldi, L., Carranza, A., Coen, L. D., Crawford, C., ... & Guo, X | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Paederia foetida (skunk vine) and P. cruddasiana (sewer vine): Threats and Management Strategies | Natural Areas Journal | Gann, G. and D. Gordon. | 1998 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Palaeoecology of Southeast Asian megafauna-bearing sites from the Pleistocene and a review of environmental changes in the region | Journal of Biogeography | Louys, J., and E. Meijaard | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Palau's taro fields and mangroves protect the coral reefs by trapping eroded fine sediment | Wetlands Ecology And Management | Koshiba, Shirley; Besebes, Meked; Soaladaob, Kiblas; Isechal, Adelle Lukes; Victor, Steven; Golbuu, Yimnang | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Paleoenvironmental Framework for Understanding the Development, Stability, and State-Changes of Cienegas in the American Deserts | | Minckley, T.A., A. Brunelle, and D. Turner | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Pandas-People Coexistence and Competition | PANDAS AND PEOPLE: COUPLING HUMAN AND NATURAL SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABILITY | Hull, Vanessa; Zhang, Jindong; Liu, Wei; Huang, Jinyan; Zhou, Shiqiang; Bearer, Scott; Xu, Weihua; Tuanmu, Mao-Ning; Vina, Andres; Zhang, Hemin; Ouyang, Zhiyun; Liu, Jianguo | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Papuan Bird's Head Seascape: Emerging threats and challenges in the global center of marine biodiversity | Marine Pollution Bulletin | Mangubhai, Sangeeta; Erdmann, Mark V.; Wilson, Joanne R.; Huffard, Christine L.; Ballamu, Ferdiel; Hidayat, Nur Ismu; Hitipeuw, Creusa; Lazuardi, Muhammad E.; Muhajir; Pada, Defy; Purba, Gandi; Rotinsulu, Christovel; Rumetna, Lukas; Sumolang, Kartika; Wen | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Partial support for the central-marginal hypothesis within a population: reduced genetic diversity but not increased differentiation at the range edge of an island endemic bird | HEREDITY | Langin, K. M.; Sillett, T. S.; Funk, W. C.; Morrison, S. A.; Ghalambor, C. K. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Particulate air pollution and mortality in 38 of China's largest cities: time series analysis | BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL | Yin, Peng; He, Guojun; Fan, Maoyong; Chiu, Kowk Yan; Fan, Maorong; Liu, Chang; Xue, An; Liu, Tong; Pan, Yuhang; Mu, Quan; Zhou, Maigeng | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Partitioning of space and water between two California annual grassland species | American Journal of Botany | Gordon, D.R. and K.J. Rice | 1992 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Partitioning the sources of demographic variation reveals density-dependent nest predation in an island bird population | Ecology and Evolution | Sofaer, Helen R.; Sillett, T. Scott; Langin, Kathryn M.; Morrison, Scott A.; Ghalambor, Cameron K. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Passing the baton of action from research to conservation implementation for Cerulean Warbler (Setophaga cerulea) | Ornitologia Neotropical | Hamel, P.B, D. Mehlman, S.K. Herzog, K.V. Rosenberg, J. Jones | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Passive Recovery of Vegetation after Herbivore Eradication on Santa Cruz Island, California | Restoration Ecology | Beltran, Roxanne S.; Kreidler, Nissa; Van Vuren, Dirk H.; Morrison, Scott A.; Zavaleta, Erika S.; Newton, Kelly; Tershy, Bernie R.; Croll, Donald A. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Past, present, and future. Economic impacts of invasive species in forests | Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | Holmes, T. P., J. E. Aukema, B. Von Holle, A. Liebhold, and E. Sillse | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Patterns of plant community structure within and among primary and second-growth northern hardwood forest stands | Forest Ecology and Management | Burton, J. I., E. K. Zenner, L. E. Frelich, and M. W. Cornett | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| PATTERNS IN NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AND PLANT DIVERSITY OF TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICAN WETLANDS | Ecology | BARBARA L. BEDFORD, MARK R. WALBRIDGE, AND ALLISON ALDOUS | 1999 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Patterns of differentiation in wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana): implications for restoration efforts. | Restoration Ecology | Gordon, D.R. and K.J. Rice. | 1998 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Patterns of Freshwater Species Richness, Endemism, and Vulnerability in California | PLOS ONE | Howard, Jeanette K.; Klausmeyer, Kirk R.; Fesenmyer, Kurt A.; Furnish, Joseph; Gardali, Thomas; Grantham, Ted; Katz, Jacob V. E.; Kupferberg, Sarah; McIntyre, Patrick; Moyle, Peter B.; Ode, Peter R.; Peek, Ryan; Quinones, Rebecca M.; Rehn, Andrew C.; Santos, Nick; Schoenig, Steve; Serpa, Larry; Shedd, Jackson D.; Slusark, Joe; Viers, Joshua H.; Wright, Amber; Morrison, Scott A. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Patterns of genetic differentiation and conservation of the slabside pearlymussel, Lexingtonia dolabelloides (Lea, 1840) in the Tennessee River drainage | Journal Of Molluscan Studies | Grobler, PJ; Jones, JW; Johnson, NA; Beaty, B; Struthers, J; Neves, RJ; Hallerman, EM | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | The restoration and recovery of imperiled mussel species will require the re-establishment of populations into historically occupied habitats. The possible existence of genetic differentiation among populations should be considered before inter-b | | |
| Patterns of herbaceous plant diversity in southeastern Louisiana pine savannas | Applied Vegetation Science | Keddy, P. A.; Smith, L.; Campbell, D. R.; Clark, M.; Montz, G. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Keywords: Andropogon virginicus; Competition; Conserva- tion; Disturbance; Diversity; Fugitive species; Longleaf pine; Louisiana; Peripheral species; Pinus palustris; Species-area relationship; Species frequency. ... Nomenclature: Integrated Taxonomic I | | |
| Patterns of land snail distribution in a montane habitat on the island of Hawaiïi | Malacologia | Cowie, R.H.; Nishida, G. M.; Basset, Y.; Gon III, S. M. | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Patterns of nucleotide changes in mito-chondrial ribosomal RNA genes and the phylogeny of piranhas | Journal of Molecular Evolution | Orti, G., P. Petry, J.I.R. Porto, M. Jegu and A. Meyer | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Patterns of trait convergence and divergence among native and exotic species in herbaceous plant communities are not modified by nitrogen enrichment | Journal Of Ecology | Cleland, Elsa E.; Clark, Chris M.; Collins, Scott L.; Fargione, Joseph E.; Gough, Laura; Gross, Katherine L.; Pennings, Steven C.; Suding, Katharine N. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Payment for ecosystem services in practice _ savanna burning and carbon abatement at Fish River, northern Australia | | Walton, N.; Fitzsimons, J. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Payments for ecosystem services in Amazonia. The challenge of land use heterogeneity in agricultural frontiers near Cruzeiro do Sul (Acre, Brazil) | Journal Of Environmental Planning And Management | Eloy, Ludivine; Meral, Philippe; Ludewigs, Thomas; Pinheiro, Gustavo Tosello; Singer, Benjamin | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Payments for Environmental Services in Latin America as a Tool for Restoration and Rural Development | Ambio | Montagnini, Florencia; Finney, Christopher | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Pelagic protected areas: the missing dimension in ocean conservation | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | Game, Edward T.; Grantham, Hedley S.; Hobday, Alistair J.; Pressey, Robert L.; Lombard, Amanda T.; Beckley, Lynnath E.; Gjerde, Kristina; Bustamante, Rodrigo; Possingham, Hugh P.; Richardson, Anthony J. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Fewer protected areas exist in the pelagic ocean than any other ecosystem on Earth. Although there is increasing support for marine protected areas (MPAs) as a tool for pelagic conservation, there have also been numerous criticisms of the ecological, logi | | |
| Pelagic provinces of the world: A biogeographic classification of the world's surface pelagic waters | Ocean and Coastal Management | Spalding, Mark D.; Agostini, Vera N.; Rice, Jake; Grant, Susie M. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Pelagic Systems | Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed (GOODS) Biogeographic Classification | Spalding, M., V. Agostini, S. Grant, J. Rice | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | The classification was produced by an international and multidisciplinary group of experts under the auspices of a number of international and intergovernmental organizations as well as governments, and under the ultimate umbrella of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and its Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). The classification is intended to provide technical backstopping to planning and policy decisions related to open ocean and deep seabed areas, while paying special attention to not implying the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of authors, sponsors or associated organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. | oceans, Biogeographic Classification | |
| People and deserts | | Seely, M., A. Al-Amoud, D. Chatty, J. Henschel, J. Kinahan, J. Kinahan, P. Klintenberg, A. Le„n, S. Morrison, C. Roedern, E. Abraham, R. S. Felger, P. Laureano, D. Mouat, B. A. Portnov, U. Safriel, S. Schmidt, M. Sciortino, A. Warren, D. Zohary | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | People have lived in and around deserts since time immemorial where their activities and use of natural resources have been, and are, governed by the basic parameters defining all deserts. Rainfall, essential for growth and reproduction of plants and anim | | |
| Perennial biomass feedstocks enhance avian diversity | Global Change Biology Bioenergy | Robertson, Bruce A.; Doran, Patrick J.; Loomis, Liz R.; Robertson, J. Roy; Schemske, Douglas W. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Performance of satellite data sets in monitoring burn events on the Refugio-Goliad Prairie Landscape | Fire Management Today | Guse, R. and K. Feuerbacher | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Periphyton responses to experimental phosphorus enrichment in a subtropical wetland | Aquatic Botany | McCormick, PV; O'Dell, MB; Shuford, RBE; Backus, JG; Kennedy, WC | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of increased phosphorus (P) loading on periphyton abundance, productivity, and taxonomic composition in an oligotrophic Everglades slough characterized by abundant metaphyton and epiphyton. ... | | |
| Persistence of historical population structure in an endangered species despite near-complete biome conversion in California's San Joaquin Desert | MOLECULAR ECOLOGY | Richmond, Jonathan Q.; Wood, Dustin A.; Westphal, Michael F.; Vandergast, Amy G.; Leache, Adam D.; Saslaw, Lawrence R.; Butterfield, H. Scott; Fisher, Robert N. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Perspectives on the role of cowbird removal in songbird conservation | Texas Birds Annual | Kostecke, R. M | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Pest interceptions on live plants at US ports of entry: A system overwhelmed | Phytopathology | Britton, K. O.; Parke, J. L.; Garrett, L. J.; Lowenstein, F.; Nuding, A. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Pet Project or Best Project? Online Decision Support Tools for Prioritizing Barrier Removals in the Great Lakes and Beyond | FISHERIES | Moody, Allison T.; Neeson, Thomas M.; Wangen, Steve; Dischler, Jeff; Diebel, Matthew W.; Milt, Austin; Herbert, Matthew; Khoury, Mary; Yacobson, Eugene; Doran, Patrick J.; Ferris, Michael C.; O'Hanley, Jesse R.; McIntyre, Peter B. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Phenological matching across hemispheres in a long-distance migratory bird | Diversity and Distributions | Renfrew, Rosalind B.; Kim, Daniel; Perlut, Noah; Smith, Joseph; Fox, James; Marra, Peter P. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Phenotypic covariance at species' borders | Bmc Evolutionary Biology | Caley, M. Julian; Cripps, Edward; Game, Edward T. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Phenotypic variation in seedlings of a "keystone" tree species (Quercus douglasii): The interactive effects of acorn source and competitive environment | Oecologia | Rice, K.J., D.R. Gordon, J.L. Hardison and J.M. Welker | 1993 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Phragmites-Australis (P-Communis) - Threats, Management, And Monitoring | Natural Areas Journal | Marks, M; Lapin, B; Randall, J | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Phylogenetic age is positively correlated with sensitivity to timber harvest in Bornean mammals | Biotropica | Meijaard, E., Sheil, D., Marshall, A. G. and Nasi, R | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The reasons that forest vertebrates differ in their response to selective timber extraction in tropical forests remain poorly characterized. Understanding what determines response and sensitivity can indicate how forest management might yield gre | | |
| Phylogeny and the co-occurrence of mammal species on southeast Asian islands | Global Ecology and Biogeography | Cardillo, M., and E. Meijaard | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Phylogeny, Traits, and Biodiversity of a Neotropical Bat Assemblage: Close Relatives Show Similar Responses to Local Deforestation | AMERICAN NATURALIST | Frank, Hannah K.; Frishkoff, Luke O.; Mendenhall, Chase D.; Daily, Gretchen C.; Hadly, Elizabeth A. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Phylogeographic and population genetic structure of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in North American deserts | JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY | Buchalski, Michael R.; Sacks, Benjamin N.; Gille, Daphne A.; Penedo, Maria Cecilia T.; Ernest, Holly B.; Morrison, Scott A.; Boyce, Walter M. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Phylogeography and population structure of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) inferred from mitochondrial control region DNA sequence analysis | Molecular Ecology | Liu, Zhijin; Ren, Baoping; Wei, Fuwen; Long, Yongcheng; Hao, Yanli; Ll, Ming | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Piabeiros impulsionam sistema de aviamento no Rio Negro | | Prang, G. and P. Petry | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Pilot study suggests viable options for reef restoration in Komodo National Park | Coral Reefs | Fox, HE; Pet, JS | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | Among the many threats currently facing coral reefs in Southeast Asia, dynamite or "blast" fishing ranks as perhaps the most immediately and extensively damaging in many areas (Erdmann 2000). Although illegal, blast fishing is widely practiced and can res | | |
| Pine snake (Pituophis ruthveni and Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi) hibernacula | Journal Of Herpetology | Rudolph, D. C.; Schaefer, R. R.; Burgdorf, S. J.; Duran, M.; Conner, R. N. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Snakes are often highly selective in the choice of sites for hibernation, and suitable sites can potentially be a limiting resource. Hibernating Louisiana Pine Snakes (Pituophis ruthveni; N= 7) in eastern Texas and Black Pine Snakes (Pituophis me | | |
| Pinpointing and preventing imminent extinctions | PNAS | Ricketts, T., Dinerstein, E., Boucher, T. M., Brooks, T., Butchart, S., Hoffman, M., Lamoreux , J., Morrrison, J., Parr, M., Pilgrim, J., Rodrigues, A., Sechrest, W., Wallace, G., Berlin, K., Bielby, J., Burgess, N., Church, D., Cox, N., Knox, D., Loucks, C., Luck, G., Master, L., Moore, R., Naidoo R., Ridgley, R., Schatz, S., Shire, G.,Strand, H., Wettengel, W., Wikramanayake, E. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Slowing rates of global biodiversity loss requires preventing species extinctions. Here we pinpoint centers of imminent extinction, where highly threatened species are confined to single sites. Within five globally assessed taxa (i.e., mammals, birds, selected reptiles, amphibians, and conifers), we find 794 such species, three times the number recorded as having gone extinct since 1500. These species occur in 595 sites, concentrated in tropical forests, on islands, and in mountainous areas. Their taxonomic and geographical distribution differs significantly from that of historical extinctions, indicating an expansion of the current extinction episode beyond sensitive species and places toward the planet's most biodiverse mainland regions. Only one-third of the sites are legally protected, and most are surrounded by intense human development. These sites represent clear opportunities for urgent conservation action to prevent species loss. | biodiversity, conservation, protected area, threatened species | |
| Piping Plovers produce two broods. | Wilson Bulletin | Bottitta, GE; Cole, AM; Lapin, B | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Planetary Opportunities: A Social Contract for Global Change Science to Contribute to a Sustainable Future | BioScience | DeFries, Ruth S.; Ellis, Erle C.; Chapin, F. Stuart, III; Matson, Pamela A.; Turner, B. L., II; Agrawal, Arun; Crutzen, Paul J.; Field, Chris; Gleick, Peter; Kareiva, Peter M.; Lambin, Eric; Liverman, Diana; Ostrom, Elinor; Sanchez, Pedro A.; Syvitski, Ja | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Planificaci„n y desarrollo de estrategias para la conservaci„n de la biodiversidad en M_xico | | March, I. J., M. A. Carvajal, R. M. Vidal, E. J. San Romˆn, and G. Ruiz | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Planning for biodiversity conservation: Putting conservation science into practice | BioScience | Groves, CR; Jensen, DB; Valutis, LL; Redford, KH; Shaffer, ML; Scott, JM; Baumgartner, JV; Higgins, JV; Beck, MW; Anderson, MG | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Planning for persistence in marine reserves: a question of catastrophic importance | Ecological Applications | Game, E. T., Watts, M. E., Wooldridge, S., and Possingham, H. P. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Large-scale catastrophic events, although rare, lie generally beyond the control of local management and can prevent marine reserves from achieving biodiversity outcomes. We formulate a new conservation planning problem that aims to minimize the probabili | | |
| Planning for population viability on Northern Great Plains national grasslands | Wildlife Society Bulletin | Samson, F.B., F.L. Knopf, C.W. McCarthy, B.R. Noon, W.R. Ostlie, S.M. Rinehart. S. Larson, G.E. Plumb, G.L. Schenbeck, D.N. Svingen and T.W. Byer | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Broad-scale information in concert with conservation of individual species must be used to develop conservation priorities and a more integrated ecosystem protection strategy. In 1999 the United States Forest Service initiated an approach for the 1.2’ã 10 | | |
| Planning for reserve adequacy in dynamic landscapes; maximizing future representation of vegetation communities under flood disturbance in the Pantanal wetland | Diversity and Distributions | Lourival, Reinaldo; Drechsler, Martin; Watts, Matthew E.; Game, Edward T.; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Plant and animal endemism in the eastern Andean slope: challenges to conservation | BMC Ecology | Swenson, Jennifer J.; Young, Bruce E.; Beck, Stephan; Comer, Pat; Cordova, Jesus H.; Dyson, Jessica; Embert, Dirk; Encarnacion, Filomeno; Ferreira, Wanderley; Franke, Irma; Grossman, Dennis; Hernandez, Pilar; Herzog, Sebastian K.; Josse, Carmen; Navarro, Gonzalo; Pacheco, Victor; Stein, Bruce A.; Timana, Martin; Tovar, Antonio; Tovar, Carolina; Vargas, Julieta; Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos M. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | Background:
The Andes-Amazon basin of Peru and Bolivia is one of the most data-poor, biologically rich, and rapidly changing areas of the world. Conservation scientists agree that this area hosts extremely high endemism, perhaps the highest in the world, yet we know little about the geographic distributions of these species and ecosystems within country boundaries. To address this need, we have developed conservation data on endemic biodiversity (~800 species of birds, mammals, amphibians, and plants) and terrestrial ecological systems (~90; groups of vegetation communities resulting from the action of ecological processes, substrates, and/or environmental gradients) with which we conduct a fine scale conservation prioritization across the Amazon
watershed of Peru and Bolivia. We modelled the geographic distributions of 435 endemic plants and all 347 endemic vertebrate species, from existing museum and herbaria specimens at a regional conservation practitioner’s scale (1:250,000-1:1,000,000), based on the best available tools and geographic data. We mapped ecological systems, endemic species concentrations, and irreplaceable areas with respect to national level protected areas.
Results:
We found that sizes of endemic species distributions ranged widely (< 20 km2 to > 200,000 km2) across the study area. Bird and mammal endemic species richness was greatest within a narrow 2500-3000 m elevation band along the length of the Andes Mountains. Endemic amphibian richness was highest at 1000-1500 m elevation and concentrated in the southern half of the study area. Geographical distribution of plant endemism was highly taxon-dependent. Irreplaceable areas, defined as locations with the highest number of species with
narrow ranges, overlapped slightly with areas of high endemism, yet generally exhibited unique patterns across the study area by species group. We found that many endemic species and ecological systems are lacking national-level protection; a third of endemic species have distributions completely outside of national protected areas. Protected areas cover only 20% of areas of high endemism and 20% of irreplaceable areas. Almost 40% of the 91 ecological systems are in serious need of protection (= < 2% of their ranges protected).
Conclusions:
We identify for the first time, areas of high endemic species concentrations and high irreplaceability that have only been roughly indicated in the past at the continental scale. We conclude that new complementary
protected areas are needed to safeguard these endemics and ecosystems. An expansion in protected areas will be challenged by geographically isolated micro-endemics, varied endemic patterns among taxa, increasing
deforestation, resource extraction, and changes in climate. Relying on pre-existing collections, publically accessible datasets and tools, this working framework is exportable to other regions plagued by incomplete conservation data. | Andes-Amazon; conservation planning; ecological systems; endemic species richness; irreplaceability; Latin America | |
| Plant community composition mediates both large transient decline and predicted long-term recovery of soil carbon under climate warming | Global Biogeochemical Cycles | Saleska, SR; Shaw, MR; Fischer, ML; Dunne, JA; Still, CJ; Holman, ML; Harte, J | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Plant Community Effects and Genetic Diversity of Post-fire Princess Tree (Paulownia tomentosa) Invasions | INVASIVE PLANT SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT | Lovenshimer, Joseph B.; Madritch, Michael D. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Plant diversity and priority conservation areas of Northwestern Yunnan, China | Biodiversity And Conservation | Ma Chang-Le; Moseley, Robert K.; Chen Wen-Yun; Zhou Zhe-Kun | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The Global Plant Conservation Strategy of the Convention on Biological Diversity calls for Š—“protection of 50% of the most important areas for plant diversity.Š— All global biodiversity analyses have identified the mountains of northwestern Yun | | |
| Planting practices to maximize Garry oak seedling performance in a semiarid environment | Northwest Science | Bakker, J.D., L.J. Colasurdo, and J.R. Evans | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Point counts surveys of land birds at the Four Canyon Preserve, Ellis County, Oklahoma | | Hise, C.M. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Policy analysis and national forest appeal reform | Journal of Forestry | Mortimer, MJ; Scardina, AV; Jenkins, DH | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | The USDA Forest Service appeals process has affected the management of national forests for nearly a century. Concerns over wildfire and forest health have recently focused attention on the role of the appeals process in agency decisionmaking and manageme | | |
| Policy Development for Biodiversity Offsets: A Review of Offset Frameworks | Environmental Management | McKenney, Bruce A.; Kiesecker, Joseph M. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Policy Development for Environmental Licensing and Biodiversity Offsets in Latin America | PLoS ONE | Villarroya, Ana; Barros, Ana Cristina; Kiesecker, Joseph | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | Attempts to meet biodiversity goals through application of the mitigation hierarchy have gained wide traction globally with increased development of public policy, lending standards, and corporate practices. With interest in biodiversity offsets increasing in Latin America, we seek to strengthen the basis for policy development through a review of major environmental licensing policy frameworks in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela. Here we focused our review on an examination of national level policies to evaluate to which degree current provisions promote positive environmental outcomes. All the surveyed countries have national-level Environmental Impact Assessment laws or regulations that cover the habitats present in their territories. Although most countries enable the use of offsets only Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru explicitly require their implementation. Our review has shown that while advancing quite detailed offset policies, most countries do not seem to have strong requirements regarding impact avoidance. Despite this deficiency most countries have a strong foundation from which to develop policy for biodiversity offsets, but several issues require further guidance, including how best to: (1) ensure conformance with the mitigation hierarchy; (2) identify the most environmentally preferable offsets within a landscape context; (3) determine appropriate mitigation replacement ratios; and (4) ensure appropriate time and effort is given to monitor offset performance. | conservation science; biodiversity; Brazil; Colombia; Peru; regulations; environmental law; ecosystems | |
| Policy implications and recommendations | Economics Of Deforestation In The Amazon: Dispelling The Myths | Campari, Joao S. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Policy needs to improve marine capture fisheries management and to define a role for marine protected areas in Indonesia | Fisheries Management And Ecology | Mous, PJ; Pet, JS; Arifin, Z; Djohani, R; Erdmann, MV; Halim, A; Knight, M; Pet-Soede, L; Wiadnya, G | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Management of Indonesia's marine capture fisheries faces a huge dilemma: evidence suggests that most, if not all, of Indonesia's capture fisheries are fully or overexploited, but the fishery sector is still expected to contribute to the increase | | |
| Policy Relevant Conservation Science | CONSERVATION LETTERS | Game, Edward T.; Schwartz, Mark W.; Knight, Andrew T. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Popular media records reveal multi-decadal trends in recreational fishing catch rates | PLOS ONE | Thurstan, Ruth H.; Game, Edward; Pandolfi, John M. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Despite threats to human wellbeing from ecological degradation, public engagement with this issue remains at low levels. However, studies have shown that crafting messages to resonate with peopleÕs personal experiences can enhance engagement. Recreational fishing is one of the principal ways in which people interact with aquatic environments, but long-term data from this perspective are considered rare. We uncovered 852 popular media records of recreational fishing for an Australian estuary across a 140-year period. Using information contained in these articles we analysed the species composition of recreational catches over time and constructed two distinct time series of catch and effort (n fish fisher-1 trip-1; kg fish fisher-1 trip-1) for recreational fishing trips and fishing club competitions (mean n and kg fish caught across all competitors, and n and kg fish caught by the competition winner). Reported species composition remained similar over time. Catch rates reported from recreational fishing trips (1900Ð1998) displayed a significant decline, averaging 32.5 fish fisher-1 trip-1 prior to 1960, and 18.8 fish fisher-1 trip-1 post-1960. Mean n fish fisher-1 competition-1 (1913Ð1983) also significantly declined, but best n fish fisher-1 competition-1 (1925Ð1980) displayed no significant change, averaging 31.2 fish fisher-1 competition-1 over the time series. Mean and best kg fish fisher-1 competition-1 trends also displayed no significant change, averaging 4.2 and 9.9 kg fisher-1 competition-1, respectively. These variable trends suggest that while some fishers experienced diminishing returns in this region over the last few decades, the most skilled inshore fishers were able to maintain their catch rates, highlighting the difficulties inherent in crafting conservation messages that will resonate with all sections of a community. Despite these challenges, this research demonstrates that popular media sources can provide multiple long-term trends at spatial scales, in units and via a recreational experience that many people can relate to. | | |
| Population attributes of an Endangered mussel, Epioblasma torulosa rangiana (Northern Riffleshell), in French Creek and implications for its recovery | Northeastern Naturalist | Crabtree, D. L., and T. A. Smith | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| POPULATION DENSITY AND HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE SEASIDE SPARROW (AMMODRAMUS MARITIMUS) ON LAGUNA ATASCOSA NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, CAMERON COUNTY, TEXAS | WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY | Ferrato, Jacqueline R.; Simpson, Thomas R.; Small, Michael F.; Veech, Joseph A.; Conway, Mark H. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Population Dynamics and Survival Rates of American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) in Virginia, USA | WATERBIRDS | Wilke, Alexandra L.; Boettcher, Ruth; Duerr, Adam; Denmon, Pamela; Truitt, Barry R.; Holcomb, Kevin; Watts, Bryan D. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Population Dynamics of Long-tailed Ducks Breeding on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska | Arctic | Schamber, Jason L.; Flint, Paul L.; Grand, J. Barry; Wilson, Heather M.; Morse, Julie A. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Population structure of the endangered Mitchell's Satyr, Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii (French): Implications for conservation | American Midland Naturalist | Szymanski, J; Shuey, JA; Oberhauser, K | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Basic ignorance about the ecology and life history of the endangered Mitchell's satyr butterfly, Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii, is impeding conservation efforts. To assist with recovery, we examined Mitchell's satyr butterfly population structu | | |
| Population structure of two understory plant species along an altitudinal gradient in Costa Rican montane oak forests | Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Oak Forests | Groot, T.V.M., M. Stift, J.G.B. Oostermeijer, A.M. Cleef & M. Kappelle | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Population Trends Of Breeding Birds On The Edwards Plateau, Texas: Local Versus Regional Patterns | Southwestern Naturalist | Kostecke, Richard M. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Population trends of the endangered golden-cheeked warbler at Fort Hood, Texas, from 1992-2001 | Southwestern Naturalist | Anders, AD; Dearborn, DC | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | We assessed population trends of the endangered golden-cheeked warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia) at Fort Hood, Texas, using point-count data from 1992 through 2001. We assessed the effect of a large-scale fire in 1996 on these population trends and | | |
| Portafolio de ConservaciÑn de Agua Dulce para la Cuenca del Magdalena _ Cauca. Programa NASCA, The Nature conservancy & Cormagdalena | | T_llez , P., P.Petry, T. Walschburger, J. Higgins & C. Apse | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Portrayal of sustainability principles in the mission statements and on home pages of the world's largest organizations | CONSERVATION BIOLOGY | Garnett, Stephen T.; Lawes, Michael J.; James, Robyn; Bigland, Kristen; Zander, Kerstin K. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Positive Relationships between Association Strength and Phenotypic Similarity Characterize the Assembly of Mixed-Species Bird Flocks Worldwide | American Naturalist | Sridhar, Hari; Srinivasan, Umesh; Askins, Robert A.; Canales-Delgadillo, Julio Cesar; Chen, Chao-Chieh; Ewert, David N.; Gale, George A.; Goodale, Eben; Gram, Wendy K.; Hart, Patrick J.; Hobson, Keith A.; Hutto, Richard L.; Kotagama, Sarath W.; Knowlton, | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Post-fire tree stress and growth following smoldering duff fires | Forest Ecology and Management | Varner, J. Morgan; Putz, Francis E.; O'Brien, Joseph J.; Hiers, J. Kevin; Mitchell, Robert J.; Gordon, Doria R. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Post-hurricane vegetation response in south Florida hammocks with and without Dioscorea bulbifera control | | Gordon, D., G. Gann, E. Carter, and K. Thomas | 1999 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Postembryonic ontogeny of the spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus intermontanus (Anura : Pelobatidae): Skeletal morphology | Journal Of Morphology | Hall, JA; Larsen, JH | 1998 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Potential allelopathic interference by the exotic Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum) | American Midland Naturalist | Conway, WC; Smith, LM; Bergan, JF | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | The Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum) was introduced into the southeastern United States in late 1800s and has rapidly naturalized throughout the region's coastal ecosystems. Because tallow forms monotypic woodlands, we hypothesized that .. | | |
| Potential carbon dioxide emission reductions from avoided grassland conversion in the northern Great Plains | ECOSPHERE | Ahlering, Marissa; Fargione, Joseph; Parton, William | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Protection of lands threatened with conversion to agriculture can reduce carbon emissions. Until recently, most climate change mitigation incentive programs for avoided conversion have focused on forested ecosystems. We applied the Avoided Conversion of Grasslands and Shrublands v.1.0 (ACoGS) methodology now available through the American Carbon Registry to a threatened region of grasslands in the northern Great Plains. For all soil types across 14 counties in North and South Dakota, we used the DAYCENT model calibrated to the study area to quantify the difference in CO2 and N2O emissions under a cropping and a protection scenario, and we used formulas in the ACoGS methodology to calculate CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation under the protection scenario. We mapped the resulting GHG emissions across the entire project area. Emissions averaged 51.6 tCO2e/ha over 20 years, and with a 31% reduction for leakage and uncertainty from the ACoGS methodology, carbon offsets averaged 35.6 tCO2e/ha over 20 years. Protection of 10% of the 2.1 million unprotected ha in the project area with the highest emissions would reduce emissions by 11.7 million tCO2e over 20 years (11% of the total emissions from all unprotected grassland) and avoid a social cost of $430 million worth of CO2 emissions. These results suggest that carbon offsets generated from avoided conversion of grasslands can meaningfully contribute to climate mitigation and grassland conservation objectives. | carbon offsets; DAYCENT; grassland conversion; greenhouse gas emissions; Prairie Pothole Region | |
| Potential impacts of timber harvesting on a rare understory plant, Clematis hirsutissima var arizonica | Biological Conservation | Maschinski, J; Kolb, TE; Smith, E; Phillips, B | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Potential Links Between Certified Organic Coffee and Deforestation in a Protected Area in Chiapas, Mexico | World Development | M. Jurjonas, K. Crossman, J. Solomon, W. Lopez Baez | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | coffee | |
| Potential use of Uniola paniculata rhizome fragments for dune restoration | Restoration Ecology | Miller, DL; Yager, L; Thetford, M; Schneider, M | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Uniola paniculata (sea oats) rhizomes uprooted by hurri-canes and deposited as wrack could be salvaged and replanted in dune restoration. To test this unexplored technique, percent tiller emergence was observed for 4 years from U. paniculata rhiz | | |
| Power generation and ecosystem restoration: United States (Penobscot River Basin, Maine) | Water and Green Growth | Opperman, J. J | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Pragmatism and Practice in Classifying Threats: Reply to Balmford et al. | Conservation Biology | Salafsky, Nick; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Salzer, Daniel; Stattersfield, Alison J.; Neugarten, Rachel; Hilton-Taylor, Craig; Collen, Ben; Master, Lawrence L.; O'Connor, Sheila; Wilkie, David | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Prairie restoration flora of the St. Louis region of Illinois and Missouri | Missouriensis | Ladd, D | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Prairie Restorations can Protect Remnant Tallgrass Prairie Plant Communities | American Midland Naturalist | Rowe, Helen I.; Fargione, Joseph; Holland, Jeffrey D. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Precision Counting of Sandhill Cranes in Staten Island by FAA Approved Small Unmanned Aerial System Night Missions | WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL AND WATER RESOURCES CONGRESS 2017: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES, HISTORY AND HERITAGE, EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, AND STUDENT PAPERS | Stark, Brandon; Smith, Brendan; Anderson, Andreas; Viers, Joshua H.; Chen, YangQuan; Kelsey, Rodd | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Predation of a small passerine by the Purple-winged Roller (Coracias temminckii), an endemic species of Sulawesi | Kukila | Argeloo, M. and J. Fitzsimons | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Predation on a blotched bluetongue lizard (Tiliqua nigroletea) by a highlands copperhead (Austrelaps ramsayi) in the Blue Mountains, Australia | Herpetology Notes | Fitzsimons, J.A | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Predation Rates On Mercenaria Mercenaria By Channeled And Knobbed Whelk | Journal of Shellfish Research | Padilla, Dianna K.; Gray, Sarah M.; Amaya, Kevin; Garofalo, Sal; Harwood, Alex; Kammerman, Benjamin; Perino, Laurie; Seroy, Sasha K.; Yee, Allison; Doall, Michael; Lobue, Carl | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Predator exclosures, predator removal, and habitat improvement increase nest success of Snowy Plovers in Oregon, USA | Condor | Dinsmore, Stephen J.; Lauten, David J.; Castelein, Kathleen A.; Gaines, Eleanor P.; Stern, Mark A. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Predator exclusion methods for managing endangered shorebirds: Are two barriers better than one? | Waterbirds | Murphy, RK; Greenwood, RJ; Ivan, JS; Smith, KA | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Reproductive success of shorebirds can be improved by placement of predator exclosure fences along beaches or wire-mesh exclosure Š—“cagesŠ— over nests. We predicted that these two types of exclosures used simultaneously might further improve re | | |
| Predator- induced demographic shifts in coral reef fish assemblages | PLoS ONE | Ruttenberg B.I., S.L. Hamilton, S.M. Walsh, M.K. Donovan, A. Friedlander, et al | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Predicted effects of residential development on a northern Idaho landscape under alternative growth management and land protection policies | Landscape and Urban Planning | Nielsen-Pincus, Max; Goldberg, Caren S.; Pocewicz, Amy; Force, Jo Ellen; Waits, Lisette P.; Morgan, Penelope; Vierling, Lee | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Predicted regional impacts of climate change on the geographical distribution and diversity of tropical forests in Costa Rica | Journal of Biogeography | Enquist, CAF | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | The scenarios indicated that shifts in the distribution of tropical forest life zones are likely to occur as a result of climatic changes. High elevation life zones were shown to be more sensitive to changes in temperature, while lower elevation life zone | | |
| Predicting biodiversity change and averting collapse in agricultural landscapes | Nature | Mendenhall, Chase D.; Karp, Daniel S.; Meyer, Christoph F. J.; Hadly, Elizabeth A.; Daily, Gretchen C. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Predicting Global Patterns in Mangrove Forest Biomass | Conservation Letters | Hutchison, James; Manica, Andrea; Swetnam, Ruth; Balmford, Andrew; Spalding, Mark | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Predicting Habitat Response To Flow Using Generalized Habitat Models For Trout In Rocky Mountain Streams | River Research And Applications | Wilding, T. K.; Bledsoe, B.; Poff, N. L.; Sanderson, J. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Predicting Invasive Plants in Florida using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. | Invasive Plant Science and Management | Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Predicting land use change: comparison of models based on landowner surveys and historical land cover trends | Landscape Ecology | Pocewicz, Amy; Nielsen-Pincus, Max; Goldberg, Caren S.; Johnson, Melanie H.; Morgan, Penelope; Force, Jo Ellen; Waits, Lisette P.; Vierling, Lee | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | To make informed planning decisions, community leaders, elected officials, scientists, and natural resource managers must be able to evaluate potential effects of policies on land use change. Many land use change models use remotely-sensed images | | |
| Predicting Leptodactylus (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae) distributions: Broad-ranging versus patchily distributed species using a presence-only environmental niche modeling technique | South American Journal of Herpetology | Fernˆndez, M., D. Cole, W. R. Heyer, S. Reichle, and R. O. de Sˆ | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Locality data available for many, if not most, species of Neotropical frogs are based on written descriptions of the collecting sites, not on GPS device determined coordinate data. The pre-GPS device data are imprecise relative to GPS data. Nich | | |
| Predicting presence-absence of the endangered golden-cheeked warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia) | The Southwestern Naturalist | DeBoer, T. S., and D. D. Diamond | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | The golden-cheeked warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia) is a federally endangered, Neotropical migrant songbird that breeds exclusively in central Texas. Previous studies have identified habitat characteristics associated with the warbler, but a predi | | |
| Predicting road culvert passability for migratory fishes | Diversity and Distributions | Januchowski-Hartley, Stephanie R.; Diebel, Matthew; Doran, Patrick J.; McIntyre, Peter B. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Predicting spread of aquatic invasive species by lake currents | JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH | Beletsky, Dmitry; Beletsky, Raisa; Rutherford, Edward S.; Sieracki, Jennifer L.; Bossenbroek, Jonathan M.; Chadderton, W. Lindsay; Wittmann, Marion E.; Annis, Gust M.; Lodge, David M. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Predictions of ecological and social implications of alternative residential development policies to inform decision making in a rural landscape | Conservation Letters | Goldberg, Caren S., A. Pocewicz, M. Nielsen-Pincus, L.P. Waits, P. Morgan, J.E. Force, and L.A. Vierling | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Predictors of species richness in northwest Florida longleaf pine sandhills | Conservation Biology | Provencher, L; Litt, AR; Gordon, DR | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Soil characteristics, disturbance histories, and species richness among distinct groups of plants and animals may be useful predictors of important conservation areas when data are limited. We used multivariate analysis of covariance to test the | | |
| Preferences of Wyoming residents for siting of energy and residential development | Applied Geography | Pocewicz, A., M. Nielsen-Pincus | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Preliminary prairie restoration study finds Sethoxydim reduces exotics without harming natives (Washington) | Ecological Restoration | Dunwiddie, P.W. and E. Delvin | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | English. Espa’±ol. Fran’_ais. ¿_ªÜ¿_¿±¿åª_¿©. _Ù___ö. _¾‹Û‹‹___Ù__. agris. About: How it works; AGRIScenters; For contributors; Acceptable use policy. Feedback: Search help. Translate withTranslator. This translation tool is powered by Google. AGRIS ... | | |
| Preliminary Response Of Sandhills Prairie To Fire And Bison Grazing | Journal Of Range Management | Pfeiffer, Ke; Steuter, Aa | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | This research determined the preliminary response of sandhills prairie to spring and summer prescribed burns, and their interaction with bison (Bison bison) grazing. Changes in species composition and standing crop were determined for paired (caged/uncage | | |
| Preparing for the future: teaching scenario planning at the graduate level | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Biggs, Reinette; Diebel, Matthew W.; Gilroy, David; Kamarainen, Amy M.; Kornis, Matthew S.; Preston, Nicholas D.; Schmitz, Jennifer E.; Uejio, Christopher K.; Van De Bogert, Matthew C.; Weidel, Brian C.; West, Paul C.; Zaks, David P. M.; Carpenter, Stephe | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Preparing to manage coral reefs for ocean acidification: lessons from coral bleaching | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Mcleod, Elizabeth; Anthony, Kenneth R. N.; Andersson, Andreas; Beeden, Roger; Golbuu, Yimnang; Kleypas, Joanie; Kroeker, Kristy; Manzello, Derek; Salm, Rod V.; Schuttenberg, Heidi; Smith, Jennifer E. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Prescribed fire effects on the herbaceous layer of mixed-oak forests | Canadian Journal of Forest Research | Hutchinson, TF; Boerner, REJ; Sutherland, S; Sutherland, EK; Ortt, M; Iverson, LR | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | In 1994, a multidisciplinary project was established to study the effects of prescribed fire on oak forests in southern Ohio. Here we describe the herbaceous layer response to fires over a 5-year period. In four study sites, treatments imposed were unburn | | |
| Prescribing flood regimes to sustain riparian ecosystems along meandering rivers | Conservation Biology | Richter, BD; Richter, HE | 2000 | 2017/12/14 | The composition and structure of native riverine ecosystems are tightly linked to natural hydrologic variability. By managing river flows for water supplies and power generation, water management agencies have inadvertently caused considerable | | |
| Presence and management of the invasive plant Gypsophila paniculata (baby's breath) on sand dunes alters arthropod abundance and community structure | Biological Conservation | Emery, S.M., and P.J. Doran | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Principles and Practice of Ecosystem-Based Management: A Guide for Conservation Practitioners in the Tropical Western Pacific | | Clarke, P., S. Jupiter (and with contributions from J. Wilson, C. Rotinsulu and others) | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Prioritising in situ conservation of crop resources: A case study of African cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) | Scientific Reports | Moray, C.; Game, E. T.; Maxted, N. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Prioritization for Cloud Forest Conservation in Mexico | ECOSISTEMAS | Ochoa-Ochoa, L. M.; Mejia-Dominguez, N. R.; Bezaury-Creel, J. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Prioritization of knowledge-needs to achieve best practices for bottom trawling in relation to seabed habitats | FISH AND FISHERIES | Kaiser, Michel J.; Hilborn, Ray; Jennings, Simon; Amaroso, Ricky; Andersen, Michael; Balliet, Kris; Barratt, Eric; Bergstad, Odd A.; Bishop, Stephen; Bostrom, Jodi L.; Boyd, Catherine; Bruce, Eduardo A.; Burden, Merrick; Carey, Chris; Clermont, Jason; Collie, Jeremy S.; Delahunty, Antony; Dixon, Jacqui; Eayrs, Steve; Edwards, Nigel; Fujita, Rod; Gauvin, John; Gleason, Mary; Harris, Brad; He, Pingguo; Hiddink, Jan G.; Hughes, Kathryn M.; Inostroza, Mario; Kenny, Andrew; Kritzer, Jake; Kuntzsch, Volker; Lasta, Mario; Lopez, Ivan; Loveridge, Craig; Lynch, Don; Masters, Jim; Mazor, Tessa; McConnaughey, Robert A.; Moenne, Marcel; Francis; Nimick, Aileen M.; Olsen, Alex; Parker, David; Parma, Ana; Penney, Christine; Pierce, David; Pitcher, Roland; Pol, Michael; Richardson, Ed; Rijnsdorp, Adriaan D.; Rilatt, Simon; Rodmell, Dale P.; Rose, Craig; Sethi, Suresh A.; Short, Katherine; Suuronen, Petri; Taylor, Erin; Wallace, Scott; Webb, Lisa; Wickham, Eric; Wilding, Sam R.; Wilson, Ashley; Winger, Paul; Sutherland, William J. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Prioritizing Key Resilience Indicators to Support Coral Reef Management in a Changing Climate | PLoS ONE | McClanahan, Tim R.; Donner, Simon D.; Maynard, Jeffrey A.; MacNeil, M. Aaron; Graham, Nicholas A. J.; Maina, Joseph; Baker, Andrew C.; Alemu, Jahson B. I.; Beger, Maria; Campbell, Stuart J.; Darling, Emily S.; Eakin, C. Mark; Heron, Scott F.; Jupiter, Sta | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Prioritizing Land and Sea Conservation Investments to Protect Coral Reefs | PLoS ONE | Klein, Carissa J.; Ban, Natalie C.; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Beger, Maria; Game, Edward T.; Grantham, Hedley S.; Green, Alison; Klein, Travis J.; Kininmonth, Stuart; Treml, Eric; Wilson, Kerrie; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Prioritizing land management efforts at a landscape scale: a case study using prescribed fire in Wisconsin | ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS | Hmielowski, Tracy L.; Carter, Sarah K.; Spaul, Hannah; Helmers, David; Radeloff, Volker C.; Zedler, Paul | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | One challenge in the effort to conserve biodiversity is identifying where to prioritize resources for active land management. CostÐbenefit analyses have been used successfully as a conservation tool to identify sites that provide the greatest conservation benefit per unit cost. Our goal was to apply costÐbenefit analysis to the question of how to prioritize land management efforts, in our case the application of prescribed fire to natural landscapes in Wisconsin, USA. We quantified and mapped frequently burned communities and prioritized management units based on a suite of indices that captured ecological benefits, management effort, and the feasibility of successful long-term management actions. Data for these indices came from LANDFIRE, Wisconsin's Wildlife Action Plan, and a nationwide wildlandÐurban interface assessment. We found that the majority of frequently burned vegetation types occurred in the southern portion of the state. However, the highest priority areas for applying prescribed fire occurred in the central, northwest, and northeast portion of the state where frequently burned vegetation patches were larger and where identified areas of high biological importance area occurred. Although our focus was on the use of prescribed fire in Wisconsin, our methods can be adapted to prioritize other land management activities. Such prioritization is necessary to achieve the greatest possible benefits from limited funding for land management actions, and our results show that it is feasible at scales that are relevant for land management decisions. | | |
| Prioritizing locations for implementing agricultural best management practices in a Midwestern watershed | Journal of Soil and Water Conservation | Legge, J., P.J. Doran, M. Herbert, J. Asher, G. OêNeil, S. Mysorekar, S. Sowa and K. Hall | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Prioritizing Restoration in Fire-Adapted Forest Ecosystems | Mapping Forestry | Zanger, C., Waltz, A | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Priority areas for amphibian conservation in a neotropical megadiverse country: the need for alternative, non place based, conservation | Biodiversity And Conservation | Embert, Dirk; Reichle, Steffen; Larrea-Alcazar, Daniel M.; Cortez, Claudia; Munoz, Arturo; Gonzales, Lucindo; Montano, Rossy; Aguayo, Rodrigo; Domic, Enrique; Padial, Jose M.; Maldonado, Mayra; Caballero, Patricia; Guerrero, Marcelo | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Private protected areas in Australia: current status and future directions | NATURE CONSERVATION-BULGARIA | Fitzsimons, James A. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Proactive Conservation Management of an Island-endemic Bird Species in the Face of Global Change | BioScience | Morrison, Scott A.; Sillett, T. Scott; Ghalambor, Cameron K.; Fitzpatrick, John W.; Graber, David M.; Bakker, Victoria J.; Bowman, Reed; Collins, Charles T.; Collins, Paul W.; Delaney, Kathleen Semple; Doak, Daniel F.; Koenig, Walter D.; Laughrin, Lyndal; | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Process, Policy, and Implementation of Pool-Wide Drawdowns on the Upper Mississippi River: A Promising Approach for Ecological Restoration of Large Impounded Rivers | RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS | Kenow, K. P.; Benjamin, G. L.; Schlagenhaft, T. W.; Nissen, R. A.; Stefanski, M.; Wege, G. J.; Jutila, S. A.; Newton, T. J. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Productivity and fishing pressure drive variability in fish parasite assemblages of the Line Islands, equatorial Pacific | ECOLOGY | Wood, Chelsea L.; Baum, Julia K.; Reddy, Sheila M. W.; Trebilco, Rowan; Sandin, Stuart A.; Zgliczynski, Brian J.; Briggs, Amy A.; Micheli, Fiorenza | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Variability in primary productivity and fishing pressure can shape the abundance, species composition, and diversity of marine life. Though parasites comprise nearly half of marine species, their responses to these important forces remain little explored. We quantified parasite assemblages at two spatial scales, across a gradient in productivity and fishing pressure that spans six coral islands of the Line Islands archipelago and within the largest Line Island, Kiritimati, which experiences a west-to-east gradient in fishing pressure and upwelling-driven productivity. In the across-islands data set, we found that increasing productivity was correlated with increased parasite abundance overall, but that the effects of productivity differed among parasite groups. Trophically transmitted parasites increased in abundance with increasing productivity, but directly transmitted parasites did not exhibit significant changes. This probably arises because productivity has stronger effects on the abundance of the planktonic crustaceans and herbivorous snails that serve as the intermediate hosts of trophically transmitted parasites than on the higher-trophic level fishes that are the sole hosts of directly transmitted parasites. We also found that specialist parasites increased in response to increasing productivity, while generalists did not, possibly because specialist parasites tend to be more strongly limited by host availability than are generalist parasites. After the effect of productivity was controlled for, fishing was correlated with decreases in the abundance of trophically transmitted parasites, while directly transmitted parasites appeared to track host density; we observed increases in the abundance of parasites using hosts that experienced fishing-driven compensatory increases in abundance. The within-island data set confirmed these patterns for the combined effects of productivity and fishing on parasite abundance, suggesting that our conclusions are robust across a span of spatial scales. Overall, these results indicate that there are strong and variable effects of anthropogenic and natural drivers on parasite abundance and taxonomic richness. These effects are likely to be mediated by parasite traits, particularly by parasite transmission strategies. | | |
| Progress and challenges in freshwater conservation planning | Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems | Nel, Jeanne L.; Roux, Dirk J.; Abell, Robin; Ashton, Peter J.; Cowling, Richard M.; Higgins, Jonathan V.; Thieme, Michele; Viers, Joshua H. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Progress and pitfalls in developing policies for reducing risks of introductions of exotic forest insects and pathogens | Phytopathology | Campbell, F. T. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Project Piaba - Maintenance and sustainable development of ornamental fishes in the Rio Negro Basin, Amazonas, Brazil | | Chao, N. L.; G. Prang and P. Petry | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Projected climate-driven faunal movement routes | Ecology Letters | Lawler, J. J.; Ruesch, A. S.; Olden, J. D.; McRae, B. H. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Projected climate-induced faunal change in the Western Hemisphere | Ecology | Lawler, Joshua J.; Shafer, Sarah L.; White, Denis; Kareiva, Peter; Maurer, Edwin P.; Blaustein, Andrew R.; Bartlein, Patrick J. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Projected Future Vegetation Changes for the Northwest United States and Southwest Canada at a Fine Spatial Resolution Using a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model | PLOS ONE | Shafer, Sarah L.; Bartlein, Patrick J.; Gray, Elizabeth M.; Pelltier, Richard T. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Projecting transition probabilities for regular public roads at the ecoregion scale: A Northern Appalachian/Acadian case study | Landscape and Urban Planning | Baldwin, Robert F.; Trombulak, Stephen C.; Anderson, Mark G.; Woolmer, Gillian | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Existing roads have far-reaching effects on biodiversity, and therefore road network expansion is of critical concern to conservation planning. Road density trend analysis is often too coarse and assumes homogeneous landscapes, whereas spatial transition | | |
| Property Rights for Fishing Cooperatives: How (and How Well) Do They Work? | WORLD BANK ECONOMIC REVIEW | Aburto-Oropeza, Octavio; Leslie, Heather M.; Mack-Crane, Austen; Nagavarapu, Sriniketh; Reddy, Sheila M. W.; Sievanen, Leila | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Prosiding Konperensi Nasional III Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan Indonesia (Proceedings of Third National Coastal Conference) | Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), Bogor | Bengen, D.G., I W. Arthana, I.M. Dutton, A. Tahir and Burhanuddin (Eds.) | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Prospects for monitoring freshwater ecosystems towards the 2010 targets | Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society B-Biological Sciences | Revenga, C; Campbell, I; Abell, R; de Villiers, P; Bryer, M | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Human activities have severely affected the condition of freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Physical alteration, habitat loss, water withdrawal, pollution, overexploitation and the introduction of non-native species all contribute to the decline in | | |
| Prospects for recovering endemic fishes pursuant to the US Endangered Species Act | Fisheries | Williams, JE; Macdonald, CA; Williams, CD; Weeks, H; Lampman, G; Sada, DW | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | If the success of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) is measured by the number of endangered species that have been recovered and delisted, then the act is not very successful. Only 15 species have been delisted because of recovery in the history o | | |
| Protected areas and climate change | Advances in Applied Biological Science | L. Hannah and R. Salm | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Protected areas and freshwater conservation: A survey of protected area managers in the Tennessee and Cumberland River Basins, USA | Journal Of Environmental Management | Thieme, M. L.; Rudulph, J.; Higgins, J.; Takats, J. A. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Protecting Biodiversity when Money Matters: Maximizing Return on Investment | PLoS ONE | Underwood, Emma C.; Shaw, M. Rebecca; Wilson, Kerrie A.; Kareiva, Peter; Klausmeyer, Kirk R.; McBride, Marissa F.; Bode, Michael; Morrison, Scott A.; Hoekstra, Jonathan M.; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Background Conventional wisdom identifies biodiversity hotspots as priorities for conservation investment because they capture dense concentrations of species. However, density of species does not necessarily imply conservation 'efficiency'. Here we expli | | |
| Protecting Chinaês biodiversity: A guide to land use, land tenure and land protection tools | | Kram, M. C. Bedford, M. Durnin, Y. Luo, K. Rokpelnis, B. Roth, N. Smith, Y. Wang, G. Yu, Q. Yu, and X. Zhao | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Protecting Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems: Gaps and Opportunities | | Allison Aldous and Leslie Bach | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Protecting Important Sites for Biodiversity Contributes to Meeting Global Conservation Targets | PLoS ONE | Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Scharlemann, Joern P. W.; Evans, Mike I.; Quader, Suhel; Arico, Salvatore; Arinaitwe, Julius; Balman, Mark; Bennun, Leon A.; Bertzky, Bastian; Besancon, Charles; Boucher, Timothy M.; Brooks, Thomas M.; Burfield, Ian J.; Burgess, Ne | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Protecting Marine Spaces: global targets and changing approaches. | Ocean Yearbook | Spalding, M.D., I. Meliane, A. Milam, C. Fitzgerald, L.Z. Hale | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | Threats to the marine environment are complex, multiple, and often overlapping or synergistic. Mitigating these threats, likewise, is not simple, but rather relies on multiple management approaches, ranging from controls on fishing, sand and gravel extraction, energy development, shipping, and waste water disposal, to active interventions such as restoration and re-stocking, through to managing ex situ threats by managing human activities in adjacent watersheds. Among this array of approaches, one of the key tools for conservation has been marine protected areas. | | |
| Protecting red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees predisposed to fire-induced mortality | Journal of Wildlife Management | Williams, Brett W.; Moser, E. Barry; Hiers, J. Kevin; Gault, Kathy; Thurber, Dale K. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Reducing fire-induced mortality of cavity trees used by red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) is a challenge and concern in managing this federally endangered species. Prior to the 2001 burning season, 814 active and inactive longleaf pine | | |
| Protecting the biodiversity of grasslands grazed by livestock in California | | Reiner, RJ | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, ranching | |
| Protection and Restoration of Freshwater Ecosystems | | Brian D. Richter, Emily Maynard Powell, Tyler Lystash, Michelle Faggert | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | Chapter 5 |
| Protocols for Argentine ant eradication in conservation areas | JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY | Boser, C. L.; Hanna, C.; Holway, D. A.; Faulkner, K. R.; Naughton, I.; Merrill, K.; Randall, J. M.; Cory, C.; Choe, D. -H.; Morrison, S. A. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Public Perceptions of Aquaculture: Evaluating Spatiotemporal Patterns of Sentiment around the World | PLOS ONE | Froehlich, Halley E.; Gentry, Rebecca R.; Rust, Michael B.; Grimm, Dietmar; Halpern, Benjamin S. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Purity and prejudice: deluding ourselves about biodiversity conservation | Biotropica | Sheil, D., and E. Meijaard | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Purpose, History, and Importance of the Student Angle | Fisheries | Carlson, Andrew K.; Fischer, Jesse R.; Pierce, Landon L.; Dembkowski, Dan J.; Colvin, Michael E.; Kerns, Janice A.; Fore, Jeffrey D. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Putting biodiversity and ecosystem services into urban planning and conservation | | McDonald, R.I. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | Okon, UK |
| Putting orang-utan population trends into perspective | Current Biology | Meijaard, E and S Wich | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Is it true that Š—“the orang-utan could be virtually extinct within five yearsŠ—, as reported by [1] in a recent issue of Current Biology? The dire conservation status of this ape warrants a sense of urgency [2], but we would like to present a more balan | | |
| Pyric herbivory: Rewilding landscapes through the recoupling of fire and grazing | Conservation Biology | Fuhlendorf, S. D., D. M. Engle, K. J, and R. G. Hamilton | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Our understanding of fire and grazing is largely based on small-scale experimental studies in which treatments are uniformly applied to experimental units that are considered homogenous. Any discussion of an interaction between fire and grazing | agriculture, ranching | |
| QnAs with Peter M. Kareiva | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Nair, Prashant; Kareiva, Peter M. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Quantification of climate change implications for water-based management: A case study of oyster suitability sites occurrence model along the Kenya coast | JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS | Aura, Christopher Mulanda; Musa, Safina; Osore, Melckzedeck K.; Kimani, Edward; Alati, Victor Mwakha; Wambiji, Nina; Maina, George W.; Charo-Karisa, Harrison | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Quantifying activated floodplains on a lowland regulated river: its application to floodplain restoration in the Sacramento Valley | San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science | Williams, P. B., E. Andrews, J. J. Opperman, S. Bozkurt, and P. B. Moyle | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Quantifying and sustaining biodiversity in tropical agricultural landscapes | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Mendenhall, Chase D.; Shields-Estrada, Analisa; Krishnaswami, Arjun J.; Daily, Gretchen C. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Decision-makers increasingly seek scientific guidance on investing in nature, but biodiversity remains difficult to estimate across diverse landscapes. Here, we develop empirically based models for quantifying biodiversity across space. We focus on agricultural lands in the tropical forest biome, wherein lies the greatest potential to conserve or lose biodiversity. We explore two questions, drawing from empirical research oriented toward pioneering policies in Costa Rica. First, can remotely sensed tree cover serve as a reliable basis for improved estimation of biodiversity, from plots to regions? Second, how does tropical biodiversity change across the land-use gradient from native forest to deforested cropland and pasture? We report on understory plants, nonflying mammals, bats, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Using data from 67,737 observations of 908 species, we test how tree cover influences biodiversity across space. First, we find that fine-scale mapping of tree cover predicts biodiversity within a taxon-specific radius (of 30–70 m) about a point in the landscape. Second, nearly 50% of the tree cover in our study region is embedded in countryside forest elements, small (typically 0.05–100 ha) clusters or strips of trees on private property. Third, most species use multiple habitat types, including crop fields and pastures (to which 15% of species are restricted), although some taxa depend on forest (57% of species are restricted to forest elements). Our findings are supported by comparisons of 90 studies across Latin America. They provide a basis for a planning tool that guides investments in tropical forest biodiversity similar to those for securing ecosystem services. | conservation science; countryside biogeography; ecosystem services; extintions; species-area; relationship; agriculture | |
| Quantifying Bufo boreas connectivity in Yellowstone National Park with landscape genetics | Ecology | Murphy, Melanie A.; Evans, Jeffrey S.; Storfer, Andrew | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Quantifying Eradication Success: the Removal of Feral Pigs from Santa Cruz Island, California | Conservation Biology | Ramsey, David S. L.; Parkes, John; Morrison, Scott A. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Quantifying flooding regime in floodplain forests to guide river restoration | Elementa | Marks, C.O., K. H. Nislow, and F. J. Magilligan | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Quantifying habitat complexity in aquatic ecosystems | Freshwater Biology | Shumway, CA, HA Hofmann, and AP Dobberfuhl | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | SUMMARY 1. Many aquatic studies have attempted to relate biological features, such as species diversity, abundance, brain size and behaviour, to measures of habitat complexity. Previous measures of habitat complexity have ranged from simple, habitat-speci | | |
| Quantifying livestock effects on bunchgrass vegetation with Landsat ETM plus data across a single growing season | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING | Jansen, Vincent S.; Kolden, Crystal A.; Taylor, Robert V.; Newingham, Beth A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Quantifying Oyster Reef Loss And Functionality At Estuarine And Ecoregional Scales: Towards Quantitative Goals For Restoration In The Us | Journal of Shellfish Research | Ermgassen, Philine Zu; Brumbaugh, Robert; Spalding, Mark | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Quantifying the effects of habitat loss on marine diversity | Biologia marina mediterranea | L Airoldi, D Balata, MW Beck | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Quantifying the historic contribution of Olympia oysters to filtration in Pacific Coast (USA) estuaries and the implications for restoration objectives | Aquatic Ecology | Ermgassen, P. S. E. Zu; Gray, M. W.; Langdon, C. J.; Spalding, M. D.; Brumbaugh, R. D. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Quantifying the Loss of a Marine Ecosystem Service: Filtration by the Eastern Oyster in US Estuaries | Estuaries And Coasts | Ermgassen, Philine S. E. Zu; Spalding, Mark D.; Grizzle, Raymond E.; Brumbaugh, Robert D. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Quantifying the Spatial Ecology of Wide-Ranging Marine Species in the Gulf of California: Implications for Marine Conservation Planning | PLoS ONE | Daniel Anadon, Jose; D'Agrosa, Caterina; Gondor, Anne; Gerber, Leah R. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Quantifying Tropical Dry Forest Type and Succession: Substantial Improvement with LiDAR | Biotropica | Martinuzzi, Sebastian; Gould, William A.; Vierling, Lee A.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Nelson, Ross F.; Evans, Jeffrey S. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Quantitative estimate of commercial fish enhancement by seagrass habitat in souther Australia | Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science | Blandon, A. and P.S.E. zu Ermgassen | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Quantitative threat analysis for management of an imperiled species: Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) | Ecological Applications | Hoekstra, Jonathan M.; Bartz, Krista K.; Ruckelshaus, Mary H.; Moslemi, Jenniffr M.; Harms, Tamara K. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have declined dramatically across the Pacific Northwest because of multiple human impacts colloquially characterized as the four Š—“H'sŠ—: habitat degradation, harvest, hydroelectric and other dams, and hatchery | | |
| Quenching Urban Thirst: Growing Cities and their Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystems | BioScience | FitzHugh T.W., B.D. Richter | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | The development of water resources to satisfy urban water needs has had serious impacts on freshwater ecosystem integrity and on valuable ecosystem services, but positive trends are emerging that point the way toward a solution. We demonstrate th | | |
| Rails following snakes: Predator-response behaviour, potential prey, prey-flushing or curiosity? Australian Field Ornithology | | Cutten, D., G. Goodyear, T. Tarrant, J. Fitzsimons, and G. Palmer | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Range extension and status update for the Oklahoma cave crayfish, Cambarus tartarus (Decapoda : Cambaridae) | Southwestern Naturalist | Graening, GO; Fenolio, DB; Hobbs, HH; Jones, S; Slay, ME; McGinnis, SR; Stout, JF | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Range extension and status update of the endangered hell creek cave crayfish, Cambarus zophonastes (Decapoda : Cambaridae) | Southwestern Naturalist | Graening, G. O.; Koppelman, Jeffrey B.; Wagner, Brian K.; Slay, Michael E.; Brickey, Charles L. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | The range of the endangered Hell Creek Cave crayfish (Cambarus zophonastes) is expanded to include a second population, determined by genetic analyses. This crayfish is still restricted to Stone County, Arkansas, and is known from only 14 individ | | |
| Range-wide analysis of eastern massasauga survivorship | Journal of Wildlife Management | Jones, Peter C.; King, Richard B.; Bailey, Robyn L.; Bieser, Nickolas D.; Bissell, Kristin; Campa, Henry, III; Crabill, Trisha; Cross, Matthew D.; Degregorio, Brett A.; Dreslik, Michael J.; Durbian, Francis E.; Harvey, Daniel S.; Hecht, Scott E.; Jellen, | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. II. Use of Land Cover Types and Altitudes | International Journal Of Primatology | Li, Dayong; Grueter, Cyril C.; Ren, Baoping; Long, Yongcheng; Li, Ming; Peng, Zhengsong; Wei, Fuwen | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Rank Clocks And Plant Community Dynamics | Ecology | Collins, Scott L.; Suding, Katharine N.; Cleland, Elsa E.; Batty, Michael; Pennings, Steven C.; Gross, Katherine L.; Grace, James B.; Gough, Laura; Fargione, Joe E.; Clark, Christopher M. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| RAPD analysis of the last population of a likely Florida Keys endemic cactus | Florida Scientist | Gordon, D.R. and T.L. Kubisiak | 1998 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Rapid assessment of plant and animal vulnerability to climate change | | Young, B.E, K.R. Hall, E. Byers, K. Gravuer, G. Hammerson, A. Redder, and K. Szabo | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | Chapter 7 |
| Rapid change in mouse mitochondrial DNA | Nature | Pergams, ORW; Barnes, WM; Nyberg, D | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Rapid eradication of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) from Santa Cruz Island, California | Biological Conservation | Parkes, John P.; Ramsey, David S. L.; Macdonald, Norman; Walker, Kelvin; McKnight, Sean; Cohen, Brian S.; Morrison, Scott A. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| RAPID REPRODUCTIVE ANALYSIS AND LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONS FOR FIVE SPECIES OF CORAL-REEF FISHES (ACTINOPTERYGII) FROM PAPUA NEW GUINEA: NEMIPTERUS ISACANTHUS, PARUPENEUS BARBERINUS, KYPHOSUS CINERASCENS, CTENOCHAETUS STRIATUS (PERCIFORMES), AND BALISTAPUS UNDULATUS (TETRAODONTIFORMES) | ACTA ICHTHYOLOGICA ET PISCATORIA | Longenecker, Ken; Langston, Ross; Bolick, Holly; Crane, Matthew; Donaldson, Terry J.; Franklin, Erik C.; Kelokelo, Mildred; Kondio, Utula; Potuku, Tapas | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Rare forest types in northeastern Ontario: a classifi- cation and analysis of representation in protected areas | Canadian Journal Forest Research | Drever, C.R., Snider, J., Drever, M.C. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Rare Plants of Canaan Valley, West Virginia | SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST | Bartgis, Rodney L.; Byers, Elizabeth A.; Fortney, Ronald H.; Grafton, William; Berdine, M. Ashton | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Re-Thinking Environmental Flows: From Allocations And Reserves To Sustainability Boundaries | River Research And Applications | Richter, Brian D. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Real-world progress in overcoming the challenges of adaptive spatial planning in marine protected areas | Biological Conservation | Mills, Morena; Weeks, Rebecca; Pressey, Robert L.; Gleason, Mary G.; Eisma-Osorio, Rose-Liza; Lombard, Amanda T.; Harris, Jean M.; Killmer, Annette B.; White, Alan; Morrison, Tiffany H. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Recaptures of second year brown- headed cowbirds at Fort Hood, Texas | North American Bird Bander | Norman, G. L., R. M. Kostecke, and S. G. Summers | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Recasting shortfalls of marine protected areas as opportunities through adaptive management | Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems | Ban, Natalie C.; Cinner, Joshua E.; Adams, Vanessa M.; Mills, Morena; Almany, Glenn R.; Ban, Stephen S.; Mccook, Laurence J.; White, Alan | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Recent forest cover type transitions and landscape structure changes in northeast Minnesota | Landscape Ecology | Wolter, P.T., and M. A. White | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Recommendations for Improving Recovery Criteria under the US Endangered Species Act | BioScience | Doak, Daniel F.; Boor, Gina K. Himes; Bakker, Victoria J.; Morris, William F.; Louthan, Allison; Morrison, Scott A.; Stanley, Amanda; Crowder, Larry B. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reconstruction Of Pleistocene Southeast Asian Environments Through Megafauna Community Analysis | Journal Of Vertebrate Paleontology | Louys, Julien; Meijaard, Erik | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Records for Carex rostrata (Cyperaceae) in New England | Rhodora | Haines, A | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | American authors. Fernald (1950) and Seymour (1982) provided infraspecific names for these taxa; however, the characters used in these and other treatments were inadequate to distinguish some material. As a result, many New England collections were identi | | |
| Recovery in rubble fields: long term impacts of blast fishing. | Marine Pollution Bulletin | Fox, H.E., Pet, J.S., Dahuri, R., Caldwell, R.L. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Recovery of imperiled species under the Endangered Species Act: the need for a new approach | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Scott, JM; Goble, DD; Wiens, JA; Wilcove, DS; Bean, M; Male, T | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | The recovery (delisting) of a threatened or endangered species is often accompanied by the expectation that conservation management of the species will no longer be necessary. However, the magnitude and pace of human impacts on the environment make it unl | | |
| Recruitment dynamics and first year growth of the coral reef surgeonfish Ctenochaetus striatus, with implications for acanthurid growth models | Coral Reefs | Trip, Elizabeth D. L.; Craig, Peter; Green, Alison; Choat, J. Howard | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Redesigning biodiversity conservation projects for climate change: examples from the field | Biodiversity And Conservation | Poiani, Karen A.; Goldman, Rebecca L.; Hobson, Jennifer; Hoekstra, Jonathan M.; Nelson, Kara S. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Rediscovery And Status Of A Disjunct Population Of Breeding Yellow Rails In Southern Oregon | Condor | Stern, Ma; Morawski, Jf; Rosenberg, Ga | 1993 | 2017/12/14 | METHODS Based on discussions with birders and a review of recent literature, we compiled a list of seven sites where Yellow Rails had been heard in the WRV in Klamath County, Oregon since 1982. We found additional sites with suitable habitat by searching | | |
| Reducing cowbird parasitism with minimal-effort shooting: A pilot study | Southwestern Naturalist | Summers, Scott G.; Stake, Mike M.; Eckrich, Gilbert H.; Kostecke, Richard M.; Cimprich, David A. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Overall, trapping of brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) on Fort Hood, Texas, has reduced parasitism on black-capped vireos (Vireo atricapilla). However, parasitism remained high (92.0% in 1999) on a disjunct, 20-ha patch of habitat. As an alt | | |
| Reducing cultivation risk for at-risk species: Predicting outcomes of conservation easements for sage-grouse | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Smith, J. T.; Evans, J. S.; Martin, B. H.; Baruch-Mordo, S.; Kiesecker, J. M.; Naugle, D. E. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Conversion of native habitats to cropland is a leading cause of biodiversity loss. The northeastern extent of the sagebrush (Artemisia L.) ecosystem of western North America has experienced accelerated rates of cropland conversion resulting in many declining shrubland species including greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Here we present point-process models to elucidate the magnitude and spatial scale of cropland effects on sage-grouse lek occurrence in eastern Montana, northeastern Wyoming, North Dakota and South Dakota. We also use a non-parametric, probabilistic crop suitability model to simulate future cropland expansion and estimate impacts to sage-grouse. We found cropland effects manifest at a spatial scale of 32.2 km2 and a 10 percentage point increase in cropland is associated with a 51% reduction in lek density. Our crop suitability model and stochastic cropland build-outs indicate 5_7% of the remaining population in the US portion of sage-grouse Management Zone I is vulnerable to future cropland conversion under a severe scenario where cropland area expands by 50%. Using metrics of biological value, risk of conversion, and acquisition cost to rank parcels, we found that a US $100 M investment in easements could reduce potential losses by about 80%, leaving just over 1% of the population in the study are vulnerable to cropland expansion. Clustering conservation easements into high-risk landscapes by incorporating landscape-scale vulnerability to conversion into the targeting scheme substantially improved conservation outcomes. | | |
| Reducing current and future risks: Using climate change scenarios to test an agricultural conservation framework | Journal of Great Lakes Research | Hall, Kimberly R.; Herbert, Matthew E.; Sowa, Scott P.; Mysorekar, Sagar; Woznicki, Sean A.; Nejadhashemi, Pouyan A.; Wang, Lizhu | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Evaluating the potential effects of changes in climate on conservation practices can help inform strategies to protect freshwater biodiversity that are robust, even as conditions change. Here we apply a climate change “test” to a framework for estimating the amount of agricultural conservation practices needed to achieve desired fish conservation outcomes for four watersheds in the Saginaw Bay region of Michigan, USA. We developed three climate scenarios from global climate model outputs (high emissions scenario, “2080s” timeframe) to provide insight on potential impacts of a climate driver that represents a key uncertainty for this management system, the amount and timing of spring and summer precipitation. These scenarios were used as inputs to agricultural watershed models, which produced water quality outputs that we compared to thresholds in fish biodiversity metrics at the subwatershed scale. Our results suggest that impacts of climate change on evaporation rates and other aspects of hydrology will shift the relative importance of key stressors for fish (i.e., sediment loadings vs. nutrient concentrations) across these different watersheds, highlighting the need to design resilient implementation plans and policies. Overall, we found that changes in climate are likely to increase the need for agricultural conservation practices, but that increasing the implementation rate above current levels will likely remain a good investment under current and future climate conditions. | climate adaptation; climate change; Great Lakes; fish; conservation outcomes; agricultural impacts; nutrient loading; agriculture | |
| Reductions in abscisic acid are linked with viviparous reproduction in mangroves | American Journal of Botany | Farnsworth, EJ; Farrant, JM | 1998 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reef Fish Survey Techniques: Assessing the Potential for Standardizing Methodologies | PLOS ONE | Caldwell, Zachary R.; Zgliczynski, Brian J.; Williams, Gareth J.; Sandin, Stuart A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reef shark declines in remote atolls highlight the need for multi-faceted conservation action | Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems | Graham, Nicholas A. J.; Spalding, Mark D.; Sheppard, Charles R. C. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reefs at Risk Revisited | | Burke, L., K. Reytar, M. Spalding, and A.L. Perry | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Refined bomb radiocarbon dating of two iconic fishes of the Great Barrier Reef | Marine and Freshwater Research | Andrews, A.H., A.H., Choat, J.H.,¾Hamilton, R.J.¾and DeMartini, E.D | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Refining species distribution model outputs using landscape-scale habitat data: Forecasting grass carp and Hydrilla establishment in the Great Lakes region | JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH | Wittmann, Marion E.; Annis, Gust; Kramer, Andrew M.; Mason, Lacey; Riseng, Catherine; Rutherford, Edward S.; Chadderton, William L.; Beletsky, Dmitry; Drake, John M.; Lodge, David M. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reforestation as a novel abatement and compliance measure for ground-level ozone | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Kroeger, Timm; Escobedo, Francisco J.; Hernandez, Jose L.; Varela, Sebastian; Delphin, Sonia; Fisher, Jonathan R. B.; Waldron, Janice | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reforms required to the Australian tax system to improve biodiversity conservation on private land | ENVIRONMENTAL AND PLANNING LAW JOURNAL | Smith, Fiona; Smillie, Kate; Fitzsimons, James; Lindsay, Bruce; Wells, Gary; Marles, Victoria; Hutchinson, Jane; O'Hara, Ben; Perrigo, Tom; Atkinson, Ian | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reframing the sharing vs sparing debate for tropical forestry landscapes | Journal of Tropical Forest Science | BW Griscom & RC Goodman | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Regional differences in impacts to water quality from the bioenergy mandate | Biomass and Bioenergy | Keerthi, Shamitha; Miller, Shelie. A. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | The bioenergy mandate under Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA 2007) will result in large scale land-use changes in the US if it is ever fully realized. Energy crops such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and miscanthus (Miscanthus X giganteus) can grow well throughout the continental United States; however, most studies on the water quality impacts of land-use change from bioenergy policy are based in the Midwest. Insufficient research has been conducted to determine whether the results from the Midwest are applicable to other regions in the United States. This study compares water quality impacts of converting from corn to switchgrass in the Midwest (Upper Cedar watershed) and Southeast (Lumber watershed) with nitrogen loading to surface water as a proxy metric for overall water quality impacts using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The analysis shows that the fraction of nitrogen runoff compared to the fertilizer applied is 36% in Upper Cedar as compared to 6% in Lumber. Existing management practices like tile-drainage and land-cover like riparian wetlands contribute to this difference in the baseline nitrate export from each watershed. The potential reduction in nitrogen loading per potential liter of ethanol to surface waters, which account for both nitrate export and productivities, from the baseline corn-soy to switchgrass is about 40% for the Upper Cedar watershed and around 80% for the Lumber watershed. Although, the trend in reduction is similar in both watersheds, this study shows that results extrapolated from the Midwest may not be representative of other bioenergy producing regions. | bioenergy; land-use change; nitrogen; switchgrass; Panicum virgatum L.; water quality; agriculture | |
| Regional modeling of vegetation and long term runoff for Mesoamerica | Hydrology and Earth System Sciences | Imbach, P., L. Molina, B. Locatelli, O. Roupsard, P. Ciais, L. Corrales, and G. Mahe | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Regional variability in bed-sediment concentrations of wastewater compounds, hormones and PAHs for portions of coastal New York and, New Jersey impacted by hurricane Sandy | MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN | Phillips, Patrick J.; Gibson, Catherine A.; Fisher, Shawn C.; Fisher, Irene J.; Reilly, Timothy J.; Smalling, Kelly L.; Romanok, Kristin M.; Foreman, William T.; ReVello, Rhiannon C.; Focazio, Michael J.; Jones, Daniel K. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Regional-scale seagrass habitat mapping in the Wider Caribbean region using Landsat sensors: Applications to conservation and ecology | Remote Sensing Of Environment | Wabnitz, Colette C.; Andrefouet, Serge; Torres-Pulliza, Damaris; Mueller-Karger, Frank E.; Kramer, Philip A. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Relating large-scale climate variability to local species abundance: ENSO forcing and shrimp in Breton Sound, Louisiana, USA | Climate Research | Piazza, Bryan P.; La Peyre, Megan K.; Keim, Barry D. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Relations among storage, yield, and instream flow | Water Resources Research | Vogel, Richard M.; Sieber, Jack; Archfield, Stacey A.; Smith, Mark P.; Apse, Colin D.; Huber-Lee, Annette | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | [2] It is no longer possible to exploit water resources for human needs without taking into consideration ecological flow needs. After two centuries of dam-building, only 2% of US rivers remain free flowing [Benke, 1990], which has caused large-scale hydr | | |
| Relationships among wildfire, prescribed fire, and droughtin a fire-prone landscape in the south-eastern United States | International Journal of Wildland Fire | Addington, Robert N.,Stephen J. Hudson, J. Kevin Hiers,Matthew D. Hurteau, Thomas F. Hutcherson, George Matusickand James M. Parker | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Relationships between fish assemblages, aquatic macrophytes, and environmental gradients in the Amazon River floodplain | Journal of Fish Biology | Petry, P., P.B. Bayley and D.F. Markle | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Relative abundance, habitat use, and longterm population changes of wintering and resident landbirds on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands | Wilson Journal of Ornithology | Steadman, D. W., J. R. Montambault, S. K. Robinson, S. N. Oswalt, T. J. Brandeis, A. G. Londono, M. J. Reetz, W. M. Schelsky, N. A. Wright, J. P. Hoover, J. Jankowski, A. W. Kratter, A. E. Martinez, and J. Smith | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Remnant Trees in Enrichment Planted Gaps in Quintana Roo, Mexico: Reasons for Retention and Effects on Seedlings | FORESTS | Navarro-Martinez, Angelica; Palmas, Sebastian; Ellis, Edward A.; Blanco-Reyes, Pascual; Vargas-Godinez, Carolina; Cecilia Iuit-Jimenez, Ana; Uriel Hernandez-Gomez, Irving; Ellis, Peter; Alvarez-Ugalde, Alfredo; Guadalupe Carrera-Quirino, Yave; Armenta-Montero, Samaria; Putz, Francis E. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Remote camera-trap methods and analyses reveal impacts of rangeland management on Namibian carnivore communities | Oryx | Kauffman, Matthew J.; Sanjayan, M.; Lowenstein, Jacob; Nelson, Adam; Jeo, Richard M.; Crooks, Kevin R. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Assessing the abundance and distribution of mammalian carnivores is vital for understanding their ecology and providing for their long-term conservation. Because of the difficulty of trapping and handling carnivores many studies have relied on ab | agriculture, ranching | |
| Removing Dams: Benefits for People and Nature | Solutions | Bozek, Cathy | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Replicating Life Cycle of Early-Maturing Species in the Timing of Restoration Seeding Improves Establishment and Community Diversity | Restoration Ecology | Frischie, Stephanie L.; Rowe, Helen I. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reply to Comment on Terrestrial Scavenging of Marine Mammals: Cross-Ecosystem Contaminant Transfer and Potential Risks to Endangered California Condors (Gymnogyps californianus) | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY | Finkelstein, Myra E.; Bakker, Victoria J.; Copeland, Holly; Burnett, Joe; Scherbinski, Jennie Jones; Brandt, Joseph; Kurle, Carolyn M. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reply to Kirchhoff: Homogenous and mutually exclusive conservation typologies are neither possible nor desirable | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Karp, Daniel S.; Mendenhall, Chase D.; Callaway, Elizabeth; Frishkoff, Luke O.; Kareiva, Peter M.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Daily, Gretchen C. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reply to Vermeulen and Wollenberg: Distinguishing food security and crop yields | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | West, Paul C.; Gibbs, Holly K.; Monfreda, Chad; Wagner, John; Barford, Carol; Carpenter, Stephen R.; Foley, Jonathan | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reproduction and spacing of Piping Plovers breeding at high density at Appam Lake, North Dakota | Wilson Bulletin | Murphy, RK; Smith, KA; Casler, BR; Althoff, DP | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | Knowledge of potential breeding density and associated reproduction is critical for conserving Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) in the northern Great Plains. Each year during 1995-1998 we observed 34-50 plover pairs nesting on Appam Lake, an i | | |
| Reproductive and Early Life History of Nonindigenous Red Shiner in the Chattahoochee River Drainage, Georgia | Southeastern Naturalist | Herrington, Steven J.; DeVries, Dennis R. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | This study quantified the reproductive and early life-history characteristics of nonindigenous populations of Cyprinella lutrensis (Red Shiner) introduced into two tributaries of the Chattahoochee River, GA. Red Shiners had a maximum age of at le | | |
| Reproductive biology of squaretail coralgrouper Plectropomus areolatus using age-based techniques | Journal of Fish Biology | Rhodes, K. L.; Taylor, B. M.; Wichilmel, C. B.; Joseph, E.; Hamilton, R. J.; Almany, G. R. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reproductive biology of three sympatric endangered plants endemic to Florida scrub. | Biological Conservation | Evans, M.E.K., E.S. Menges, and D.R. Gordon. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reproductive consequences of an extreme drought for Orange-crowned Warblers on Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz islands | | Langin, K. M., T. S. Sillett, J. Yoon, H.R. Sofaer, S. A. Morrison, and C. K. Ghalambor | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reproductive Ecology Of The Island Scrub-Jay | Condor | Caldwell, Luke; Bakker, Victoria J.; Sillett, T. Scott; Desrosiers, Michelle A.; Morrison, Scott A.; Angeloni, Lisa M. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reproductive ecology of the scleractinian corals Echinopora gemmacea and Leptoria phrygia (Faviidae) on equatorial reefs in Kenya | Invertebrate Reproduction & Development | Mangubhai, Sangeeta | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reproductive life history of the introduced peacock grouper Cephalopholis argus in Hawaii | JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY | Schemmel, E. M.; Donovan, M. K.; Wiggins, C.; Anzivino, M.; Friedlander, A. M. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reproductive responses of northern goshawks to variable prey populations | Journal of Wildlife Management | Salafsky, Susan R.; Reynolds, Richard T.; Noon, Barry R.; Wiens, John A. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Developing comprehensive conservation strategies requires knowledge of factors influencing population growth and persistence. Although variable prey resources are often associated with fluctuations in raptor demographic parameters, the mechanisms | | |
| Reproductive success of Worm-eating Warblers in a forested landscape | Conservation Biology | Gale, GA; Hanners, LA; Patton, SR | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reptile assemblage response to restoration of fire-suppressed longleaf pine sandhills | Ecological Applications | Steen, David A.; Smith, Lora L.; Conner, L. M.; Litt, Andrea R.; Provencher, Louis; Hiers, J. Kevin; Pokswinski, Scott; Guyer, Craig | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Research needs to evaluate introductions of non-indigenous organisms. | BioScience | Ewel, J.J., D.J. O'Dowd, J. Bergelson, C.C. Daehler, C.M. D'Antonio, L.D. Gomez, D.R. Gordon, R.J. Hobbs, A. Holt, K.R. Hopper, C.E. Hughes, M. LaHart, R.R.B. Leakey, W.G. Lee, L.L. Loope, D.H. Lorence, S.M. Louda, A.E. Lugo, P.B. McEvoy, D.M. Richardson, and P.M. Vitousek. | 1999 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Research partnerships with local communities: two case studies from Papua New Guinea and Australia | Coral Reefs | Almany, G. R.; Hamilton, R. J.; Williamson, D. H.; Evans, R. D.; Jones, G. P.; Matawai, M.; Potuku, T.; Rhodes, K. L.; Russ, G. R.; Sawynok, B. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Reserves as tools for alleviating impacts of marine disease | PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES | Lamb, Joleah B.; Wenger, Amelia S.; Devlin, Michelle J.; Ceccarelli, Daniela M.; Williamson, David H.; Willis, Bette L. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Resetting predator baselines in coral reef ecosystems | Scientific Reports | Bradley, Darcy; Conklin, Eric; Papastamatiou, Yannis P.; McCauley, Douglas J.; Pollock, Kydd; Pollock, Amanda; Kendall, Bruce E.; Gaines, Steven D.; Caselle, Jennifer E. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | What did coral reef ecosystems look like before human impacts became pervasive? Early efforts to reconstruct baselines resulted in the controversial suggestion that pristine coral reefs have inverted trophic pyramids, with disproportionally large top predator biomass. The validity of the coral reef inverted trophic pyramid has been questioned, but until now, was not resolved empirically. We use data from an eight-year tag-recapture program with spatially explicit, capture-recapture models to re-examine the population size and density of a key top predator at Palmyra atoll, the same location that inspired the idea of inverted trophic biomass pyramids in coral reef ecosystems. Given that animal movement is suspected to have significantly biased early biomass estimates of highly mobile top predators, we focused our reassessment on the most mobile and most abundant predator at Palmyra, the grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos). We estimated a density of 21.3 (95% CI 17.8, 24.7) grey reef sharks/km2, which is an order of magnitude lower than the estimates that suggested an inverted trophic pyramid. Our results indicate that the trophic structure of an unexploited reef fish community is not inverted, and that even healthy top predator populations may be considerably smaller, and more precarious, than previously thought. | community ecology; conservation biology; population dynamics | |
| Resilience and resistance of zooplankton communities to drought-induced salinity in freshwater and saline lakes of Central Asia | JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS | Ginatullina, Elena; Atwell, Lisa; Saito, Laurel | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Resistance and resilience to coral bleaching: Implications for coral reef conservation and management | Conservation Biology | West, JM; Salm, RV | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | The massive scale of the 1997Š—–1998 El Ni’±oŠ—–associated coral bleaching event underscores the need for strategies to mitigate biodiversity losses resulting from temperature-induced coral mortality. As baseline sea surface temperatures continu | | |
| Resistance surface modeling in landscape genetics | | Spear, S.F., S.A. Cushman, and B.H. McRae | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Resource management in a changing and uncertain climate | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Lawler, Joshua J.; Tear, Timothy H.; Pyke, Chris; Shaw, M. Rebecca; Gonzalez, Patrick; Kareiva, Peter; Hansen, Lara; Hannah, Lee; Klausmeyer, Kirk; Aldous, Allison; Bienz, Craig; Pearsall, Sam | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Response of an ecological indicator to landscape composition and structure: Implications for functional units of temperate rainforest ecosystems | Ecological Indicators | Shanley, Colin S.; Pyare, Sanjay; Smith, Winston P. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Response of Bird Populations to Farmland Set-Aside Programs | Conservation Biology | Herkert, James R. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Response of Golden-cheeked Warblers (Dendroica chrysoparia) to wildfires at Fort Hood, Texas | Occasional Publication of the Texas Ornithological Society | Baccus, JT, ME Toll_, and JD Cornelius | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Response of larval lost river and shortnose suckers to wetland restoration at the Williamson River Delta, Oregon | Transactions Of The American Fisheries Society | Crandall, John D.; Bach, Leslie B.; Rudd, Nathan; Stern, Mark; Barry, Matt | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Population declines of the federally endangered Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris have been linked to several factors, including the loss of larval nursery habitat associated with lake fringe and rip | | |
| Response of medium- and large-sized terrestrial fauna to corridor restoration along the middle Sacramento River | RESTORATION ECOLOGY | Derugin, Vasilissa V.; Silveira, Joseph G.; Golet, Gregory H.; LeBuhn, Gretchen | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Response of two sagebrush sites to low-disturbance, mechanical removal of pinyon and juniper | Invasive Plant Science and Management | Baughman, C., T.A. Forbis, and L. Provencher | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Response to comment on a global map of human impact on marine ecosystems | Science | Selkoe, Kimberly A.; Kappel, Carrie V.; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Micheli, Fiorenza; D'Agrosa, Caterina; Bruno, John; Casey, Kenneth S.; Ebert, Colin; Fox, Helen E.; Fujita, Rod; Heinemann, Dennis; Lenihan, Hunter S.; Madin, Elizabeth M. P.; Perry, Matt; Seli | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Response to Kaplan et al.: Pelagic MPAs: The devil you know | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | Game, Edward T.; Grantham, Hedley S.; Hobday, Alistair J.; Pressey, Robert L.; Lombard, Amanda T.; Beckley, Lynnath E.; Gjerde, Kristina; Bustamante, Rodrigo; Possingham, Hugh P.; Richardson, Anthony J. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Response to Rebutting the inclined analyses on the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of coral reef restoration | ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS | Bayraktarov, Elisa; Saunders, Megan I.; Mumby, Peter J.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Abdullah, Sabah; Lovelock, Catherine E. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Responses of a remnant California native bunchgrass population to grazing, burning and climatic variation | Plant Ecology | Marty, JT; Collinge, SK; Rice, KJ | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | This study examined the interactive effects of grazing intensity and burning on a remnant population of the California native bunchgrass Nassella pulchra. We measured growth, reproduction and mortality of permanently marked bunchgrasses and measu | agriculture, ranching | |
| Responses of American toad tadpoles to predation cues: behavioural response thresholds, threat-sensitivity and acquired predation recognition | Behaviour | Mirza, Reehan S.; Ferrari, Maud C. O.; Kiesecker, Joseph M.; Chivers, Douglas P. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Predation is one of the most important selective forces acting on prey animals. To respond adaptively to predation threats and increase their chances of survival, prey animals have to be able to recognize their potential predators. Even though a few studi | | |
| Responses of Prairie Vegetation to Fire, Herbicide, and Invasive Species Legacy | Northwest Science | Rook, Erik J.; Fischer, Dylan G.; Seyferth, Rebecca D.; Kirsch, Justin L.; Leroy, Carri J.; Hamman, Sarah | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Responses of predatory invertebrates to seeding density and plant species richness in experimental tallgrass prairie restorations | Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment | Nemec, Kristine T.; Allen, Craig R.; Danielson, Stephen D.; Helzer, Christopher J. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Responses of rare plant species to fire across Florida's fire-adapted communities | Natural Areas Journal | Slapcinsky, J. L., D. R. Gordon, and E. S. Menges | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoration considerations for wiregrass (Aristida stricta): Allozymic diversity of populations | Conservation Biology | Walters, T.W., D.S. Decker-Walters, and D.R. Gordon | 1993 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoration ecology: new perspectives and opportunities for forestry | Journal of Forestry | Sarr, D; Puettmann, K; Pabst, R; Cornett, M; Arguello, L | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Ecological restoration and restoration ecology have emerged as an allied practice and scientific discipline in land management. Here, we discuss the relationship between restoration ecology and forestry and the potential for interdisciplinary exchange. We | | |
| Restoration fire and hurricanes in longleaf pine sandhills. | Ecological Restoration | Provencher, L., A.R. Litt, D.R. Gordon, H.L. Rodgers, B.J. Herring, K.E.M. Galley, J.P. McAdoo, S.J. McAdoo, N.M. Gobris, and J.L. Hardesty. | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoration of northwest Florida sandhills through harvest of invasive Pinus clausa. | Restoration Ecology | Provencher, L., B. Herring, D.R. Gordon, H.L. Rodgers, G.W. Tanner, L.A. Brennan, and J.L. Hardesty. | 2000 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoration of Old Forest Features in Coast Redwood Forests Using Early-stage Variable-density Thinning | Restoration Ecology | O'Hara, Kevin L.; Nesmith, Jonathan C. B.; Leonard, Lathrop; Porter, Daniel J. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoration of tidal flow to salt marshes: The Maine Experience | | Kachmar, Jon L | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoration Treatment Effects on Stand Structure, Tree Growth, and Fire Hazard in a Ponderosa Pine/Douglas-Fir Forest in Montana | Forest Science | Carl E. Fiedler, Kerry L. Metlen, and Erich K. Dodson | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | Crown fires that burned thousands of ha of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougi. ex Laws.) forests in recent years attest to the hazardous conditions extant on the western landscape. Managers have responded with broad-scale implementation of fuel reduction treatments; however, because threats to pine forests extend beyond fire, so too must the approaches to address them. This western Montana study evaluated four treatments in a randomized complete block experiment for their effects on stand structural characteristics, growth increment, and crown fire potential. Evaluation of control, burn-only, thin-only, and thin-burn treatments showed that the combined thin-burn treatment had the greatest number of desired effects, the burn-only had the fewest, and the thin-only was intermediate. The thin-burn significantly reduced stand density, canopy cover, torching hazard, and crowning hazard and increased average diameter, height-to live-crown, and basal area increment; the thin-only reduced stand density, canopy cover, and crowning hazard and increased average diameter and basal area increment; and the burn-only reduced torching hazard and increased height-to-live crown. These structural and growth effects are related to or influence numerous stand/ecosystem properties at our site, including diameter distributions, species composition, large-tree development potential, overall tree vigor, potential for shade-intolerant tree regeneration, and resiliency to fire. Results demonstrate that well-designed restoration treatments can promote key short-term stand and ecosystem responses while significantly reducing crown fire potential. | basal area increment, crown fire, density, fuel reduction, mechanical, thinning | |
| Restoration treatment effects on the understory of ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests in western Montana, USA | Forest Ecology & Management | Kerry L.Metlen, Carl E.Fiedler | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Fire exclusion and high-grade logging have altered the structure and function of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests across the American West. Restoration treatments are increasingly being used in these forests to move stand density, structure, and species composition toward more historically sustainable conditions. Yet little research has focused on how restoration treatments influence the associated understory plant communities, particularly in the northern Rocky Mountains of the USA. To this end, we implemented a replicated (N = 3), randomized block experiment in a second-growth western Montana ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest that initiated after harvest in the early 1900s and has not burned since. We evaluated the effects of no action (control), silvicultural cutting (thin-only), spring burning (burn-only), and silvicultural cutting followed by spring burning (thin-burn) on the understory community. Treatments were implemented at an operational scale (9 ha). Data were collected before treatment and in three subsequent years, at two spatial scales: plot (1000 m2) and quadrat (1 m2). Richness, Simpson's evenness index, and cover were calculated for the total vascular plant community. Species origin and lifeform were used to further investigate richness and cover responses to treatment. Treatments differentially impacted the understory community, with the most dramatic changes in the thin-burn. The burn-only treatment initially reduced richness and cover of the understory, but by year three all active treatments increased plot-scale understory richness relative to pre-treatment and the control. Simpson's evenness increased the first growing season after burning, but was not influenced by treatment in subsequent years. Forbs, both native and exotic, were the most responsive lifeform and increased in richness and cover after thinning, with the greatest response in the thin-burn. Increased native richness was not detected at the quadrat-scale in any treatment, but was significant at the plot-scale in numerous combinations of treatments and years. A short-term reduction in shrub richness and abundance after burning was detected at the quadrat-scale. Sapling density was reduced in all active treatments. Although active treatments create more open overstories and increase understory diversity at the stand level, a mix of treated and untreated areas will likely maximize heterogeneity and diversity at the landscape scale. | Forest restoration, Fuel reduction, Understory richness, Prescribed burning, Thinning | |
| Restoration treatments affect plants and arthropods in northwest Florida sandhills | Restoration and Management Notes | Provencher, L., K.E.M. Galley, D.R. Gordon, J.L. Hardesty, G.W. Tanner, and L.A. Brennan | 1998 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoring Angasi oyster reefs: What is the endpoint ecosystem we are aiming for and how do we get there? | ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION | Gillies, Chris L.; Crawford, Christine; Hancock, Boze | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoring aquatic ecosystem connectivity requires expanding inventories of both dams and road crossings | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Januchowski-Hartley, S.R., P.B. McIntyre, M. Diebel, P.J. Doran, D. Infante, C. Joseph, and J.D. Allan | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoring conservation nodes to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem function along the Santa Clara River | Ecological Restoration | Parker, S.S., Remson, E.J., and Verdone, L.N | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoring Early successional Shrubland Habitat for Black-capped Vireos Using Mechanical Mastication | Natural Areas Journal | Reemts, Charlotte M.; Cimprich, David A. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoring environmental flows by modifying dam operations | Ecology and Society | Richter, BD and GA Thomas | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The construction of new dams has become one of the most controversial issues in global efforts to alleviate poverty, improve human health, and strengthen regional economies. Unfortunately, this controversy has overshadowed the tremendous ... | | |
| Restoring environmental flows through adaptive reservoir management: planning, science, and implementation through the Sustainable Rivers Project | Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques | Warner, Andrew T.; Bach, Leslie B.; Hickey, John T. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| RESTORING ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS THROUGH ADAPTIVE RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT: PLANNING, SCIENCE, AND IMPLEMENTATION THROUGH THE SUSTAINABLE RIVERS PROJECT | 11TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ECOHYDRAULICS | Warner, Andrew T.; Bach, Leslie B.; Hickey, John T. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoring fire to long-unburned Pinus palustris ecosystems: Novel fire effects and consequences for long-unburned ecosystems | Restoration Ecology | Varner, JM; Gordon, DR; Putz, E; Hiers, JK | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoring fire-prone Inland Pacific landscapes: seven core principles | LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY | Hessburg, Paul F.; Churchill, Derek J.; Larson, Andrew J.; Haugo, Ryan D.; Miller, Carol; Spies, Thomas A.; North, Malcolm P.; Povak, Nicholas A.; Belote, R. Travis; Singleton, Peter H.; Gaines, William L.; Keane, Robert E.; Aplet, Gregory H.; Stephens, Scott L.; Morgan, Penelope; Bisson, Peter A.; Rieman, Bruce E.; Salter, R. Brion; Reeves, Gordon H. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoring fire-prone Inland Pacific landscapes: seven coreprinciples | Landscape Ecology | Paul F. Hessburg, Derek J. Churchill, Andrew J. Larson, Ryan D. Haugo, Carol Miller, Thomas A. Spies, Malcolm P. North, Nicholas A. Povak, R. Travis Belote, Peter H. Singleton, William L. Gaines, Robert E. Keane, Gregory H. Aplet, Scott L. Stephens, Penelope Morgan, Peter A. Bisson, Bruce E. Rieman, R. Brion Salter, Gordon H. Reeves | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoring floods on floodplains: riparian and floodplain restoration at the Cosumnes River Preserve | | Swenson RO, Whitener K, Eaton M | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoring Heterogeneity On The Tallgrass Prairie Preserve: Applying The Fire-Grazing Interaction Model | | Hamilton, Robert G. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The interaction of fire and grazing is an important ecological process in the Great Plains grasslands of North America. The fireŠ—–grazing interaction promotes a shifting mosaic of patches that support a diverse array of grassland flora and fauna | agriculture, ranching | |
| Restoring Longleaf Pine: Effects of Seasonal Prescribed Fire and Overstory Density on Vegetation Structure of a Young Longleaf Pine Plantation | Forest Science | Addington, R.N., T.A. Greene, W.C. Harrison, G.G. Sorrell, M.L. Elmore, and S.M. Herman | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restoring Nature's Capital: An Action Agenda to Sustain Ecosystem Services | | Irwin.F, K. Krchank., et. al | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Restricted grouper reproductive migrations support community-based management | ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE | Waldie, Peter A.; Almany, Glenn R.; Sinclair-Taylor, Tane H.; Hamilton, Richard J.; Potuku, Tapas; Priest, Mark A.; Rhodes, Kevin L.; Robinson, Jan; Cinner, Joshua E.; Berumen, Michael L. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation commonly requires trade-offs between social and ecological goals. For tropical small-scale fisheries, spatial scales of socially appropriate management are generally small„the median no-take locally managed marine area (LMMA) area throughout the Pacific is less than 1_km2. This is of particular concern for large coral reef fishes, such as many species of grouper, which migrate to aggregations to spawn. Current data suggest that the catchment areas (i.e. total area from which individuals are drawn) of such aggregations are at spatial scales that preclude effective community-based management with no-take LMMAs. We used acoustic telemetry and tag-returns to examine reproductive migrations and catchment areas of the grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus at a spawning aggregation in Papua New Guinea. Protection of the resultant catchment area of approximately 16_km2 using a no-take LMMA is socially untenable here and throughout much of the Pacific region. However, we found that spawning migrations were skewed towards shorter distances. Consequently, expanding the current 0.2_km2 no-take LMMA to 1_2_km2 would protect approximately 30_50% of the spawning population throughout the non-spawning season. Contrasting with current knowledge, our results demonstrate that species with moderate reproductive migrations can be managed at scales congruous with spatially restricted management tools. | | |
| Results of a plant screening test with implications for animal screening approaches | | Gordon, D.R. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | South Bend, Indiana |
| Rethinking Conservation Practice in Light of Climate Change | Ecological Restoration | Dunwiddie, P. W., S. A. Hall, M. W. Ingraham, J. D. Bakker, K. S. Nelson, R. Fuller, and E. Gray | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Predicted changes in climate present unusual challenges to conservation planners, land managers, and restoration efforts directed toward preserving biodiversity. Successful organisms will respond to these changes by persisting in suitable microsi | | |
| Rethinking Our Global Coastal Investment Portfolio | Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics | Erin McCreless, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz / Michael W. Beck, Department of Ocean Sciences and The Nature Conservancy, University of California, Santa Cruz | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Sea level rise and other effects of climate change on oceans and coasts around the world are major reasons to halt the emissions of greenhouse gases to the maximum extent. But historical emissions and sea level rise have already begun so steps to adapt to a world where shorelines, coastal populations, and economies could be dramatically altered are now essential. This presents significant economic challenges in four areas. (1) Large expenditures for adaptation steps may be required but the extent of sea level rise and thus the expenditures are unknowable at this point. Traditional methods for comparing benefits and costs are severely limited, but decisions must still be made. (2) It is not clear where the funding for adaptation will come from, which is a barrier to even starting planning. (3) The extent of economic vulnerability has been illustrated with assessments of risks to current properties, but these likely significantly understate the risks that lie in the future. (4) Market-based solutions to reducing climate change are now generally accepted, but their role in adaptation is less clear. Reviewing the literature addressing each of these points, this paper suggests specific strategies for dealing with uncertainty in assessing the economics of adaptation options, reviews the wide range of options for funding coastal adaption, identifies a number of serious deficiencies in current economic vulnerability studies, and suggests how market based approaches might be used in shaping adaptation strategies. The paper concludes by identifying a research agenda for the economics of coastal adaptation that, if completed, could significantly increase the likelihood of economically efficient coastal adaptation. | | |
| Rethinking the vision for environmental research in US agriculture | BioScience | Robertson, GP; Broome, JC; Chornesky, EA; Frankenberger, JR; Johnson, P; Lipson, M; Miranowski, JA; Owens, ED; Pimentel, D; Thrupp, LA | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Environmental research in agriculture is today largely reactive, focused on problems at small scales and conducted within narrow disciplinary boundaries. This approach has worked to abate a number of environmental problems created by ... | | |
| Retiring Cassandra | Conservation Biology | Redford, K; Sanjayan, MA | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Cassandra, the daughter of the Trojan King Priam, was given the gift of prophecy by Apollo. When she deceived him, he turned this into a curse by causing her prophecies, though true, to be disbelieved. Having prophesied the death of Agamemnon, she was kil | | |
| Retrieval of Substrate Bearing Strength from Hyperspectral Imagery during the Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR'07) Multi-Sensor Campaign | Marine Geodesy | Bachmann, Charles M.; Nichols, C. Reid; Montes, Marcos J.; Li, Rong-Rong; Woodward, Patrick; Fusina, Robert A.; Chen, Wei; Mishra, Vimal; Kim, Wonkook; Monty, James; Mcilhany, Kevin; Kessler, Ken; Korwan, Daniel; Miller, W. David; Bennert, Ellen; Smith, G | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Retrospective analysis and sea level rise modeling of coastal habitat change in Charlotte Harbor to identify restoration and adaptation priorities | Florida Scientist | Geselbracht, L., K. Freeman, E. Kelly, D. Gordon, and A. Birch | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Retrospective and prospective model simulations of sea level rise impacts on Gulf of Mexico coastal marshes and forests in Waccasassa Bay, Florida | Climatic Change | Geselbracht, Laura; Freeman, Kathleen; Kelly, Eugene; Gordon, Doria R.; Putz, Francis E. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Return on investment from fuel treatments to reduce severe wildfire and erosion in a watershed investment program in Colorado | Journal of Environmental Management | Kelly W. Jones, Jeffery B. Cannon, Freddy A. Saavedra, Stephanie K. Kampf, Robert N. Addington, Antony S.Cheng, Lee H. MacDonald, Codie Wilson, Brett Wolk | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | A small but growing number of watershed investment programs in the western United States focus on wildfire risk reduction to municipal water supplies. This paper used return on investment (ROI) analysis to quantify how the amounts and placement of fuel treatment interventions would reduce sediment loading to the Strontia Springs Reservoir in the Upper South Platte River watershed southwest of Denver, Colorado following an extreme fire event. We simulated various extents of fuel mitigation activities under two placement strategies: (a) a strategic treatment prioritization map and (b) accessibility. Potential fire behavior was modeled under each extent and scenario to determine the impact on fire severity, and this was used to estimate expected change in post-fire erosion due to treatments. We found a positive ROI after large storm events when fire mitigation treatments were placed in priority areas with diminishing marginal returns after treating >50Ð80% of the forested area. While our ROI results should not be used prescriptively they do show that, conditional on severe fire occurrence and precipitation, investments in the Upper South Platte could feasibly lead to positive financial returns based on the reduced costs of dredging sediment from the reservoir. While our analysis showed positive ROI focusing only on post-fire erosion mitigation, it is important to consider multiple benefits in future ROI calculations and increase monitoring and evaluation of these benefits of wildfire fuel reduction investments for different site conditions and climates. | Wildfire risk, Wildfire mitigation, Payments for ecosystem services, Watershed partnerships, Watershed services, Sediment | |
| Review of effects of pelagic longline hook and bait type on sea turtle catch rate, anatomical hooking position and at-vessel mortality rate | REVIEWS IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES | Gilman, Eric; Huang, Hsiang-Wen | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Review of Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America | | Kappelle, M | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Fewer protected areas exist in the pelagic ocean than any other ecosystem on Earth. Although there is increasing support for marine protected areas (MPAs) as a tool for pelagic conservation, there have also been numerous criticisms of the ecological, logi | | |
| Revised list of Hawaiian names of plants native and introduced with brief descriptions and notes as to occurrence and medicinal or other values by Joseph F. Rock consulting botanist, Board of Agriculture and Forestry Honolulu, Hawaiïi, 1920 | Ethnobotany Research and Applications | Gon, S. M. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | In 1913, the writer compiled a list of Hawaiian names of plants, which was published as Botanical Bulletin No. 2 of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry. The above mentioned list comprised simply the Hawaiian names and the corresponding scientific names of plants both native and introduced. Owing to the popularity of, and the demand for, the bulletin it was soon out of print, and the suggestion was made by the Superintendent of Forestry that the list be reprinted. Since 1913, the writer has added quite a number of new names to the old list and it was thought advisable to incorporate these in the present publication, which gives in addition a short popular description of the plants and such facts and notes as are of ethnological and historical interest. Many of the added names were secured from an old kahuna from Kaup_, Maui, who has since died. He collected plants personally and brought them to the writer giving the native names and such information as he could transmit through his interpreter, the writer not being familiar with the ancient Hawaiian speech. This information is here incorporated. Some of the scientific names have been changed in order to conform with the present day nomenclature. Others, only very few, however, needed to be corrected. Some represent new species which were described more or less by the writer. The present publication is simply to fill a popular want and therefore the remarks under each plant are couched in popular language. Unfortunately the meaning of some of the Hawaiian names has been lost, and the writer has translated only those of which he was absolutely certain. Such delicate work which presupposes intimate knowledge of the Hawaiian language the writer will leave for Hawaiian scholars, such as Mr. T.C. Thrum and Mr. Joseph Emerson, and it is hoped that in the compilation of the new Hawaiian Dictionary, provision for which was made by the Hawaiian Legislature, the Hawaiian names given in this publication will not only be used, but their original meaning explained in order to preserve the historic value connected with them. No name was inserted for which the writer did not have the actual corresponding plant before him. Some of the plants brought to him by kahunas were fragmentary and a specific diagnosis could not be made owing to the polymorphic character of many of the Hawaiian plants, especially such as belong to genera like Cyrtandra or Peperomia. July 31, 1920 Joseph F. Rock | | |
| Revisiting storm runoff processes in the upper Blue Nile basin: The Debre Mawi watershed | CATENA | Tilahun, Seifu A.; Ayana, Essayas K.; Guzman, Christian D.; Dagnew, Dessalegn C.; Zegeye, Assefa D.; Tebebu, Tigist Y.; Yitaferu, Birru; Steenhuis, Tammo S. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Riparian responses to reduced flood flows: comparing and contrasting narrowleaf and broadleaf cottonwoods | Hydrological Sciences Journal | Thomas K. Wilding; John S. Sanderson; David M. Merritt; Stewart B. Rood; N. LeRoy Poff | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | To enable assessment of risks of water management to riparian ecosystems at a regional scale, we developed a quantile-regression model of abundance of broadleaf cottonwoods (Populus deltoides and P. fremontii) as a function of flood flow attenuation. To test whether this model was transferrable to narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia), we measured narrowleaf abundance along 39 river reaches in northwestern Colorado, USA. The model performed well for narrowleaf in all 32 reaches where reservoir storage was 90% of mean annual flow. In these four reaches, narrowleaf was abundant despite peak flow attenuation of 45_61%. Poor model performance in these four reaches may be explained in part by a pulse of narrowleaf cottonwood expansion as a response to channel narrowing and in part by differences between narrowleaf and broadleaf cottonwood response to floods and drought. | | |
| Riparian valley oak (Quercus lobata) forest restoration on the middle Sacramento River. | | Griggs F.T., G.H. Golet | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | In 1989 The Nature Conservancy initiated a riparian horticultural restoration program on the floodplain of the middle Sacramento River, California. At nearly all restoration sites Valley oak (Quercus lobata Nee) comprised a major component of the planting design. Valley oaks are a keystone tree species of lowland floodplain habitats in California's Central Valley, contributing greatly to the structural and biological diversity of riparian forests in the region. Here we present preliminary comparisons of survival and structural development of oaks planted as acorns at six sites from 1990 to 1994. Our focus is on how the plants responded to natural site conditions following the cessation of maintenance activities (including irrigation and weed control). Initial comparisons demonstrate considerable variability among sites in survival and structural development (i.e., stem diameter, canopy cover, and dominance). Although we were able to ascribe some of this variability to known physical and biological differences in site conditions (e.g., soil type, herbivore pressure), furthering our understanding of factors that affect valley oaks on the Sacramento River floodplain will require additional study and more detailed assessments of site conditions. | | |
| Risk assessment for invasiveness differs for aquatic and terrestrial plant species | Biological Invasions | Gordon, Doria R.; Gantz, Crysta A. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Risk assessment of alien species: comparisons across taxa, changes in risk associated with changes in the invasion stages, practicalities of implementation | | Downey, P.O., S. Brunel, A. Buckmaster, P.D. Champion, Dorjee, D.R. Gordon, J. Heikkil_, F. Koike, S. Kumschick, N.E. Mandrak, I.D. Paterson, S. Sathyapala, O.L.F. Weyl and S.B. Johnson | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Risk Assessments for Invasive Plants: A Midwestern US. Comparison | INVASIVE PLANT SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT | Buerger, Amanda; Howe, Katherine; Jacquart, Ellen; Chandler, Monika; Culley, Theresa; Evans, Christopher; Kearns, Kelly; Schutzki, Robert; Van Riper, Laura | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Risks of overharvesting seed from native tallgrass prairies | Restoration Ecology | Meissen, J.C., S.M. Galatowitsch, and M.W. Cornett | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| River Floodplain Restoration Experiments Offer a Window into the Past | | Swenson, R. O., Reiner, R. J., Reynolds, M., Marty, J. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | Chapter 15 |
| River flows and water wars: emerging science for environmental decision making | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Poff, NL; Allan, JD; Palmer, MA; Hart, DD; Richter, BD; Arthington, AH; Rogers, KH; Meyers, JL; Stanford, JA | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Real and apparent conflicts between ecosystem and human needs for fresh water are contributing to the emergence of an alternative model for conducting river science around the world. The core of this new paradigm emphasizes the need to forge new partnersh | | |
| River Fork Ranch Thermal Wetland | Natural Areas Journal | Baugh, Tom; Schmidt, Larry J.; Petite, Duane | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| River Fork Ranch Thermal Wetland-Biota | NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL | Baugh, Tom; Petite, Duane; Woods, Jim | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Riverine Threat Indices to Assess Watershed Condition and Identify Primary Management Capacity of Agriculture Natural Resource Management Agencies | Environmental Management | Fore, Jeffrey D.; Sowa, Scott P.; Galat, David L.; Annis, Gust M.; Diamond, David D.; Rewa, Charles | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Rivers by Design: State Power and the Origins of U.S. Flood Control | Environments | Golet G.H. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | Book Review |
| Roadside soils: A corridor for invasion of xeric scrub by non-indigenous species | Natural Areas Journal | Greenberg, C.H., S.H. Crownover, and D.R. Gordon | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Rocky outcrops: A hard road in the conservation of critical habitats | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Fitzsimons, James A.; Michael, Damian R. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Role and trends of protected areas in conservation | Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, second edition | Boucher, T., M. Spalding, and C. Revenga | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Role of biotic interactions in regulating conifer invasion of grasslands | Forest Ecology and Management | Haugo, Ryan D.; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Halpern, Charles B. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Role of simulation models in understanding the salt marsh restoration process | Tidal Marsh Restoration: A Synthesis of Science and Management | Konisky, R.A | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Root-Inhabiting Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) And Their Fungal Associates Breeding In Dying Loblolly Pine In Alabama | Florida Entomologist | Matusick, George; Menard, Roger D.; Zeng, Yuan; Eckhardt, Lori G. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ruffed Grouse population ecology in the Appalachian region | Wildlife Monographs | Krausman, Paul R. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The Appalachian Cooperative Grouse Research Project (ACGRP) was a multistate cooperative effort initiated in 1996 to investigate the apparent decline of ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) and improve management throughout the central and southern . | | |
| Sacaton Riparian Grasslands of the Sky Islands: Mapping Distribution and Ecological Condition Using State-and-Transition Models in Upper Cienega Creek Watershed | | Tiller, R., M. Hughes, and G. Bodner | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Safeguarding the blue planet: Six strategies for accelerating ocean protection | Parks | Hastings, J., S. Thomas, V. Burgener, K. Gjerde, D. Laffoley, R. Salm et al | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Salamander abundance along road edges and within abandoned logging roads in Appalachian forests | Conservation Biology | Semlitsch, Raymond D.; Ryan, Travis J.; Ramed, Kevin; Chatfield, Matt; Drehman, Bethany; Pekarek, Nicole; Spath, Mike; Watland, Angie | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Roads may be one of the most common disturbances in otherwise continuous forested habitat in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Despite their obvious presence on the landscape, there is limited data on the ecological effects along a road edge o | | |
| Salmon Carcasses Increase Stream Productivity More than Inorganic Fertilizer Pellets: A Test on Multiple Trophic Levels in Streamside Experimental Channels | Transactions Of The American Fisheries Society | Wipfli, Mark S.; Hudson, John P.; Caouette, John P.; Mitchell, Nicole L.; Lessard, Joanna L.; Heintz, Ron A.; Chaloner, Dominic T. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sampling technique affects detection of habitat factors influencing wild bee communities | Journal of Insect Conservation | Rhoades, Paul; Griswold, Terry; Waits, Lisette; Bosque-Perez, Nilsa A.; Kennedy, Christina M.; Eigenbrode, Sanford D. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Reliable and consistent monitoring is essential for bee conservation. Correctly interpreting the influence of habitat characteristics on native bee communities is necessary to develop effective strategies for bee conservation and to support the provision of pollination services to agricultural crops or natural plant communities. Biases imposed by different sampling methods used to monitor bee populations can affect our ability to discern important habitat characteristics, but the extent of this bias is not well understood. We used three common sampling methods (blue vane traps, colored pan traps, and aerial net collection) to assess bee communities in fragments of Palouse Prairie in eastern Washington and northern Idaho. We determined differences in abundance, species richness, proportional representation of different genera, and functional trait characteristics among the three sampling techniques. We also evaluated differences in the relationships between bee species richness and diversity and two key habitat variables known to mediate bee populations: local plant species richness and the amount of suitable bee habitat in the surrounding landscape. Community metrics for bees collected using blue vane traps were correlated with the amount of suitable habitat in the landscape but not with plant species richness. Conversely, community metrics for bees collected using an aerial net were correlated with the local plant species richness but not with the amount of suitable habitat. Our results indicate that effective conservation of insect communities will require a combination of sampling methods to reliably discern the influence of habitat variables at different scales and across taxa with varying functional traits. | insect conservation; blue vane trap; colored pan trap; insect sampling; native bees; landscape ecology; agriculture | |
| Sanicula mariversa (Apiaceae), a new species from ï_hikilolo Ridge, Waiïanae Mountains, Oïahu, in the Hawaiian Archipelago | Systematic Botany | Nagata, K.; Gon III, S. M. | 1988 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sarracenia-Jonesii Wherry (Mountain Sweet Pitcher Plant) | Natural Areas Journal | Benjamin, S; Sutter, R | 1993 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sasi and Marine Conservation in Raja Ampat, Indonesia | Coastal Management | McLeod, Elizabeth; Szuster, Brian; Salm, Rodney | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Saving FloridaÍs rarest plants: FloridaÍs endangered and threatened plant conservation grants program | Palmetto | Weekley, C.W., D.R. Gordon, J. Maguire, J. Maschinski, E.S. Menges, V.C. Pence, and C.L. Peterson | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Saving sage-grouse from the trees: A proactive solution to reducing a key threat to a candidate species | Biological Conservation | Baruch-Mordo, Sharon; Evans, Jeffrey S.; Severson, John P.; Naugle, David E.; Maestas, Jeremy D.; Kiesecker, Joseph M.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Hagen, Christian A.; Reese, Kerry P. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Saving vernal pools in the Cosumnes River watershed | Fremontia | Reiner, R.; Swenson, R. | 2000 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Scale-dependent complementarity of climatic velocity and environmental diversity for identifying priority areas for conservation under climate change | GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY | Carroll, Carlos; Roberts, David R.; Michalak, Julia L.; Lawler, Joshua J.; Nielsen, Scott E.; Stralberg, Diana; Hamann, Andreas; Mcrae, Brad H.; Wang, Tongli | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Scaling of the tenebrionid beetle community and its environment on the Colorado shortgrass steppe | Ecology | Hoffman, A.L., and J.A. Wiens | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Ecological patterns and processes often change with scale, and determining how they do so is a necessary first step in understanding these relationships. We documented how the spatial patterns of beetle species richness, environmental variables, and corre | | |
| Scaling Up Local Government Initiatives Toward Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management in Southeast Cebu Island, Philippines | Coastal Management | Eisma-Osorio, Rose-Liza; Amolo, Rizaller C.; Maypa, Aileen P.; White, Alan T.; Christie, Patrick | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | The Philippines adopts a highly decentralized approach to coastal management. Each municipal authority exercises management powers and responsibilities over their 15-km municipal waters. Nevertheless, in some areas like Southeast Cebu in Central Philippin | | |
| Scaling Up to Networks of Marine Protected Areas in the Philippines: Biophysical, Legal, Institutional, and Social Considerations | Coastal Management | Lowry, G. K.; White, A. T.; Christie, P. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Scaling-up marine restoration efforts in Australia | ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION | Gillies, Chris L.; Fitzsimons, James A.; Branigan, Simon; Hale, Lynne; Hancock, Boze; Creighton, Colin; Alleway, Heidi; Bishop, Melanie J.; Brown, Simon; Chamberlain, Dean; Cleveland, Ben; Crawford, Christine; Crawford, Matthew; Diggles, Ben; Ford, John R.; Hamer, Paul; Hart, Anthony; Johnston, Emma; McDonald, Tein; McLeod, Ian; Pinner, Breanna; Russell, Kylie; Winstanley, Ross | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Scanning the Oceans for Solutions. | Solutions | Jacquet, J., I. Boyd, J.T. Carlton, H.E. Fox, A.E. Johnson, L. Mee, J. Roman, M. Spalding, W. Sutherland | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | The field of conservation science has been highly successful in identifying, diagnosing, and publicizing declines in biodiversity and many other problems affecting our environment. It has been less successful in focusing our attention on solutions. Here we recommend the formal process of what we call a solution scan: the systematic classification of known threats and identified solutions. We illustrate this approach by cataloguing the solutions we found for major marine conservation problems: overfishing, invasive species, and pollution. Our solution scan for the problem of overfishing of a target species, for instance, revealed in excess of a hundred specific interventions, ranging from using biodegradable panels in fishing gear (to avoid ghost fishing by lost gear) to finding plant -based alternatives to fish meal. This approach allows for rapid identification of areas deficient in solutions and is a starting point for gauging the effectiveness of each intervention. It also allows for a broader view of how we approach environmental problems by showing, for instance, that existing options weigh more heavily in favor of treatment than prevention. | Oceans | |
| Scatter-hoarding corvids as seed dispersers for oaks and pines: A review of a widely distributed mutualism and its utility to habitat restoration | CONDOR | Pesendorfer, Mario B.; Sillett, T. Scott; Koenig, Walter D.; Morrison, Scott A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Seed dispersal mutualisms with scatter-hoarders play a crucial role in population dynamics of temperate large-seeded trees. These behaviors shape seed dispersal patterns, which can be applied to conservation of populations, communities, and even ecosystems dominated by large-seeded trees. We draw on a growing body of literature to describe the ecological context and consequences of scatter-hoarding as a seed dispersal mechanism. We synthesize the quantitative literature on the interaction between members of the avian family Corvidae (crows, ravens, jays, magpies, and nutcrackers) and nut-bearing trees such as pines (Pinus spp.) and oaks (Quercus spp.) to examine unique aspects of avian scatter-hoarders as seed dispersers. During the scatter-hoarding process, seed selectivity, transportation distance, hoarding frequency, and cache placement affect seed dispersal effectiveness, a measure of the quantity and quality of dispersal. Case studies from around the world highlight the role of corvid seed dispersal in population dynamics of trees, and how the birds' scatter-hoarding behavior can be facilitated for the restoration of oak- and pine-dominated habitats. This mutualism, which provides many plant species with long-distance, high-quality seed dispersal, will likely become even more important for conservation of oak and pine ecosystems as suitable climates shift rapidly in the decades ahead. This ecosystem service provided by corvids could therefore serve as an efficient conservation tool. | Corvidae; ecosystem engineer; habitat restoration; Pinus; Quercus; scatter-hoarding; seed dispersal | |
| Scenarios for Global Biodiversity in the 21st Century | Science | Pereira, Henrique M.; Leadley, Paul W.; Proenca, Vania; Alkemade, Rob; Scharlemann, Joern P. W.; Fernandez-Manjarres, Juan F.; Araujo, Miguel B.; Balvanera, Patricia; Biggs, Reinette; Cheung, William W. L.; Chini, Louise; Cooper, H. David; Gilman, Eric L. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Science priorities for reducing the threat of invasive species to sustainable forestry. | BioScience | Chornesky, E.A., A.M. Bartuska, G.H. Aplet, K.O. Britton, J. Cummings-Carlson, F.W. Davis, J. Eskow, D.R. Gordon, K. Gottschalk, R.A. Haack, A.J. Hansen, R.N. Mack, F.J. Rahel, M.A. Shannon, L.A. Wagner, and T. B. Wigley. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Science-based and stakeholder-driven marine protected area network planning: A successful case study from north central California | Ocean and Coastal Management | Gleason, Mary; McCreary, Scott; Miller-Henson, Melissa; Ugoretz, John; Fox, Evan; Merrifield, Matt; McClintock, Will; Serpa, Paulo; Hoffman, Kathryn | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Science, policy and the management of sewage materials. The New York City experience | Marine Pollution Bulletin | Swanson, RL; Bortman, ML; O'Connor, TP; Stanford, HM | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Development of national policy on sewage sludge management is a classic example of incremental policy formulation [Fiorino, DJ 1995. Making Environmental Policy. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA. p. 269]. Consequently, policy has developed pie | | |
| Scientific foundations for an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems. | PLOS ONE | Keith, D.A., J.P. RodrÕguez, K.M. RodrÕguez-Clark, K. Aapala, A. Alonso, M. Asmussen, S. Bachman, A. Bassett, E.G. Barrow, J.S. Benson, M.J. Bishop, R. Bonifacio, T.M. Brooks, M.A. Burgman, P. Comer, F.A. ComÕn, F. Essl, D. Faber-Langendoen, P.G. Fairweather, R. Holdaway, M. Jennings, R.T. Kingsford, R.E. Lester, R.M. Nally, M.A. McCarthy, J. Moat, E. Nicholson, M.A. Oliveira-Miranda, P. Pisanu, B. Poulin, U. Riecken, M.D. Spalding, S. Zambrano-MartÕnez | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | An understanding of risks to biodiversity is needed for planning action to slow current rates of decline and secure ecosystem services for future human use. Although the IUCN Red List criteria provide an effective assessment protocol for species, a standard global assessment of risks to higher levels of biodiversity is currently limited. In 2008, IUCN initiated development of risk assessment criteria to support a global Red List of ecosystems. We present a new conceptual model for ecosystem risk assessment founded on a synthesis of relevant ecological theories. To support the model, we review key elements of ecosystem definition and introduce the concept of ecosystem collapse, an analogue of species extinction. The model identifies four distributional and functional symptoms of ecosystem risk as a basis for assessment criteria: A) rates of decline in ecosystem distribution; B) restricted distributions with continuing declines or threats; C) rates of environmental (abiotic) degradation; and D) rates of disruption to biotic processes. A fifth criterion, E) quantitative estimates of the risk of ecosystem collapse, enables integrated assessment of multiple processes and provides a conceptual anchor for the other criteria. We present the theoretical rationale for the construction and interpretation of each criterion. The assessment protocol and threat categories mirror those of the IUCN Red List of species. A trial of the protocol on terrestrial, subterranean, freshwater and marine ecosystems from around the world shows that its concepts are workable and its outcomes are robust, that required data are available, and that results are consistent with assessments carried out by local experts and authorities. The new protocol provides a consistent, practical and theoretically grounded framework for establishing a systematic Red List of the worldÍs ecosystems. This will complement the Red List of species and strengthen global capacity to report on and monitor the status of biodiversity. | IUCN, Ecosystems, Marine Ecosystems | |
| Scleria reticularis (Cyperaceae) new to New Hampshire | Rhodora | Sperduto, DD | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | Scleria reticularis Michx., reticulated nut-rush, is a plant of wet, sandy soil and southern pine barrens ranging from tropical America and southern US, north mainly along the coast to New ... England, with disjunct extensions into the midwest and south | | |
| Screening new plant introductions for potential invasiveness: a test of impacts for the United States | Conservation Letters | Gordon, D.R. and C.A. Gantz. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sea turtles of the Phoenix Islands, 2000-2002 | Atoll Research Bulletin | Obura D., S. Mangubhai, and A. Yoshinaga | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sea-level rise impact models and environmental conservation: A review of models and their applications | Ocean and Coastal Management | Mcleod, Elizabeth; Poulter, Benjamin; Hinkel, Jochen; Reyes, Enrique; Salm, Rodney | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sea-level rise research and dialogue in North Carolina: Creating windows for policy change | Ocean and Coastal Management | Poulter, Benjamin; Feldman, Rebecca L.; Brinson, Mark M.; Horton, Benjamin P.; Orbach, Michael K.; Pearsall, Samuel H.; Reyes, Enrique; Riggs, Stanley R.; Whitehead, John C. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sea-level rise vulnerability in the countries of the Coral Triangle | Sustainability Science | Mcleod, Elizabeth; Hinkel, Jochen; Vafeidis, Athanasios T.; Nicholls, Robert J.; Harvey, Nick; Salm, Rodney | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Search Efforts for Ivory-billed Woodpecker in South Carolina | Southeastern Naturalist | Moskwik, Matthew; Thom, Theresa; Barnhill, Laurel M.; Watson, Craig; Koches, Jennifer; Kilgo, John; Hulslander, Bill; Degarady, Colette; Peters, Gary | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Seasonal and interannual change in a Chesapeake Bay eelgrass community: Insights into biotic and abiotic control of community structure | Limnology And Oceanography | Douglass, James G.; France, Kristin E.; Richardson, J. Paul; Duffy, J. Emmett | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Seasonal aquatic macrophytes reduce water temperatures via a riverine canopy in a spring-fed stream | FRESHWATER SCIENCE | Willis, A. D.; Nichols, A. L.; Holmes, E. J.; Jeffres, C. A.; Fowler, A. C.; Babcock, C. A.; Deas, M. L. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Seasonal movement patterns of pickerel frogs (Rana palustris) in an Ozark cave and trophic implications supported by stable isotope evidence | Southwestern Naturalist | Fenolio, DB; Graening, GO; Stout, JF | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | We monitored a population of pickerel frogs (Rana palustris) in an Ozark cave over a 2-year period. Frogs were found from August to April with densities peaking from November to December. Although densities were quite high in these peak months, | | |
| Seasonal survival estimation for a long-distance migratory bird and the influence of winter precipitation | OECOLOGIA | Rockwell, Sarah M.; Wunderle, Joseph M., Jr.; Sillett, T. Scott; Bocetti, Carol I.; Ewert, David N.; Currie, Dave; White, Jennifer D.; Marra, Peter P. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Second record of an American woodcock breeding on the Edwards Plateau | Texas Ornithological Society Bulletin | Kostecke, R. M., D. Sperry, and D. A. Cimprich | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Secondary extinctions of biodiversity | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | Brodie, Jedediah F.; Aslan, Clare E.; Rogers, Haldre S.; Redford, Kent H.; Maron, John L.; Bronsteire, Judith L.; Groves, Craig R. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Secure sustainable seafood from developing countries | Science | Sampson, Gabriel S.; Sanchirico, James N.; Roheim, Cathy A.; Bush, Simon R.; Taylor, J. Edward; Allison, Edward H.; Anderson, James L.; Ban, Natalie C.; Fujita, Rod; Jupiter, Stacy; Wilson, Jono R. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Demand for sustainably certified wild-caught fish and crustaceans is increasingly shaping global seafood markets. Retailers such as Walmart in the United States, Sainsbury's in the United Kingdom, and Carrefour in France, and processors such as Canadianbased High Liner Foods, have promised to source all fresh, frozen, farmed, and wild seafood from sustainable sources by 2015 (1, 2). Credible arbiters of certifications, such as the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), require detailed environmental and traceability standards. Although these standards have been met in many commercial fisheries throughout the developed world (3), developing country fisheries (DCFs) represent only 7% of ~220 total MSC-certified fisheries (4, 5). With the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization reporting that developing countries account for ~50% of seafood entering international trade, this presents a fundamental challenge for marketers of sustainable seafood (see the photo). | | |
| Securing natural capital and expanding equity to rescale civilization | Nature | Ehrlich, Paul R.; Kareiva, Peter M.; Daily, Gretchen C. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Securing natural capital and human well-being: Innovation and impact in China | Acta Ecologica Sinica | Daily, G.C., Z. Ouyang, H. Zheng, S. Li, Y. Wang, M. Feldman, P. Kareiva, S. Polasky, and M. Ruckelshaus | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Securing the future of mangroves: A policy brief | Hamilton, Canada, UNU-INWEH, UNESCO MAB with ISME, ITTO, FAO, UNEP WCMC and TNC | Van Lavieren, H., M. Spalding, D. Alongi, M. Kainuma, M. Clôsener-Godt, and Z. Adeel | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sediment delivery modeling in practice: Comparing the effects of watershed characteristics and data resolution across hydroclimatic regions | SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT | Hamel, Perrine; Falinski, Kim; Sharp, Richard; Auerbach, Daniel A.; Sanchez-Canales, Maria; Dennedy-Frank, P. James | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Geospatial models are commonly used to quantify sediment contributions at the watershed scale. However, the sensitivity of these models to variation in hydrological and geomorphological features, in particular to land use and topography data, remains uncertain. Here, we assessed the performance of one such model, the InVEST sediment delivery model, for six sites comprising a total of 28 watersheds varying in area (6Ð13,500 km2), climate (tropical, subtropical, mediterranean), topography, and land use/land cover. For each site, we compared uncalibrated and calibrated model predictions with observations and alternative models. We then performed correlation analyses between model outputs and watershed characteristics, followed by sensitivity analyses on the digital elevation model (DEM) resolution. Model performance varied across sites (overall r2 = 0.47), but estimates of the magnitude of specific sediment export were as or more accurate than global models. We found significant correlations between metrics of sediment delivery and watershed characteristics, including erosivity, suggesting that empirical relationships may ultimately be developed for ungauged watersheds. Model sensitivity to DEM resolution varied across and within sites, but did not correlate with other observed watershed variables. These results were corroborated by sensitivity analyses performed on synthetic watersheds ranging in mean slope and DEM resolution. Our study provides modelers using InVEST or similar geospatial sediment models with practical insights into model behavior and structural uncertainty: first, comparison of model predictions across regions is possible when environmental conditions differ significantly; second, local knowledge on the sediment budget is needed for calibration; and third, model outputs often show significant sensitivity to DEM resolution. | InVEST, Sediment delivery model, Sensitivity analyses, DEM, Uncertainty | |
| Seed Dormancy And Persistence Of Acacia-Berlandieri And Leucaena-Pulverulenta In A Semiarid Environment | Journal Of Arid Environments | Owens, Mk; Wallace, Rb; Archer, S | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Seed heat tolerance and germination of six legume species native to a fire-prone longleaf pine forest | PLANT ECOLOGY | Wiggers, M. Scott; Hiers, J. Kevin; Barnett, Analie; Boyd, Robert S.; Kirkman, L. Katherine | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Seed source has variable effects on species, communities, and ecosystem properties in grassland restorations | Ecosphere | Carter, Daniel L.; Blair, John M. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Seedbank characteristics of a nebraska sandhills prairie | Journal Of Range Management | Perez, CJ; Waller, SS; Moser, LW; Stubbendieck, JL; Steuter, AA | 1998 | 2017/12/14 | Evaluating seedbank ecology is critical for understanding plant community development and successional patterns and for identifying factors regulating population dynamics. The relationships among seedbank composition, seedbank depth, seed dormancy, and . | | |
| Seedling demography in an alpine ecosystem | American Journal of Botany | Forbis, TA | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Seedling establishment has long been believed to be rare on alpine tundra because of predicted life history trade-offs, the clonality of alpine species, and the harshness of the alpine climate. Contrary to the idea that seedlings are rare on alpi | | |
| Seeking and securing sacred natural sites among Jamaicaês Windward Maroons | | John, K., S. Otuokon and C.L. Harris | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Selecting and conserving lands for biodiversity: The role of remote sensing | Remote Sensing Of Environment | Wiens, John; Sutter, Robert; Anderson, Mark; Blanchard, Jon; Barnett, Analie; Aguilar-Amuchastegui, Naikoa; Avery, Chadwick; Laine, Stephen | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Selection of Vegetation Types and Density of Bison in an Arid Ecosystem | JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT | Schoenecker, Kathryn A.; Nielsen, Scott E.; Zeigenfuss, Linda C.; Pague, Chris A. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sensitivity of amounts and distribution of tropical forest carbon credits depending on baseline rules | Environmental Science & Policy | Griscom, Bronson; Shoch, David; Stanley, Bill; Cortez, Rane; Virgilio, Nicole | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sensitivity of breeding birds to the human footprint'' in western Great Lakes forest landscapes | ECOSPHERE | Giese, Erin E. Gnass; Howe, Robert W.; Wolf, Amy T.; Miller, Nicholas A.; Walton, Nicholas G. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sensitivity of winter chill models for fruit and nut trees to climatic changes in California's Central Valley | Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment | Luedeling, E., M. Zhang, V. Luedeling, and E. H. Girvetz | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Separating the elements of habitat structure: independent effects of habitat complexity and structural components on rocky intertidal gastropods | Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology | MW Beck | 2000 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Separation anxiety: mussels self-organize into similar power-law clusters regardless of predation threat cues | MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES | Commito, John A.; Gownaris, Natasha J.; Haulsee, Danielle E.; Coleman, Sara E.; Beal, Brian F. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Session introduction: Conservation of multi-species reef fish spawning aggregations | | Heyman, W | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Setting biodiversity conservation priorities in Central America: action site selection for the development of a first portfolio. | | CalderÑn, R., T. Boucher, M. Bryer, L. Sotomayor, M. Kappelle | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Setting objectives for ecosystem management in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley | | Pashley, D | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | ... Would you like to help us to get improved? Please fill in the survey! Setting objectivesfor ecosystem management in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. ... | | |
| Setting the bar: Standards for ecosystem services | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Polasky, Stephen; Tallis, Heather; Reyers, Belinda | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Severe 2010 Cold-Water Event Caused Unprecedented Mortality to Corals of the Florida Reef Tract and Reversed Previous Survivorship Patterns | PLoS ONE | Lirman, Diego; Schopmeyer, Stephanie; Manzello, Derek; Gramer, Lewis J.; Precht, William F.; Muller-Karger, Frank; Banks, Kenneth; Barnes, Brian; Bartels, Erich; Bourque, Amanda; Byrne, James; Donahue, Scott; Duquesnel, Janice; Fisher, Louis; Gilliam, Dav | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sewage pollution: mitigation is key for coral reef stewardship | YEAR IN ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY | Wear, Stephanie L.; Thurber, Rebecca Vega | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Coral reefs are in decline worldwide, and land-derived sources of pollution, including sewage, are a major force driving that deterioration. This review presents evidence that sewage discharge occurs in waters surrounding at least 104 of 112 reef geographies. Studies often refer to sewage as a single stressor. However, we show that it is more accurately characterized as a multiple stressor. Many of the individual agents found within sewage, specifically freshwater, inorganic nutrients, pathogens, endocrine disrupters, suspended solids, sediments, and heavy metals, can severely impair coral growth and/or reproduction. These components of sewage may interact with each other to create as-yet poorly understood synergisms (e.g., nutrients facilitate pathogen growth), and escalate impacts of other, non-sewage_based stressors. Surprisingly few published studies have examined impacts of sewage in the field, but those that have suggest negative effects on coral reefs. Because sewage discharge proximal to sensitive coral reefs is widespread across the tropics, it is imperative for coral reef_focused institutions to increase investment in threat-abatement strategies for mitigating sewage pollution. | | |
| Sex And Age Differences In Site Fidelity, Food Resource Tracking, And Body Condition Of Wintering Kirtland'S Warblers (Setophaga Kirtlandii) In The Bahamas | Ornithological Monographs | Wunderle, Joseph M., Jr.; Lebow, Patricia K.; White, Jennifer D.; Currie, Dave; Ewert, David N. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sex differences in the first basic-plumage of the Black-capped Vireo | North American Bird Bander | Cimprich, D. A | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Shale Gas, Wind and Water: Assessing the Potential Cumulative Impacts of Energy Development on Ecosystem Services within the Marcellus Play | PLoS ONE | Evans, Jeffrey S.; Kiesecker, Joseph M. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Shaping global environmental decisions using socio-ecological models | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | Tallis, Heather M.; Kareiva, Peter | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | One of the most ambitious ecological studies of the past few decades was the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), which examined the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. The MA developed global ecological scenarios as a process to infor | | |
| Shaping the 2014 Colorado River Delta pulse flow: Rapid environmental flow design for ecological outcomes and scientific learning | ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING | Pitt, Jennifer; Kendy, Eloise | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | In 2014, the United States and Mexico jointly delivered an environmental flow to the Colorado River Delta, as authorized in a 2012 binational water management agreement known as Minute 319. The agreement specified a volume of water, the source of the water, that the water should be delivered as a pulse flow, and that the objectives of the pulse flow were to pilot environmental restoration and learn about the hydrologic and ecological responses to water delivery into the Colorado River Delta. The Minute did not specify the characteristics of the pulse flow, but rather specified a process, calling on a group of stakeholders, including federal, state, and local water managers as well as non-governmental conservation organizations from both countries, to develop a flow delivery plan. The flow delivery plan was developed, approved, and executed in an exceptionally short period of time, with limited scientific data, under numerous operational constraints. The unique feature that made the hydrograph development a success is the exceptionally close interaction between policy makers, water managers, and scientists, driven by clear objectives for ecological outcomes and scientific learning. In describing this case study, we also document the inevitable tradeoffs that led to a flow design that best met the needs of all parties while fully meeting the needs of none. In so doing, we rationalize the characteristics of the flow delivery hydrograph. | Environmental flows; Pulse flow; Hydrograph design; Colorado River Delta; Stakeholders; Collaboration | |
| Shared Conservation Goals but Differing Views on How to Most Effectively Achieve Results: A Response from Kareiva and Marvier | BioScience | Kareiva, Peter; Marvier, Michelle | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Shellfish reef habitats: a synopsis to underpin the repair and conservation of AustraliaÍs environmentally, socially and economically important bays and estuaries | | C. Gillies, C. Creighton, I. McLeod | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | This report describes the historic extent and current knowledge of Australian shellfish reefs and identifies knowledge gaps and future research priorities with the aim of supporting restoration efforts. Shellfish reefs are complex, three-dimensional living structures, which provide food, shelter and protection for a range of other invertebrate and fish species. They occur in bays, estuaries and nearshore coastal waters in both tropical and temperate regions across every state within Australia. Shellfish reefs largely occur in the intertidal and upper subtidal regions of bays, estuaries and nearshore waters with the exception of the native flat oyster (Ostrea angasi) which can form reefs at depths of up to 30 m. There are more than 2000 bivalve species likely to occur in Australian coastal waters, yet only eight oyster and mussel species are known to form clearly defined reef structures across multiple locations and at scale. Prior to the 20th century, shellfish reefs were common features of estuarine and coastal systems and were of importance as a food source for Indigenous Australians, with considerable quantities of reef-forming species occurring in coastal food middens. Early maritime explorers such as Cook, Flinders, Eyre and Vancouver regularly referred to extensive shellfish reefs in voyage reports and journals. From early European settlement of Australia, vast quantities of oysters and mussels were harvested for food and as a source of lime for mortar used in the early construction of roads and buildings. Throughout the 1800s and early 1900s, dredge and hand-harvest oyster fisheries were likely to have occurred in over 150 locations across eastern and southern Australia, including major coastal embayments such as Moreton Bay, Sydney Harbour, Port Phillip Bay, Gulf St Vincent, Derwent River and Princess Royal Harbour. As shellfish resources closest to AustraliaÍs first settlements rapidly became depleted, shellfish fisheries expanded to include more distant bays and estuaries. Whilst the total State or or Australia-wide catch for any one year is unknown, records from single estuaries (e.g. 10 tonnes per week for Western Port, Victoria; 22 million oysters per year from 5 estuaries in Tasmania) indicate oyster fishing constituted some of the largest and most valuable fisheries, and indeed one of the most valuable marine industries, of the 1800s. From historical fishery reports and media articles it is clear that early harvesting efforts were unsustainable, which led to the regulation of shellfish fisheries from as early as 1853 in Tasmania and South Australia. The oyster industry was the first (of any) fishery to be regulated by legislation in South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria, with New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia to follow within 30 years. Yet the regulation of shellfish harvesting did little to halt the destruction of shellfish reefs and by the late 20th century, shellfish reefs had all but disappeared, with all major oyster fisheries closed by 1960. Today, only a fraction of natural shellfish reefs still survive, notably in Hinchinbrook Channel (Queensland) Sandon River (NSW) and Georges Bay (Tasmania). Poor water quality and sedimentation as a result of catchment clearance, urbanisation and industrial pollution and diseases such as Queensland Unknown (QX) and Bonamia likely exacerbated the loss of historic shellfish reefs and may hinder their natural revival. Examples from the United States and elsewhere have demonstrated that when restoration occurs at large scales, ecological function can be repaired and ecosystem services can be restored. The process of restoring shellfish reefs can provide both short- and long-term employment opportunities and established reefs can provide long-term economic gains for coastal communities, particularly in fishing tourism and coastal protection. The benefits provided by shellfish reefs include food provision, water filtration, fish production, coastal protection and habitat for other species. Several projects (in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia) have recently begun the process of restoring shellfish reefs for the purpose of recovering a near extinct habitat and to improve fish habitat, water quality and coastal protection. Momentum is continuing to build, with a number of other shellfish reef restoration projects expected to begin across Australia within the next 12-24 months. | | Report to the National Environmental Science Programme, Marine Biodiversity Hub |
| Shellfish reefs at risk globally and recommendations for ecosystem revitalization | BioScience | M. W. Beck, R. D. Brumbaugh, L. Airoldi, A. Carranza, L. D. Coen, C. Crawford, O. Defeo, G. J. Edgar, B. Hancock & M. Kay | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Shifting Climate, Altered Niche, and a Dynamic Conservation Strategy for Yellow-Cedar in the North Pacific Coastal Rainforest | BioScience | Hennon, Paul E.; D'Amore, David V.; Schaberg, Paul G.; Wittwer, Dustin T.; Shanley, Colin S. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| SHIFTING GEARS: THE INTERSECTIONS OF RACE AND SUSTAINABILITY IN MEMPHIS | SUSTAINABILITY IN THE GLOBAL CITY: MYTH AND PRACTICE | Farr, Matthew A.; Brondo, Keri V.; Anglin, Scout | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Shifting perceptions of risk and reward: Dynamic selection for human development by black bears in the western United States | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Johnson, H. E.; Breck, S. W.; Baruch-Mordo, S.; Lewis, D. L.; Lackey, C. W.; Wilson, K. R.; Broderick, J.; Mao, J. S.; Beckmann, J. P. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Shifting restoration policy to address landscape change, novel ecosystems, and monitoring | Ecology and Society | Zedler, J.B., J.M. Doherty & N.A. Miller | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Short-term changes in summer and winter resident bird communities following a high severity wildfire in a southern USA mixed pine/hardwood forest | FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT | Brown, Donald J.; Ferrato, Jacqueline R.; White, Clayton J.; Mali, Ivana; Forstner, Michael R. J.; Simpson, Thomas R. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Short-Term Effects Of Repeated Wildfires In Oak-Juniper Woodlands | Fire Ecology | Reemts, Charlotte M.; Hansen, Laura L. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Short-term harvesting of biomass from conservation grasslands maintains plant diversity | GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY | Jungers, Jacob M.; Sheaffer, Craig C.; Fargione, Joseph; Lehman, Clarence | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | High yields are a priority in managing biomass for renewable energy, but the environmental impacts of various feedstocks and production systems should be equally considered. Mixed-species, perennial grasslands enrolled in conservation programs are being considered as a source of biomass for renewable energy. Conservation grasslands are crucial in sustaining native biodiversity throughout the US Upper Midwest, and the effects of biomass harvest on biodiversity are largely unknown. We measured the effect of late-season biomass harvest on plant community composition in conservation grasslands in three regions of Minnesota, USA from 2009 to 2012. Temporal trends in plant species composition within harvested grasslands were compared to unharvested grasslands using mixed effects models. A before-after control-impact approach using effect sizes was applied to focus on pre- and postharvest conditions. Production-scale biomass harvest did not affect plant species richness, species or functional group diversity, nor change the relative abundance of the main plant functional groups. Differences in the relative abundances of plant functional groups were observed across locations; and at some locations, changed through time. The proportion of non-native species remained constant, while the proportion of noxious weeds decreased through time in both harvested and unharvested grasslands at the central location. Ordination revealed patterns in species composition due to location, but not due to harvest treatment. Therefore, habitat and bioenergy characteristics related to grassland plant communities are not expected to change due to short-term or intermittent late-season biomass harvest. | | |
| Short-term responses of native bees to livestock and implications for managing ecosystem services in grasslands | Ecosphere | Kimoto, Chiho; DeBano, Sandra J.; Thorp, Robbin W.; Taylor, Robert V.; Schmalz, Heidi; DelCurto, Timothy; Johnson, Tracey; Kennedy, Patricia L.; Rao, Sujaya | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, ranching | |
| Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets. | Conservation Letters | Butchart, S.H.M., M. Clarke, B. Smith, R. Sykes, J.P.W. Scharlemann, M. Harfoot, G.M. Buchanan, r. Angulo, A. Balmford, B. Bertzky, T.M. Brooks, K.E. Carpenter, M. Comeros, J. Cornell, N.K. Dulvy, G.F. Ficetola, L.D.C. Fishpool, H. Harwell, C. Hilton-Taylor, M. Hoffmann, A. Joolia, L. Joppa, N. Kingston, I. May, A. Milam, B. Polidoro, G. Ralph, N. Richman, C. Rondinini, B. Skolnik, M. Spalding, S.N. Stuart, A. Symes, J. Taylor, P. Visconti, J. Watson, N.D. Burgess | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Governments have committed to conserving _17% of terrestrial and _10% of marine environments globally, especially ñareas of particular importance for biodiversityî through ñecologically representativeî Protected Area (PA) sys- tems or other ñarea-based conservation measuresî, while individual countries have committed to conserve 3_50% of their land area. We estimate that PAs currently cover 14.6% of terrestrial and 2.8% of marine extent, but 59_68% of ecoregions, 77_78% of important sites for biodiversity, and 57% of 25,380 species have inadequate coverage. The existing 19.7 million km 2 terrestrial PA network needs only 3.3 million km 2 to be added to achieve 17% terres- trial coverage. However, it would require nearly doubling to achieve, cost- ef_ciently, coverage targets for all countries, ecoregions, important sites, and species. Poorer countries have the largest relative shortfalls. Such extensive and rapid expansion of formal PAs is unlikely to be achievable. Greater fo- cus is therefore needed on alternative approaches, including community- and privately managed sites and other effective area-based conservation measures. | | |
| Should heterogeneity be the basis for conservation? Grassland bird response to fire and grazing | Ecological Applications | Fuhlendorf, Samuel D.; Harrell, Wade C.; Engle, David M.; Hamilton, Robert G.; Davis, Craig A.; Leslie, David M., Jr. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | In tallgrass prairie, disturbances such as grazing and fire can generate patchiness across the landscape, contributing to a shifting mosaic that presumably enhances biodiversity. Grassland birds evolved within the context of this shifting mosaic, with som | agriculture, ranching | |
| Should mechanical treatments and herbicides be used to manage Floridaês natural areas? A review of their use as fire surrogates or pre-treatments in upland ecosystems across the state | Florida Scientist | Menges, E. S., and D. R. Gordon | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Should we implement monitoring or research for conservation? | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | McDonald-Madden, Eve; Baxter, Peter W. J.; Fuller, Richard A.; Martin, Tara G.; Game, Edward T.; Montambault, Jensen; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sight-unseen detection of rare aquatic species using environmental DNA | Conservation Letters | Jerde, Christopher L.; Mahon, Andrew R.; Chadderton, W. Lindsay; Lodge, David M. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Simple hydrologic models for use in floodplain research | Natural Areas Journal | Richter, BD; Powell, J | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Simple rules can guide whether land- or ocean-based conservation will best benefit marine ecosystems | PLOS BIOLOGY | Saunders, Megan I.; Bode, Michael; Atkinson, Scott; Klein, Carissa J.; Metaxas, Anna; Beher, Jutta; Beger, Maria; Mills, Morena; Giakoumi, Sylvaine; Tulloch, Vivitskaia; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Simple spatial modeling tool for prioritizing prescribed burning activities at the landscape scale | Conservation Biology | Hiers, JK; Laine, SC; Bachant, JJ; Furman, JH; Greene, WW; Compton, V | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Resources for prescribed fire are frequently insufficient to manage public lands for all conservation and resource management objectives, necessitating prioritization of the application of fire across the landscape within any given year. Definin | | |
| Simple three-pool model accurately describes patterns of long-term litter decomposition in diverse climates | Global Change Biology | Adair, E. Carol; Parton, William J.; Del Grosso, Steven J.; Silver, Whendee L.; Harmon, Mark E.; Hall, Sonia A.; Burke, Ingrid C.; Hart, Stephen C. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Simulated natural hydrologic regime of an intermountain playa conservation site | Wetlands | Sanderson, John S.; Kotliar, Natasha B.; Steingraeber, David A.; Browne, Claudia | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | An intermountain playa wetland preserve in Colorado's San Luis Valley was studied to assess how its current hydrologic function compares to its natural hydrologic regime. Current hydrologic conditions were quantified, and on-site effects of off-site water use were assessed. A water-budget model was developed to simulate an unaltered (i.e., natural) hydrologic regime, and simulated natural conditions were compared to observed conditions. From 1998_2002, observed stream inflows accounted for _ 80% of total annual water inputs. No ground water discharged to the wetland. Evapotranspiration (ET) accounted for _ 69% of total annual water loss. Simulated natural conditions differed substantially from current altered conditions with respect to depth, variability, and frequency of flooding. During 1998_2002, observed monthly mean surface-water depth was 65% lower than under simulated natural conditions. Observed monthly variability in water depth range from 129% greater (May) to 100% less (September and October) than simulated. As observed, the wetland dried completely (i.e., was ephemeral) in all years; as simulated, the wetland was ephemeral in two of five years. For the period 1915_2002, the simulated wetland was inundated continuously for as long as 16 years and nine months. The large differences in observed and simulated surface-water dynamics resulted from differences between altered and simulated unaltered stream inflows. The maximum and minimum annual total stream inflows observed from 1998_2005 were 3.1 _ 106 m3 and 0 m3, respectively, versus 15.5 _ 106 m3 and 3.2 _ 106 m3 under simulated natural conditions from 1915_2002. The maximum simulated inflow was 484% greater than observed. These data indicate that the current hydrologic regime of this intermountain playa differs significantly from its natural hydrologic regime, which has important implications for planning and assessing conservation success. | | |
| Simulating dynamic and mixed-severity fire regimes: A process-based fire extension for LANDIS-II | Ecological Modelling | Sturtevant, Brian R.; Scheller, Robert M.; Miranda, Brian R.; Shinneman, Douglas; Syphard, Alexandra | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Simulating management with models: Lessons from ten years of ecosystem management at Eglin Air Force Base | Conservation in Practice | Hardesty, J., J. Adams, D. Gordon, and L. Provencher | 2000 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Simulating restoration strategies for a southern boreal forest landscape with complex land ownership patterns | Forest Ecology and Management | Shinneman, Douglas J.; Cornett, Meredith W.; Palik, Brian J. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Simulating the cumulative effects of multiple forest management strategies on landscape measures of forest sustainability | Landscape Ecology | Gustafson, Eric J.; Lytle, David E.; Swaty, Randy; Loehle, Craig | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | While the cumulative effects of the actions of multiple owners have long been recognized as critically relevant to efforts to maintain sustainable forests at the landscape scale, few studies have addressed these effects. We used the HARVEST timbe | | |
| Simulating the recovery of suspended sediment transport and river-bed stability in response to dam removal on the Elwha River, Washington | Ecological Engineering | Konrad, C. P | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Skip to Main Content. Wiley Online Library. Log in / Register. Log In E-MailAddress Password Forgotten Password? Remember Me. ... | | |
| Simulating Treatment Effects in Pine-Oak Forests of the Ouachita Mountains | | Shlisky, Ayn; Blankenship, Kori; Cochran, Shawn M. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | Effective land management decisionmaking depends on scientifically sound analyses of management alternatives relative to desired future conditions and environmental effects. We used a state-and-transition model to evaluate likely future landscape conditions in a pine-oak forest on the Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas based on current and potential future alternative management actions. Our objectives were to: (1) demonstrate the use of state-and-transition models in project planning, and (2) create simple ñwhat ifî scenarios to supplement the project environmental impact assessment and facilitate more informed decisionmaking through relative comparisons. We used the model to simulate and compare the effects of several management alternatives: A. Current Management B. Regeneration Harvest/Thinning C. Woodland Management D. Regeneration Harvest/Thinning + Climate Change E. Woodland Management + Climate Change The effects of these alternatives were also compared against modeled ecological reference conditions. At the time of the study, a national forest interdisciplinary team was completing a project-level environmental assessment of alternative management scenarios across the 16,700 acre Lower Irons Fork/Johnson Creek watershed. The watershed is located within the Ouachita National Forest near the town of Mena in western Arkansas. It is comprised primarily of pine-oak forest and woodland and has a history of active fire management. The watershed is a drinking water source for the town of Mena, Arkansas, offers recreational opportunities including hunting and fishing, and is home to two federally-endangered species: the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) and the harperella plant (Ptilimnium nodosumis). We modified the LANDFIRE Ozark-Ouachita Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest and Woodland model (USDA FS and USDI 2009) using stand exam and other forest data to represent current landscape structure and disturbance probabilities. Timber harvest volume per acre coefficients were estimated from a similar nearby project, and smoke production values for particulate matter (PM 10 and 2.5) were estimated from the First Order Fire Effects Model. Forest colleagues and U.S. Forest Service Southern Research Station scientists provided peer review. We used the Vegetation Dynamics Development Tool and the Path Landscape Model, a state-and-transition modeling framework and platform, to simulate the effects of the various alternatives after 10 years. 260 GTR-NRS-P-102 Proceedings of the 4th Fire in Eastern Oak Forests Conference Our results indicate that a woodland management emphasis generally yielded landscape structure and fire frequencies closer to the desired future condition specified in the 2005 Ouachita National Forest Revised Forest Plan (USDA FS 2005) compared to a regeneration harvest/thinning emphasis (Figs. 1 and 2). When potential climate effects were considered, the woodland management emphasis also yielded greater smoke (Fig. 3) and woody biomass harvest outputs (Fig. 4) than the regeneration harvest/thinning emphasis. These findings suggest that Forest Plan revisions should reevaluate the desired future conditions for pine-oak forest in light of the fact that it does not currently include a standard for mid-seral forest structure, and that the existing desired future condition standard for late seral open woodland is lower than LANDFIRE reference conditions. While the model outputs have proven to be useful, the process forced the team to test assumptions and document knowledge, two intangible but valuable outcomes. | | Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-102, Springfield, Missouri |
| Simulation Modeling to Secure Environmental Flows in a Diversion Modified Flow Regime | JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT | Ta, Jenny; Kelsey, T. Rodd; Howard, Jeanette K.; Lund, Jay R.; Sandoval-Solis, Samuel; Viers, Joshua H. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Six Common Mistakes in Conservation Priority Setting | Conservation Biology | Game, Edward T.; Kareiva, Peter; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Six grand reserves, one grand desert | | Felger, R.S., B. Broyles, M.F, Wilson, G.P. Nabhan, and D.S. Turner | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Sixty-seven Years of Landscape Change in the Last, Large Remnant of the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Prairie | Natural Areas Journal | Bartuszevige, Anne M.; Kennedy, Patricia L.; Taylor, Robert V. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Slow recolonization of burned oak-juniper woodlands by Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei): Ten years of succession after crown fire | Forest Ecology and Management | Reemts, Charlotte M.; Hansen, Laura L. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Slow-moving journals hinder conservation efforts | Nature | Kareiva, P; Marvier, M; West, S; Hornisher, J | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation biology is a crisis discipline, burdened with the responsibility of providing rapid scientific answers that can help us protect our world's threatened biodiversity 1. Because we lack basic natural-history information regarding thousands of sp | | |
| Small Reserves Can Successfully Preserve Rare Plants Despite Management Challenges | Natural Areas Journal | Parker, Sophie | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Snake activity affects seasonal variation in nest predation risk for birds | Journal Of Avian Biology | Sperry, Jinelle H.; Peak, Rebecca G.; Cimprich, David A.; Weatherhead, Patrick J. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Methods We conducted this study at the Fort Hood military installation located in central Texas (308 10? N, 978 45? W) between 2005 and 2007. The Nature Conservancy (TNC), in cooperation with Department of Defense, has been monitoring populations of both | | |
| Snake co-occurrence patterns are best explained by habitat and hypothesized effects of interspecific interactions | Journal Of Animal Ecology | Steen, David A.; McClure, Christopher J. W.; Brock, Jean C.; Rudolph, D. Craig; Pierce, Josh B.; Lee, James R.; Humphries, W. Jeffrey; Gregory, Beau B.; Sutton, William B.; Smith, Lora L.; Baxley, Danna L.; Stevenson, Dirk J.; Guyer, Craig | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| So much to do, so little time: identifying priorities for freshwater biodiversity conservation in the United States and Britain | | Higgins, J. V., and C. Duigan | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| So, You Want to Do Research in the Rainforest? | | Edison, Arthur S.; Cosio, Eric; Halloy, Stephan; Vivanco, Jorge | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Social and Environmental Impacts of Forest Management Certification in Indonesia | PLOS ONE | Miteva, Daniela A.; Loucks, Colby J.; Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Society Is Ready for a New Kind of Science-Is Academia? | BIOSCIENCE | Keeler, Bonnie L.; Chaplin-Kramer, Rebecca; Guerry, Anne D.; Addison, Prue F. E.; Bettigole, Charles; Burke, Ingrid C.; Gentry, Brad; Chambliss, Lauren; Young, Carrie; Travis, Alexander J.; Darimont, Chris T.; Gordon, Doria R.; Hellmann, Jessica; Kareiva, Peter; Monfort, Steve; Olander, Lydia; Profeta, Tim; Possingham, Hugh P.; Slotterback, Carissa; Sterling, Eleanor; Ticktin, Tamara; Vira, Bhaskar | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Soil fertility increases with plant species diversity in a long-term biodiversity experiment | Oecologia | Dybzinski, Ray; Fargione, Joseph E.; Zak, Donald R.; Fornara, Dario; Tilman, David | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Soil microbial biomass and activity in tropical riparian forests | Soil Biology & Biochemistry | Groffman, PM; McDowell, WH; Myers, JC; Merriam, JL | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | A large body of work has demonstrated that riparian ecosystems play a critical role regulating interactions between terrestrial and aquatic components of temperate zone landscapes. However, there have been relatively few studies of the role of riparian fo | | |
| Soil Morphologic Properties and Cattle Stocking Rate Affect Dynamic Soil Properties | Rangeland Ecology & Management | Schmalz, Heidi J.; Taylor, Robert V.; Johnson, Tracey N.; Kennedy, Patricia L.; DeBano, Sandra J.; Newingham, Beth A.; McDaniel, Paul A. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, ranching | |
| Soil nitrogen availability and transformations differ between the summer and the growing season in a California grassland | Applied Soil Ecology | Parker, Sophie S.; Schimel, Joshua P. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Soil phosphorus release from a restoration wetland, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon | Wetlands | Aldous, Allison R.; Craft, Christopher B.; Stevens, Carla J.; Barry, Matthew J.; Bach, Leslie B. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Many wetland restoration projects are initiated with phosphorus (P) retention as a primary objective. While undisturbed wetlands often are net sinks for P and other nutrients, there is evidence that newly flooded restoration wetlands on former ag | | |
| Soil seed bank size and composition in disturbed and old growth montane oak forests in Costa Rica | Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Oak Forests | Ten Hoopen, G.M. & M. Kappelle | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Solenopsis enigmatica, a new species of inquiline ant from the island of Dominica, West Indies (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) | Florida Entomologist | Deyrup, Mark; Prusak, Zachary A. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Solomon Islands Largest Hawksbill Turtle Rookery Shows Signs of Recovery after 150 Years of Excessive Exploitation | PLOS ONE | Hamilton, Richard J.; Bird, Tomas; Gereniu, Collin; Pita, John; Ramohia, Peter C.; Walter, Richard; Goerlich, Clara; Limpus, Colin | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Solution scanning as a key policy tool: identifying management interventions to help maintain and enhance regulating ecosystem services. | Ecology and Society | Sutherland, W.J., T. Gardner, T.L. Bogich, R.B. Bradbury, B. Clothier, M. Jonsson, V. Kapos, S.N. Lane, I. M_ller, M. Schroeder, M. Spalding, T. Spencer, P.C.L. White, L.V. Dicks | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | The major task of policy makers and practitioners when confronted with a resource management problem is to decide on the potential solution(s) to adopt from a range of available options. However, this process is unlikely to be successful and cost effective without access to an independently verified and comprehensive available list of options. There is currently burgeoning interest in ecosystem services and quantitative assessments of their importance and value. Recognition of the value of ecosystem services to human well-being represents an increasingly important argument for protecting and restoring the natural environment, alongside the moral and ethical justifications for conservation. As well as understanding the benefits of ecosystem services, it is also important to synthesize the practical interventions that are capable of maintaining and/or enhancing these services. Apart from pest regulation, pollination, and global climate regulation, this type of exercise has attracted relatively little attention. Through a systematic consultation exercise, we identify a candidate list of 296 possible interventions across the main regulating services of air quality regulation, climate regulation, water flow regulation, erosion regulation, water purification and waste treatment, disease regulation, pest regulation, pollination and natural hazard regulation. The range of interventions differs greatly between habitats and services depending upon the ease of manipulation and the level of research intensity. Some interventions have the potential to deliver benefits across a range of regulating services, especially those that reduce soil loss and maintain forest cover. Synthesis and applications: Solution scanning is important for questioning existing knowledge and identifying the range of options available to researchers and practitioners, as well as serving as the necessary basis for assessing cost effectiveness and guiding implementation strategies. We recommend that it become a routine part of decision making in all environmental policy areas. | water management | |
| Solving mammalian riddles along the Indochinese-Sundaic zoogeographic transition: new insights from mammalian biogeography | Journal of Biogeography | Meijaard, Erik | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Song Sharing And Repertoires Among Migratory And Resident Rufous-Sided Towhees | Condor | Ewert, Dn; Kroodsma, De | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | Among oscines, song sharing with neighbors and large song repertoires may be enhanced in resident populations. This idea was explored with the Rufous-sided Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) by studying singing behavior in a resident Florida and a migratory | | |
| South America: Climate Monitoring and Adaptation Integrated Across Regions and Disciplines | | Halloy, S. R. P., K. Yager, C. GarcÍa, S. Beck, J. Carilla, A. Tupayachi Herrera, J. Jˆcome, R. I. Meneses, J. Farfˆn, A. Seimon, T. A. Seimon, P. RodrÍguez, S. Cuello, and A. Grau | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | This chapter provides an overview and summary of ongoing ALARM research in the South American Andes. ALARM helped to set up the first network for monitoring the impact of climate change in the Andes of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia and Peru, following GLOR | | |
| Southward range expansion of the Mourning Gecko (Lepidodactylus lugubris) on mainland Australia and nearshore islands | Australian Zoologist | Fitzsimons, J.A | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Frugivorous Hornbill Movements in Central Africa and their Implications for Rain Forest Conservation | Biotropica | Chasar, Anthony; Harrigan, Ryan J.; Holbrook, Kimberly M.; Dietsch, Thomas V.; Fuller, Trevon L.; Wikelski, Martin; Smith, Thomas B. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spatial and temporal patterns of gap dominance by low-canopy lianas detected using EO-1 Hyperion and Landsat Thematic Mapper | Remote Sensing of Environment | Jane R. Foster, Philip A. Townsend, Chris E. Zganjar | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Woody lianas are critical to tropical forest dynamics because of their strong influence on forest regeneration, disturbance ecology, and biodiversity. Recent studies synthesizing plot data from the tropics indicate that lianas are increasing in both abundance and importance in tropical forests. Moreover, lianas exhibit competitive advantages over trees in elevated CO2 environments and under strong seasonal droughts, suggesting that lianas may be poised to increase not only in abundance but also in spatial distribution in response to changing climate. We used a combination of high-resolution color-infrared videography and hyperspectral imagery from EO-1 Hyperion to map low-lying lianas in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (NKMNP) in the Bolivian Amazon. Evergreen liana forests comprise as much as 14% of the NKMNP landscape, and low-stature liana patches occupy 1.5% of these forests. We used change vector analysis (CVA) of dry season Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery from 1986 and 2000 to determine changes in liana-dominated patches over time and to assess whether those patches were regenerating to canopy forest. The spatial distribution of liana patches showed that patches were spatially aggregated and were preferentially located in proximity to waterways. The CVA results showed that most of the dense liana patches increased in brightness and greenness and decreased in wetness over the 14 years of the change analysis, while non-liana forest patches changed less and in more random directions. Persistent liana patches increased in area by an average of 59% over the time period. In comparison, large burned areas appeared to recover completely to canopy forest in the same time period. This suggests that the dense liana patches of NKMNP represent an alternative successional pathway characterized not by tree regeneration but rather by a stalled state of low-canopy liana dominance. This research supports hypotheses that liana forests can be a persistent rather than transitional component of tropical forests, and may remain so due to competitive advantages that lianas enjoy under changing climatic conditions. | | |
| Spatial and temporal variability in forest growth in the Olympic Mountains, Washington: sensitivity to climatic variability | Canadian Journal of Forest Research | Holman, ML; Peterson, DL | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | We compared annual basal area increment (BAI) at different spatial scales among all size classes and species at diverse locations in the wet western and dry northeastern Olympic Mountains. Weak growth correlations at small spatial scales (average R= 0.084 | | |
| Spatial assessment of threats to biodiversity within East Kalimantan, Indonesia | Applied Geography | Fuller, D., E. Meijaard, L. Christy, and T. C. Jessup | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spatial characteristics of early successional habitat across the Upper Great Lakes states | FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT | Tavernia, Brian G.; Nelson, Mark D.; Garner, James D.; Perry, Charles H. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spatial Configuration of Drought Disturbance and Forest Gap Creation across Environmental Gradients | PLOS ONE | Andrew, Margaret E.; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Matusick, George; Hardy, Giles E. St. J. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spatial Data Quality Control for the Coral Triangle Atlas | Coastal Management | Cros, Annick; Venegas-Li, Ruben; Teoh, Shwu Jiau; Peterson, Nate; Wen, Wen; Fatan, Nurulhuda Ahmad | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spatial design principles for sustainable hydropower development in river basins | Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews | Jager, Henriette I.; Efroymson, Rebecca A.; Opperman, Jeff J.; Kelly, Michael R. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spatial Dynamics of Canopy Trees in an Old Growth Eastern Hemlock Forest in the Central Appalachian Highlands | Natural Areas Journal | Griscom, H. P.; Griscom, B. G.; Siderhurst, L. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spatial foraging differences in American redstarts along the shoreline of northern Lake Huron during spring migration | Wilson Bulletin | Smith, RJ; Hamas, MJ; Ewert, DN; Dallman, ME | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Lowland coniferous forests adjacent to northern Lake Huron provide important stopover habitat for landbirds during spring migration. Large numbers of aquatic insects emerging from nearshore waters of northern Lake Huron appear to be an important | | |
| Spatial heterogeneity increases diversity and stability in grassland bird communities | Ecological Applications | Hovick, Torre J.; Elmore, R. Dwayne; Fuhlendorf, Samuel D.; Engle, David M.; Hamilton, Robert G. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spatial heterogeneity stabilizes livestock productivity in a changing climate | Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment | Allred, B.W., J.D. Scasta, T.J. Hovick, S.D. Fuhlendorf, R.G. Hamilton | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | Sustaining livestock agriculture is important for global food security. Livestock productivity, however, can fluctuate due to many environmental factors, including climate variability. Current predictions of continued warming, decreased precipitation, and increased climate variability worldwide raise serious questions for scientists and producers alike. Foremost is understanding how to mitigate livestock production losses attributed to climate extremes and variability. We investigated the influence of spatial heterogeneity on livestock production over six years in tallgrass prairie of the southern Great Plains, USA. We manipulated heterogeneity by allowing fire and grazing to interact spatially and temporally at broad scales across pastures ranging from 430 to 900 ha. We found that the influence of precipitation on livestock productivity was contingent upon heterogeneity. When heterogeneity was absent, livestock productivity decreased with reduced rainfall. In contrast, when heterogeneity was present, there was no relationship with rainfall and livestock productivity, resulting in heterogeneity stabilizing livestock productivity through time. With predicted increases in climate variability and uncertainty, managing for heterogeneity may assist livestock producers in adapting to climate change and in mitigating livestock productivity loss caused by climatic variability. | Cattle; Climatic extremes; Drought; Fire-grazing interaction; Great Plains; Weight gain | |
| Spatial optimization of protected area placement incorporating ecological, social and economical criteria | Ecological Modelling | Christensen, Villy; Ferdana, Zach; Steenbeek, Jeroen | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | We describe two approaches for spatial optimization of protected area placement, both based on maximizing an objective function that incorporates ecological, social, and economical criteria. Of these, a seed cell selection procedure works by evaluating . | | |
| Spatial patterns of agricultural expansion determine impacts on biodiversity and carbon storage | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Chaplin-Kramer, Rebecca; Sharp, Richard P.; Mandle, Lisa; Sim, Sarah; Johnson, Justin; Butnar, Isabela; Mila i Canals, Llorenc; Eichelberger, Bradley A.; Ramler, Ivan; Mueller, Carina; McLachlan, Nikolaus; Yousefi, Anahita; King, Henry; Kareiva, Peter M. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spatial patterns of plant diversity and communities in Alpine ecosystems of the Hengduan Mountains, Northwest Yunnan, China | Journal of Plant Ecology | Sherman, Ruth; Mullen, Renee; Haomin, Li; Zhendong, Fang; Yi, Wang | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Aims Conduct a quantitative, but rapid, regional-level assessment of the alpine flora across northwest Yunnan (NWY) to provide a broad-based understanding of local and regional patterns of the composition, diversity and health of alpine ecosystems across | | |
| Spatial planning for a green economy: National-level hydrologic ecosystem services priority areas for Gabon | PLOS ONE | Goldstein, Joshua Howard; Tallis, Heather; Cole, Aaron; Schill, Steven; Martin, Erik; Heiner, Michael; Paiz, Marie-Claire; Aldous, Allison; Apse, Colin; Nickel, Barry | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Rapidly developing countries contain both the bulk of intact natural areas and biodiversity, and the greatest untapped natural resource stocks, placing them at the forefront of “green” economic development opportunities. However, most lack scientific tools to create development plans that account for biodiversity and ecosystem services, diminishing the real potential to be sustainable. Existing methods focus on biodiversity and carbon priority areas across large geographies (e.g., countries, states/provinces), leaving out essential services associated with water supplies, among others. These hydrologic ecosystem services (HES) are especially absent from methods applied at large geographies and in data-limited contexts. Here, we present a novel, spatially explicit, and relatively simple methodology to identify countrywide HES priority areas. We applied our methodology to the Gabonese Republic, a country undergoing a major economic transformation under a governmental commitment to balance conservation and development goals. We present the first national-scale maps of HES priority areas across Gabon for erosion control, nutrient retention, and groundwater recharge. Priority sub-watersheds covered 44% of the country’s extent. Only 3% of the country was identified as a priority area for all HES simultaneously, highlighting the need to conserve different areas for each different hydrologic service. While spatial tradeoffs occur amongst HES, we identified synergies with two other conservation values, given that 66% of HES priority areas intersect regions of above average area-weighted (by sub-watersheds) total forest carbon stocks and 38% intersect with terrestrial national parks. Considering implications for development, we identified HES priority areas overlapping current or proposed major roads, forestry concessions, and active mining concessions, highlighting the need for proactive planning for avoidance areas and compensatory offsets to mitigate potential conflicts. Collectively, our results provide insight into strategies to protect HES as part of Gabon’s development strategy, while providing a replicable methodology for application to new scales, geographies, and policy contexts. | ecosystems; Gabon; water resources; biodiversity; erosion; conservation science; forests; forestry | |
| Spatial Predictions of Cover Attributes of Rangeland Ecosystems Using Regression Kriging and Remote Sensing | Rangeland Ecology & Management | Karl, Jason W. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, ranching | |
| Spatial scaling of avian population dynamics: Population abundance, growth rate, and variability | Ecology | Jones, Jason; Doran, Patrick J.; Holmes, Richard T. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Synchrony in population fluctuations has been identified as an important component of population dynamics. In a previous study, we determined that local-scale (< 15-km) spatial synchrony of bird populations in New England was correlated with synchronous | | |
| Spatial variability of Spanish sardine (Sardinella aurita) abundance as related to the upwelling cycle off the southeastern Caribbean Sea | PLOS ONE | Rueda-Roa, Digna; Mendoza, Jeremy; Muller-Karger, Frank; Cardenas, Juan Jose; Achury, Alina; Astor, Yrene | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spatial variation of headwater fish assemblages explained by hydrologic variability and upstream effects of impoundment | Copeia | Herbert, ME; Gelwick, FP | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spatially biased dispersal of acorns by a scatter-hoarding corvid may accelerate passive restoration of oak habitat on California's largest island | Current Zoology | Pesendorfer, Mario B.; Sillett, T. Scott; Morrison, Scott A. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Scatter hoarding by corvids (crows, jays, magpies, and nutcrackers) provides seed dispersal for many large-seeded plants, including oaks and pines. When hoarding seeds, corvids often choose nonrandom locations throughout the landscape, resulting in differential survival of seeds. In the context of habitat restoration, such disproportional storing of seeds in areas suitable for germination and establishment can accelerate expansion and recovery of large-seeded tree populations and their associated ecosystems. Here, we investigate the spatial preferences of island scrub jays Aphelocoma insularis during scatter hoarding of acorns (Quercus spp.) on Santa Cruz Island. We use a large behavioral data set on the birds’ behavior in combination with seedling surveys and spatial analysis to determine whether 1) island scrub jays disproportionally cache seeds in specific habitat types, and 2) whether the preferred habitat type is suitable for oak regeneration. Our results show that the jays nonrandomly cache acorns across the landscape; they use chaparral and coastal sage scrub disproportionally while avoiding open and grassy areas. The areas used most often for caching were also the areas with the highest oak seedling densities. We discuss the potential role of these findings for the recovery of Santa Cruz Island’s oak habitat since the 1980s. | Aphelocoma insularis; directional dispersal; | |
| Spatially Explicit Representation of State-and-Transition Models | Rangeland Ecology & Management | Steele, Caitriana M.; Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.; Burkett, Laura M. .; Smith, Philip L.; Yanoff, Steven | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Open Surface Water in the Central Valley of California 2000-2011: Drought, Land Cover, and Waterbirds | JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION | Reiter, Matthew E.; Elliott, Nathan; Veloz, Sam; Jongsomjit, Dennis; Hickey, Catherine M.; Merrifield, Matt; Reynolds, Mark D. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spatiotemporal patterns of rockfish bycatch in US west coast groundfish fisheries: opportunities for reducing incidental catch of depleted species | CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES | Bjorkland, Rhema; Dunn, Daniel C.; McClure, Michelle; Jannot, Jason; Bellman, Marlene A.; Gleason, Mary; Schiffers, Katja | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spawning aggregations of Lutjanus cyanopterus (Cuvier) on the Belize Barrier Reef over a 6 year period | Journal of Fish Biology | Heyman, WD; Kjerfve, B; Graham, RT; Rhodes, KL; Garbutt, L | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Snappers (Lutjanidae) are among the most important food fishes in the Caribbean (Munro, 1983; Allen, 1985; Claro, 1991). While much is known about snapper diet, habitat and growth, there is limited understanding of their reproductive habits, particularly | | |
| Special Commentary: The Future of Digital Remote Sensing for Production Forestry Organizations | Forest Science | Smith, J.L.; Clutter, M.; Keefer, B.; Ma, Z. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | It cannot honestly be stated that digital imagery is a standard instrument in the repertoire of the professional natural resource manager. However, we believe that the opportunity to change that situation is rapidly approaching because a nexus of technology and need has finally occurred. However, pragmatic issues remain. The key to the successful adoption of any new tool, including digital imagery, is not just having the need, but having the tool be useful, usable and available to the great mass of users, (i.e., those in the field in the case of our profession). No forester thinks twice about using an analog aerial photograph, and we need to create that same ñho-humî status for digital imagery. | | |
| Species composition and diversity on northwestern bunchgrass prairie rangelands. | Journal Of Animal Science | Darambazar, E.; DelCurto, T.; Damiran, D.; Clark, A. A.; Taylor, R. V. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Species composition, habitat, and water quality influence coral bleaching in southern Florida | Marine Ecology Progress Series | Wagner, Daniel E.; Kramer, Philip; van Woesik, Robert | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Species conservation value of private non-industrial forestland | | Kroeger, Timm | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Species distribution models of an endangered rodent offer conflicting measures of habitat quality at multiple scales | Journal of Applied Ecology | Bean, William T.; Prugh, Laura R.; Stafford, Robert; Butterfield, H. Scott; Westphal, Michael; Brashares, Justin S. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Species loss in the brown world: are heterotrophic systems inherently stable? | Aquatic Sciences | Rubbo, Michael J.; Belden, Lisa K.; Storrs-Mendez, Sara I.; Cole, Jonathan J.; Kiesecker, Joseph M. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Species-Specific Barriers to Tree Regeneration in High Elevation Habitats of West Virginia | Restoration Ecology | Griscom, Bronson; Griscom, Heather; Deacon, Sarah | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Spending limited resources on de-extinction could lead to net biodiversity loss | Nature Ecology and Evolution | Joseph R. Bennett, Richard F. Maloney, Tammy E. Steeves, James Brazill-Boast, Hugh P. Possingham & Philip J. Seddon | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | There is contentious debate surrounding the merits of de-extinction as a biodiversity conservation tool. Here, we use extant analogues to predict conservation actions for potential de-extinction candidate species from New Zealand and the Australian state of New South Wales, and use a prioritization protocol to predict the impacts of reintroducing and maintaining populations of these species on conservation of extant threatened species. Even using the optimistic assumptions that resurrection of species is externally sponsored, and that actions for resurrected species can share costs with extant analogue species, public funding for conservation of resurrected species would lead to fewer extant species that could be conserved, suggesting net biodiversity loss. If full costs of establishment and maintenance for resurrected species populations were publicly funded, there could be substantial sacrifices in extant species conservation. If conservation of resurrected species populations could be fully externally sponsored, there could be benefits to extant threatened species. However, such benefits would be outweighed by opportunity costs, assuming such discretionary money could directly fund conservation of extant species. Potential sacrifices in conservation of extant species should be a crucial consideration in deciding whether to invest in de-extinction or focus our efforts on extant species. | | |
| Spiders in conservation planning: a survey of US natural heritage programs | Journal of Insect Conservation | Skerl, Kevin L. | 1999 | 2017/12/14 | Although spiders play important roles in terrestrial ecosystems and are negatively impacted by human activity, they have received little attention from the US conservation community. Information gaps may prohibit the inclusion of spiders in conse | | |
| Spread and current potential distribution of an alien grass, Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees, in the southwestern USA: comparing historical data and ecological niche models | Diversity and Distributions | Schussman, Heather; Geiger, Erika; Mau-Crimmins, Theresa; Ward, Judy | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Towards integrated social_ecological sustainability indicators: Exploring the contribution and gaps in existing global data | Ecological Economics | Selomane, O., Reyers, B., Biggs, R., Tallis, H. & Polasky, S. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Sustainable development goals (SDGs), which recognise the interconnections between social, economic and ecological systems, have ignited new interest in indicators able to integrate trends in _ and interactions between _ nature and socio-economic development. We explore whether existing global data can be used to measure nature's contribution to development targets and explore limitations in these data. Using Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 1_ eradicate extreme hunger and poverty. We develop two indicators to assess the contribution of nature to progress in this goal. The indicators (based on income and employment data from nature-based sectors (NBS) represented by agriculture, forestry and fisheries) show large but declining contributions of nature to MDG 1: NBS contributed to lifting 18% of people out of poverty and provided 37% of global employment between 1991 and 2010. For low income countries, the contributions were 20% and 55% respectively. In exploring data gaps the study highlighted low reporting rates especially in low income countries, as well as lack of other measures of poverty alleviation beyond income and employment. If we are to move beyond target setting to implementation of sustainable development goals at national scales, these shortcomings require as much attention as the elaboration and agreement on the post-2015 development goals. | | |
| Improving grain legume yields using local Evate rock phosphate in Gurue District, Mozambique | African Journal of Agricultural Research | Rocha, Antonio; Maria, Ricardo; Waite, Unasse S.; Cassimo, Uatema A.; Falinski, Kim; Yost, Russell | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Acid, infertile reddish-brown soils characterize large amounts of central Mozambique. Few of these soils are in food production representing a missed opportunity for agricultural productivity and a missed alternative to improve the food security of the country. Low levels of soil nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, and potassium limit crop growth. Local agricultural amendments for acid, infertile soils such as limestone and rock phosphate exist but are unexploited. An experiment was conducted to assess the feasibility of using local Evate rock phosphate (40.7% total P2O5) as a corrective to supply phosphorus. The rock phosphate was applied at rates of 20, 40, 80 and 160 kg total P ha-1. Comparison triple super phosphate was also added at four P levels (0, 10, 20 and 40 kg P ha-1). A long growth cycle crop of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L., Mill sp. variety ÒICAEP00020Ó) with a growth cycle of 190 days was used to assess effectiveness of the local rock phosphate. A pigeon pea grain yield of 1000 kg grain ha-1 was possible with an application of 80 kg ha-1 of total P added as Evate rock phosphate. By comparison 20 kg P ha-1 as TSP was needed to reach a maximum yield of pigeon pea grain. This ratio suggests that Evate rock phosphate was 25% as effective as TSP on a total P basis. This research suggests that the Evate rock phosphate can be an effective amendment that can enable or enhance food grain production on the acid, infertile upland soils of Central Mozambique. Whether for direct application for acid-tolerant crops or acid soils or processed into soluble fertilizer phosphate, the existence of such a valuable resource provides a great opportunity for improved local food crop production. | rock phosphate; pigeon pea; acid soils; food grains; food security; agriculture | |
| 'Networking the networks': coordinating Conservation Management Networks in Victoria | | Crosthwaite, Jim; Fitzsimons, James; Stanley, Julia; Greacen, Jane | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Special Section: Conserving Nature's Stage | CONSERVATION BIOLOGY | Beier, Paul; Hunter, Malcolm L.; Anderson, Mark | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| 2000 years of sustainable use of watersheds and coral reefs in Pacific Islands: A review for Palau | Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science | Koshiba, Shirley; Besebes, Meked; Soaladaob, Kiblas; Ngiraingas, Madelsar; Isechal, Adelle Lukes; Victor, Steven; Golbuu, Yimnang | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A 2017 Horizon Scan of Emerging Issues for Global Conservation and Biological Diversity | Trends in Ecology & Evolution | William J. Sutherland, Phoebe Barnard, Steven Broad, Mick Clout, Ben Connor, Isabelle M. C™tŽ, Lynn V. Dicks, Helen Doran, Abigail C. Entwistle, Erica Fleishman, Marie Fox, Kevin J. Gaston, David W. Gibbons, Zhigang Jiang, Brandon Keim, Fiona A. Lickorish, Paul Markillie, Kathryn A. Monk, James W. Pearce-Higgins, Lloyd S. Peck, Jules Pretty, Mark D. Spalding, Femke H. Tonneijck, Bonnie C. Wintle, Nancy Ockendon | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | We present the results of our eighth annual horizon scan of emerging issues likely to affect global biological diversity, the environment, and conservation efforts in the future. The potential effects of these novel issues might not yet be fully recognized or understood by the global conservation community, and the issues can be regarded as both opportunities and risks. A diverse international team with collective expertise in horizon scanning, science communication, and conservation research, practice, and policy reviewed 100 potential issues and identified 15 that qualified as emerging, with potential substantial global effects. These issues include new developments in energy storage and fuel production, sand extraction, potential solutions to combat coral bleaching and invasive marine species, and blockchain technology. | futures, novel issues, predictions, environment, climate change, invasive species, management, energy security | |
| A biosocial approach for analyzing environmental conflicts. A case study of horseshoe crab allocation | BioScience | Odell, J; Mather, ME; Muth, RM | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A bird in our hand: Weighing uncertainty about the past against uncertainty about the future in Channel Islands National Park | George Wright Forum | Morrison, S.A | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2 | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Mcleod, Elizabeth; Chmura, Gail L.; Bouillon, Steven; Salm, Rodney; Bjork, Mats; Duarte, Carlos M.; Lovelock, Catherine E.; Schlesinger, William H.; Silliman, Brian R. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A bustle in the hedgerow: Woody field margins boost on farm avian diversity and abundance in an intensive agricultural landscape | Biological Conservation | Heath, Sacha K.; Soykan, Candan U.; Velas, Karen L.; Kelsey, Rodd; Kross, Sara M. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Considerable funding has been allocated to conservation management of non-crop habitat in agricultural landscapes, particularly field margin habitat such as hedgerows. Evaluation of the biodiversity benefits of non-crop habitat has lagged behind implementation, however, especially in the United States where this habitat has the potential to supply important resources for both common and rare species of birds. We examined the effects of woody field margin vegetation on winter and breeding season avian communities at 103 fields, row crops, and orchards in California's Central Valley, one of the most intensively-farmed landscapes on Earth. We found that margins with hedgerows, treelines or remnant riparian habitat harbored 2–3 times as many bird species, significantly greater species evenness, and 3–6 times higher maximum total abundances of birds than bare or weedy margins. The effect of margin type on richness was modulated by water year, whereas the effect of margin type on maximum total abundance was modulated by adjacent crop type. At the landscape scale, hedgerow and riparian margins that were further from woodland harbored greater species richness; a result that supports our recommendation for targeted development of hedgerows in simplified agricultural landscapes. These results demonstrate that non-crop woody habitats, both planted and remnant native patches, increase the biodiversity value of farms, providing support for policies to preserve remaining habitat and incentivize installation of woody hedgerows. | agriculture; agri-environmental schemes; biodiversity; birds; crop margins; hedgerows | |
| A call for inclusive conservation | Nature | Tallis, Heather; Lubchenco, Jane | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Call to Action for Conserving Biological Diversity in the Face of Climate Change | Conservation Biology | Hunter, Malcolm, Jr.; Dinerstein, Eric; Hoekstra, Jon; Lindenmayer, David | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Call to Enhance the Resiliency of the Nation's Water Management | Journal Of Water Resources Planning And Management-Asce | Warner, Andrew; Opperman, Jeffrey J.; Pietrowsky, Robert | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A checklist for ecological management of landscapes for conservation | Ecology Letters | Lindemeyer, D. et al (37 authors including J. Wiens) | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The management of landscapes for biological conservation and ecologically sustainable natural resource use are crucial global issues. Research for over two decades has resulted in a large literature, yet there is little consensus on the applicabi | | |
| A classification of coastal heathlands and sandplain grasslands in Massachusetts | Rhodora | Dunwiddie, PW; Zaremba, RE; Harper, KA | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | A set of 372 vegetation relev’©s was collected from coastal sandplain communities on Nantucket, Cape Cod, and Martha's Vineyard. Sites on Nantucket had the highest average number of rare species and the lowest number of non-native species. We used ... | | |
| A collaborative and adaptive process for developing environmental flow recommendations | River Research And Applications | Richter, BD; Warner, AT; Meyer, JL; Lutz, K | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Many river restoration projects are focusing on restoring environmental flow regimes to improve ecosystem health in rivers that have been developed for water supply, hydropower generation, flood control, navigation, and other purposes. In efforts | | |
| A collaborative model for large-scale riparian restoration in the western United States | RESTORATION ECOLOGY | Oppenheimer, J. Daniel; Beaugh, Stacy K.; Knudson, Julie A.; Mueller, Peter; Grant-Hoffman, Nikki; Clements, Amanda; Wight, Mike | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A comparative measure of biodiversity based on species composition | Biodiversity and Conservation | Jennings, M.D., Hoekstra, J., Higgins, J., Boucher, T. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | In conservation planning, species richness and species endemism are the most often used metrics for describing the biodiversity importance of areas. However, when it comes to prioritizing regions for conservation actions these measures alone are insufficient because they do not reveal how similar or different the actual composition of species may be from one area to another. For comparative analysis an additional useful metric would be one that indicates the degree to which the species assemblage in one area is also represented in„or is distinct from„species assemblages of other areas. Here we describe a method for quantifying the compositional representativeness of species assemblages among geographic regions. The method generates asymmetric pairwise similarity coefficients that are then used to calculate separate measures for the representativeness and the distinctiveness of species assemblages in the regions being compared. We demonstrate the method by comparing fish communities among freshwater ecoregions of the Mississippi Basin, and then among smaller hydrological units within two individual freshwater ecoregions. At both scales of analysis, our measures of representativeness and distinctiveness reveal patterns of fish species composition that differ from patterns of species richness. This information can enhance conservation planning processes by ensuring that priority-setting explicitly consider the most representative and distinctive species assemblages. | Biodiversity, Conservation, Representation, Species composition, Compositional representativeness | |
| A Comparison of Lepidoptera Communities Inhabiting Restored and Late Successional Pitch Pine-Scrub Oak Barrens in Pennsylvania | NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL | Leuenberger, Wendy; Bearer, Scott; Duchamp, Joseph; Johnson, Steve; Leppo, Betsy; McElhenny, Pat; Larkin, Jeffery | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A comparison of North American avian conservation priority ranking systems | Biological Conservation | Mehlman, D., K. Rosenberg, J. Wells, and B. Robertson | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | The need to prioritize species based on their perceived endangerment has led to the development of systems for categorizing and assessing their degree of vulnerability. Systems with divergent biological and geographical scopes can result in conflicting li | | |
| A Comparison of Perceptions of Biological Value with Scientific Assessment of Biological Importance | Applied Geography | Brown G, Smith C, Alessa L, Kliskey A | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | A distinguishing feature of conservation planning and analysis methods is that they generally rely on biological assessments carried out using scientific sampling protocols and methodologies. Few conservation planning methods explicitly include what is va | | |
| A comparison of tools for modeling freshwater ecosystem services | Journal Of Environmental Management | Vigerstol, Kari L.; Aukema, Juliann E. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A comparison of wetland mapping using SPOT satellite imagery and national wetland inventory data for a watershed in northern Michigan | | Forgette, T. A., & Shuey, J. A. | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A comparison of zoning analyses to inform the planning of a marine protected area network in Raja Ampat, Indonesia | Marine Policy | Grantham, Hedley S.; Agostini, Vera N.; Wilson, Joanne; Mangubhai, Sangeeta; Hidayat, Nur; Muljadi, Andreas; Muhajir; Rotinsulu, Chris; Mongdong, Meity; Beck, Michael W.; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A comprehensive review of climate adaptation in the United States: more than before, but less than needed | Mitigation And Adaptation Strategies For Global Change | Bierbaum, Rosina; Smith, Joel B.; Lee, Arthur; Blair, Maria; Carter, Lynne; Chapin, F. Stuart, III; Fleming, Paul; Ruffo, Susan; Stults, Missy; McNeeley, Shannon; Wasley, Emily; Verduzco, Laura | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A conceptual model for floodplains in the Sacremento-San Joaquin Delta | San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science | Opperman, J. J | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A conservation design for the central coast of California and the evaluation of mountain lion as an umbrella species | Natural Areas Journal | Thorne, JH; Cameron, D; Quinn, JF | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation planners use several methods to select conservation target areas. These include the use of umbrella species for large area requirements, site-specific locations of important biodiversity elements, and indications of ecosystem health. | | |
| A Critical Analysis of Ecosystem Services as a Tool in Conservation Projects The Possible Perils, the Promises, and the Partnerships | | Goldman, Rebecca L.; Tallis, Heather | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A cross-comparison of field, spectral, and lidar estimates of forest canopy cover | Canadian Journal Of Remote Sensing | Smith, Alistair M. S.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Evans, Jeffrey S.; Robinson, Andrew P.; Steele, Caiti M. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A cross-taxa assessment of pelagic longline by-catch mitigation measures: conflicts and mutual benefits to elasmobranchs | FISH AND FISHERIES | Gilman, Eric; Chaloupka, Milani; Swimmer, Yonat; Piovano, Susanna | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A cultural landscape approach to community-based conservation in Solomon Islands | Ecology and Society | Walter, R. K., and¾R. J. Hamilton | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Currency for Offsetting Energy Development Impacts: Horse-Trading Sage-Grouse on the Open Market | PLoS ONE | Doherty, Kevin E.; Naugle, David E.; Evans, Jeffrey S. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A developmental bottleneck in dispersing larvae: implications for spatial population dynamics | Ecology Letters | Schneider, DW; Stoeckel, JA; Rehmann, CR; Blodgett, KD; Sparks, RE; Padilla, DK | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | We found evidence for a critical population bottleneck at a developmental-stage transition in larvae of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha Pallas from field estimates of mortality. Identification of this critical period in the field was made p | | |
| A dynamic reference model: a framework for assessing biodiversity restoration goals in a fire-dependent ecosystem | Ecological Applications | Kirkman, L. Katherine; Barnett, Analie; Williams, Brett W.; Hiers, J. Kevin; Pokswinski, Scott M.; Mitchell, Robert J. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Five-year Record Mast Production and Climate in Contrasting Mixed-oak-hickory Forests on the Mashomack Preserve, Long Island, New York, USA | Natural Areas Journal | Abrams, Marc D.; Scheibel, Michael S. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | This five-year study (2007–2011) investigated year-to-year variation in the oak (Quercus spp.) and hickory (Carya spp.) mast production in five different variations of mixed-oak-hickory forests at the Mashomack Preserve on Shelter Island, Long Island, New York. All seven species (six oaks and one hickory) had one to three mast years during the five year study, with black oak (Quercus velutina) having the highest number of mast years and producing the largest number of acorns. Pignut hickory (Carya glabra) had a similarly high overstory importance value to black oak in the study stands but had only one mast year and produced less than half of the nuts produced by black oak. White oak (Quercus alba) was the third ranking tree species in term of overstory importance and mast production, having two mast years during the study. There was a large amount of year-to-year and stand variation in mast production. The highest amount of mast was produced in 2009 and 2010, yet there was a 3–4 fold difference between the least and most productive stands in each year. The year 2011 was unique for having very low mast production and no mast year for any of the six tree species. This is attributed to a significant drought in 2010 that persisted through the summer of 2011. The 2010 drought did not reduce mast production in that year. | acorns; black oak; Coastal Plain; drought | |
| A framework for conservation in a human-dominated world | CONSERVATION BIOLOGY | Morrison, Scott A. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Framework for Developing Monitoring Plans for Coastal Wetland Restoration and Living Shoreline Projects in New Jersey | | Metthea Yepsen, Joshua Moody, Elizabeth Schuster | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A framework for establishing restoration goals for contaminated ecosystems | INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT | Wagner, Anne M.; Larson, Diane L.; DalSoglio, Julie A.; Harris, James A.; Labus, Paul; Rosi-Marshall, Emma J.; Skrabis, Kristin E. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Framework for Implementing and Valuing Biodiversity Offsets in Colombia: A Landscape Scale Perspective | Sustainability | Saenz, Shirley; Walschburger, Tomas; Carlos Gonzalez, Juan; Leon, Jorge; McKenney, Bruce; Kiesecker, Joseph | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Framework for Implementing Biodiversity Offsets: Selecting Sites and Determining Scale | BioScience | Kiesecker, Joseph M.; Copeland, Holly; Pocewicz, Amy; Nibbelink, Nate; Mckenney, Bruce; Dahlke, John; Holloran, Matt; Stroud, Dan | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Framework to Integrate Habitat Monitoring and Restoration with Endangered Insect Recovery | Environmental Management | Bried, Jason; Tear, Tim; Shirer, Rebecca; Zimmerman, Chris; Gifford, Neil; Campbell, Steve; O'Brien, Kathy | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A freshwater classification approach for biodiversity conservation planning | Conservation Biology | Higgins, JV; Bryer, MT; Khoury, ML; Fitzhugh, TW | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Freshwater biodiversity is highly endangered and faces increasing threats worldwide. To be complete, regional plans that identify critical areas for conservation must capture representative components of freshwater biodiversity as well as rare a | | |
| A freshwater conservation assessment of the Upper Mississippi River basin using a coarse- and fine-filter approach | Freshwater Biology | Khoury, Mary; Higgins, Jonathan; Weitzell, Roy | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A gap analysis of tree species representation in the protected areas of the Canadian boreal forest: applying a new assemblage of digital Forest Resource Inventory data | Canadian Journal of Forest Research | Cumming, Steven G.; Drever, C. Ronnie; Houle, Melina; Cosco, John; Racine, Pierre; Bayne, Erin; Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A geospatial assessment on the distribution, condition, and vulnerability of Wyoming's wetlands | Ecological Indicators | Copeland, Holly E.; Tessman, Stephen A.; Girvetz, Evan H.; Roberts, Larry; Enquist, Carolyn; Orabona, Andrea; Patla, Susan; Kiesecker, Joseph | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A global classification of coastal flood hazard climates associated with large-scale oceanographic forcing | SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | Rueda, Ana; Vitousek, Sean; Camus, Paula; Tomas, Antonio; Espejo, Antonio; Losada, Inigo J.; Barnard, Patrick L.; Erikson, Li H.; Ruggiero, Peter; Reguero, Borja G.; Mendez, Fernando J. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems | Science | Halpern, Benjamin S.; Walbridge, Shaun; Selkoe, Kimberly A.; Kappel, Carrie V.; Micheli, Fiorenza; D'Agrosa, Caterina; Bruno, John F.; Casey, Kenneth S.; Ebert, Colin; Fox, Helen E.; Fujita, Rod; Heinemann, Dennis; Lenihan, Hunter S.; Madin, Elizabeth M. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale sp | | |
| A global quantitative synthesis of local and landscape effects on wild bee pollinators in agroecosystems | Ecology Letters | Kennedy, Christina M.; Lonsdorf, Eric; Neel, Maile C.; Williams, Neal M.; Ricketts, Taylor H.; Winfree, Rachael; Bommarco, Riccardo; Brittain, Claire; Burley, Alana L.; Cariveau, Daniel; Carvalheiro, Luisa G.; Chacoff, Natacha P.; Cunningham, Saul A.; Dan | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A global reference database of crowdsourced cropland data collected using the Geo-Wiki platform | Scientific Data | Bayas, Juan Carlos Laso; Lesiv, Myroslava; Waldner, Francois; Schucknecht, Anne; Duerauer, Martina; See, Linda; Fritz, Steffen; Fraisl, Dilek; Moorthy, Inian; McCallum, Ian; Perger, Christoph; Danylo, Olha; Defourny, Pierre; Gallego, Javier; Gilliams, Sven; Akhtar, Ibrar ul Hassan; Baishya, Swarup Jyoti; Baruah, Mrinal; Bungnamei, Khangsembou; Campos, Alfredo; Changkakati, Trishna; Cipriani, Anna; Das, Krishna; Das, Keemee; Das, Inamani; Davis, Kyle Frankel; Hazarika, Purabi; Johnson, Brian Alan; Malek, Ziga; Molinari, Monia Elisa; Panging, Kripal; Pawe, Chandra Kant; Perez-Hoyos, Ana; Sahariah, Parag Kumar; Sahariah, Dhrubajyoti; Saikia, Anup; Saikia, Meghna; Schlesinger, Peter; Seidacaru, Elena; Singha, Kuleswar; Wilson, John W. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | A global reference data set on cropland was collected through a crowdsourcing campaign using the Geo-Wiki crowdsourcing tool. The campaign lasted three weeks, with over 80 participants from around the world reviewing almost 36,000 sample units, focussing on cropland identification. For quality assessment purposes, two additional data sets are provided. The first is a control set of 1,793 sample locations validated by students trained in satellite image interpretation. This data set was used to assess the quality of the crowd as the campaign progressed. The second data set contains 60 expert validations for additional evaluation of the quality of the contributions. All data sets are split into two parts: the first part shows all areas classified as cropland and the second part shows cropland average per location and user. After further processing, the data presented here might be suitable to validate and compare medium and high resolution cropland maps generated using remote sensing. These could also be used to train classification algorithms for developing new maps of land cover and cropland extent. | agriculture; environmental impact; geography; sustainability | |
| A Global Synthesis of Managing Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems Under Sustainable Groundwater Policy | GROUNDWATER | Rohde, Melissa M.; Froend, Ray; Howard, Jeanette | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A global synthesis of the effects of diversified farming systems on arthropod diversity within fields and across agricultural landscapes | Global Change Biology | Lichtenberg, Elinor M.; Kennedy, Christina M.; Kremen, Claire; Batary, Peter; Berendse, Frank; Bommarco, Riccardo; Bosque-Perez, Nilsa A.; Carvalheiro, Luisa G.; Snyder, William E.; Williams, Neal M.; Winfree, Rachael; Klatt, Bjoern K.; Astrom, Sandra; Benjamin, Faye; Brittain, Claire; Chaplin-Kramer, Rebecca; Clough, Yann; Danforth, Bryan; Diekoetter, Tim; Eigenbrode, Sanford D.; Ekroos, Johan; Elle, Elizabeth; Freitas, Breno M.; Fukuda, Yuki; Gaines-Day, Hannah R.; Grab, Heather; Gratton, Claudio; Holzschuh, Andrea; Isaacs, Rufus; Isaia, Marco; Jha, Shalene; Jonason, Dennis; Jones, Vincent P.; Klein, Alexandra-Maria; Krauss, Jochen; Letourneau, Deborah K.; Macfadyen, Sarina; Mallinger, Rachel E.; Martin, Emily A.; Martinez, Eliana; Memmott, Jane; Morandin, Lora; Neame, Lisa; Otieno, Mark; Park, Mia G.; Pfiffner, Lukas; Pocock, Michael J. O.; Ponce, Carlos; Potts, Simon G.; Poveda, Katja; Ramos, Mariangie; Rosenheim, Jay A.; Rundlof, Maj; Sardinas, Hillary; Saunders, Manu E.; Schon, Nicole L.; Sciligo, Amber R.; Sidhu, C. Sheena; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf; Tscharntke, Teja; Vesely, Milan; Weisser, Wolfgang W.; Wilson, Julianna K.; Crowder, David W. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Agricultural intensification is a leading cause of global biodiversity loss, which can reduce the provisioning of ecosystem services in managed ecosystems. Organic farming and plant diversification are farm management schemes that may mitigate potential ecological harm by increasing species richness and boosting related ecosystem services to agroecosystems. What remains unclear is the extent to which farm management schemes affect biodiversity components other than species richness, and whether impacts differ across spatial scales and landscape contexts. Using a global metadataset, we quantified the effects of organic farming and plant diversification on abundance, local diversity (communities within fields), and regional diversity (communities across fields) of arthropod pollinators, predators, herbivores, and detritivores. Both organic farming and higher in‐field plant diversity enhanced arthropod abundance, particularly for rare taxa. This resulted in increased richness but decreased evenness. While these responses were stronger at local relative to regional scales, richness and abundance increased at both scales, and richness on farms embedded in complex relative to simple landscapes. Overall, both organic farming and in‐field plant diversification exerted the strongest effects on pollinators and predators, suggesting these management schemes can facilitate ecosystem service providers without augmenting herbivore (pest) populations. Our results suggest that organic farming and plant diversification promote diverse arthropod metacommunities that may provide temporal and spatial stability of ecosystem service provisioning. Conserving diverse plant and arthropod communities in farming systems therefore requires sustainable practices that operate both within fields and across landscapes. | agricultural management schemes; arthropod diversity; biodiversity; evenness; functional groups; landscape complexity; meta-analysis; organic farming; plant diversity; agriculture | |
| A global wave power resource and its seasonal, interannual and long-term variability | APPLIED ENERGY | Reguero, B. G.; Losada, I. J.; Mendez, F. J. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A high altitude observation of the Beautiful Firetail Stagonopleura bella from East Gippsland, Victoria | Corella | Antos, M. J., J. A. Fitzsimons, and G. Dutson | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | There has been little research on the ecological requirements of the Beautiful Firetail Stagonopleura bella, and its habitat preferences are poorly understood. On mainland Australia, the Beautiful Firetail is generally considered to be a bird of coastal r | | |
| A Horizon Scan of Global Conservation Issues for 2010. | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | Sutherland, W.J., M. Clout, I.M. Cªt_, P. Daszak, M.H. Depledge, L. Fellman, E. Fleishman, R. Garthwaite, D.W. Gibbons, J. De Lurio, A.J. Impey, F. Lickorish, D. Lindenmayer, J. Madgwick, C. Margerison, T. Maynard, L.S. Peck, J. Pretty, S. Prior, K.H. Redford, J.P.W. Scharlemann, M. Spalding, A.R. Watkinson. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | Horizon scanning identifies emerging issues in a given field sufficiently early to conduct research to inform policy and practice. Our group of horizon scanners, including academics and researchers, convened to identify fifteen nascent issues that could affect the conservation of biological diversity. These include the impacts of and potential human responses to climate change, novel biological and digital technologies, novel pollutants and invasive species. We expect to repeat this process and collation annually. | global conservation | |
| A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2012. | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | Sutherland, W.J., R. Aveling, L. Bennun, E. Chapman, M. Clout, I.M. Cªt_, M.H. Depledge, L.V. Dicks, A.P. Dobson, L. Fellman, E. Fleishman, D.W. Gibbons, B. Keim, F. Lickorish, D.B. Lindenmayer, K.A. Monk, K. Norris, L.S. Peck, S.V. Prior, J.P.W. Scharlemann, M. Spalding, A.R. Watkinson | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | Our aim in conducting annual horizon scans is to identify issues that, although currently receiving little attention, may be of increasing importance to the conservation of biological diversity in the future. The 15 issues presented here were identified by a diverse team of 22 experts in horizon scanning, and conservation science and its application. Methods for identifying and refining issues were the same as in two previous annual scans and are widely transferable to other disciplines. The issues highlight potential changes in climate, technology and human behaviour. Examples include warming of the deep sea, increased cultivation of perennial grains, burning of Arctic tundra, and the development of nuclear batteries and hydrokinetic in-stream turbines. | global conservation | |
| A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2013 | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | Sutherland, W.J., S. Bardsley, M. Clout, M.H. Depledge, L.V. Dicks, L. Fellman, E. Fleishman, D.W. Gibbons, B. Keim, F. Lickorish, C. Margerison, K.A. Monk, K. Norris, L.S. Peck, S.V. Prior, J.P.W. Scharlemann, M.D. Spalding, and A.R. Watkinson | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2014 | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | Sutherland, W. J., R. Aveling, T. M. Brooks, M. Clout, L. V. Dicks, L. Fellman, E. Fleishman, D. W. Gibbons, B. Keim, F. Lickorish, K. A. Monk, D. Mortimer, L. S. Peck, J. Pretty, J. Rockstroåm, J. P. Rodri‚guez, R. K. Smith, M. D. Spalding, F. H. Tonneij | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2015. | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | Sutherland, W.J., M. Clout, M. Depledge, L.V. Dicks, J. Dinsdale, A.C. Entwistle, E. Fleishman, D.W. Gibbons, B. Keim, F.A. Lickorish, K.A. Monk, N. Ockendon, L.S. Peck, J. Pretty, J. Rockstr_m, M.D. Spalding, F.H. Tonneijck, B.C. Wintle | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | This paper presents the results of our sixth annual horizon scan, which aims to identify phenomena that may have substantial effects on the global environment, but are not widely known or well understood. A group of professional horizon scanners, researchers, practitioners, and a journalist identified 15 topics via an iterative, Delphi-like process. The topics include a novel class of insecticide compounds, legalisation of recreational drugs, and the emergence of a new ecosystem associated with ice retreat in the Antarctic. | environment; public health; priority setting; future; drugs; Antarctica; trade | |
| A Horizon Scan of Global Conservation Issues for 2016 | Trends in Ecology & Evolution | Sutherland, William J, Broad, Steven, Caine, Jacqueline, Clout, Mick, Dicks, Lynn V, Doran, Helen, Entwistle, Abigail C, Fleishman, Erica, Gibbons, David W, Keim, Brandon, LeAnstey, Becky, Lickorish, Fiona A, Markillie, Paul, Monk, Kathryn A, Mortimer, Diana, Ockendon, Nancy, Pearce-Higgins, James W, Peck, Lloyd S, Pretty, Jules, Rockstr_m, Johan, Spalding, Mark D, Tonneijck, Femke H, Wintle, Bonnie C, Wright, Katherine E | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A K-Nearest neighbor based stochastic multisite flow and stream temperature generation technique | ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE | Sapin, Joseph; Rajagopalan, Balaji; Saito, Laurel; Caldwell, R. Jason | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A landscape perspective for forest restoration | Journal of Forestry | Sisk, T.D., M. Savage, D. Falk, C.D. Allen, E. Muldavin and P. McCarthy | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A landscape-based assessment of climate change vulnerability for all native Hawaiian plants | | Fortini, Lucas; Price, Jonathan; Jacobi, James; Vorsino, Adam; Burgett, Jeff; Brinck, Kevin W.; Amidon, Fred; Miller, Steve; Gon III, Sam `Ohukani`ohi`a; Koob, Gregory; Paxton, Eben | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit Technical Report |
| A logged forest in Borneo is better than none at all | Nature | Meijaard, E and D Sheil | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | SIR Š—” We welcome your encouragement for integrating conservation with other land use in Borneo (Š—“Timber and tapirsŠ— Nature 446, 583Š—–584; 2007). However, your picture of rampant logging and forest destruction in Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan) requi | | |
| A Long-Term Comparison of Hydrology and Plant Community Composition in Constructed Versus Naturally Occurring Vernal Pools | Restoration Ecology | Collinge, Sharon K.; Ray, Chris; Marty, Jaymee T. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Measure Whose Time has Come: Formalizing Time Poverty | SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH | Williams, Jason R.; Masuda, Yuta J.; Tallis, Heather | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Poverty remains a primary public policy issue, and a large literature has discussed the limitations of an income poverty measure. Using income as an indicator of poverty is a helpful simplification designed to capture ability to meet consumption needs. We argue that time is a basic economic resource allocated to create well-being along with income. Time is a scarce resource that individuals and households must allocate to produce goods, obtain services, and pursue rest and relaxation. Time poverty has been proposed as a complement to income poverty, yet it remains a relatively unknown measure in both policy and research spheres. The many ways time poverty is conceptualized and measured across studies has limited its adoption. To help familiarize readers with time poverty, we apply basic tenets of income poverty measurement to time. We conduct a survey of the theoretical and empirical literature discussing similarities, differences, and the pros and cons of different approaches to time poverty. In particular, inconsistent definition and categorization of necessary and discretionary time has been a barrier to the transparent application of time poverty in the literature, and we outline guidance on defining necessary and discretionary time for future studies. Finally, we outline future research directions for time poverty. | | |
| A mesquite pod industry in central Mexico: An economic development alternative | | Silbert, MS | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A meta-analysis of effects of Bt cotton and maize on nontarget invertebrates | Science | Marvier, Michelle; McCreedy, Chanel; Regetz, James; Kareiva, Peter | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Although scores of experiments have examined the ecological consequences of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops, debates continue regarding the nontarget impacts of this technology. Quantitative reviews of existing studies are crucial fo | | |
| A meta-analysis of management effects on forest carbon storage | Journal of Sustainable Forestry | Elizabeth L. Kalies, Karen A. Haubensak & Alex J. Finkral | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Forest management can have substantial impacts on ecosystem carbon storage, but those effects can vary significantly with management type and species composition. We used systematic review methodology to identify and synthesize effects of thinning and/or burning, timber harvesting, clear-cut, and wildfire on four components of ecosystem carbon: aboveground vegetation, soil, litter, and deadwood. We performed a meta-analysis on studies from the United States and Canada because those represented 85% of the studies conducted worldwide. We found that the most important variables in predicting effect sizes (ratio of carbon stored in treated stands versus controls) were, in decreasing order of importance, ecosystem carbon component, time since treatment, and age of control. Management treatment was the least important of all the variables we examined, but the trends we found suggest that thinning and/or burning treatments resulted in less carbon loss than wildfire or clear-cut. This finding is consistent with recent modeling studies indicating that forest management is unimportant to long-term carbon dynamics relative to the effects of large-scale natural disturbances (e.g., drought, fire, pest outbreak). However, many data gaps still exist on total ecosystem carbon, particularly in regions other than North America, and in timber production forests and plantations. | Ecosystem carbon, fuel reduction treatment, harvest, plantation, prescribed fire, wildfire, | |
| A method for assessing hydrologic alteration within ecosystems | Conservation Biology | Richter, BD; Baumgartner, JV; Powell, J; Braun, DP | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | Hydrologic regimes play a major role in determining the biotic composition, structure, and function of aquatic, wetland, and riparian ecosystems. But human land and water uses are substantially altering hydrologic regimes around the world. Improved quanti | | |
| A method for landscape-scale vegetation assessment: Application to great basin rangeland ecosystems | Rangeland Ecology & Management | Forbis, Tara A.; Provencher, Louis; Turner, Lee; Medlyn, Gary; Thompson, Julie; Jones, Gina | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, ranching | |
| A model-based meta-analysis for estimating species-specific wood density and identifying potential sources of variation | Journal Of Ecology | Ogle, Kiona; Pathikonda, Sharmila; Sartor, Karla; Lichstein, Jeremy W.; Osnas, Jeanne L. D.; Pacala, Stephen W. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A more effective means of delivering conservation management: a •New Integrated Conservationê model for Australian rangelands | The Rangeland Journal | Salmon, M., and R. Gerritsen | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A More Realistic Portrayal of Tropical Forestry: Response to Kormos and Zimmerman | Conservation Letters | Putz, Francis E.; Zuidema, Pieter A.; Synnott, Timothy; Pena-Claros, Marielos; Pinard, Michelle A.; Sheil, Douglas; Vanclay, Jerome K.; Sist, Plinio; Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie; Palmer, John; Zagt, Roderick; Griscom, Bronson | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A multi-model framework for simulating wildlife population response to land-use and climate change | Ecological Modelling | McRae, Brad H.; Schumaker, Nathan H.; McKane, Robert B.; Busing, Richard T.; Solomon, Allen M.; Burdick, Connie A. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Multi-Scale Distribution Model for Non-Equilibrium Populations Suggests Resource Limitation in an Endangered Rodent | PLoS ONE | Bean, William T.; Stafford, Robert; Butterfield, H. Scott; Brashares, Justin S. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Multidisciplinary Conceptualization of Conservation Opportunity | Conservation Biology | Moon, Katie; Adams, Vanessa M.; Januchowski-Hartley, Stephanie R.; Polyakov, Maksym; Mills, Morena; Biggs, Duan; Knight, Andrew T.; Game, Edward T.; Raymond, Christopher M. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A multispecies occupancy model for two or more interacting species | Mehods in Ecology and Evolution | Rota, Christopher T.; Ferreira, Marco A. R.; Kays, Roland W.; Forrester, Tavis D.; Kalies, Elizabeth L.; McShea, William J.; Parsons, Arielle W.; Millspaugh, Joshua J. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Species occurrence is influenced by environmental conditions and the presence of other species. Current approaches for multispecies occupancy modelling are practically limited to two interacting species and often require the assumption of asymmetric interactions. We propose a multispecies occupancy model that can accommodate two or more interacting species.
We generalize the single-species occupancy model to two or more interacting species by assuming the latent occupancy state is a multivariate Bernoulli random variable. We propose modelling the probability of each potential latent occupancy state with both a multinomial logit and a multinomial probit model and present details of a Gibbs sampler for the latter.
As an example, we model co-occurrence probabilities of bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as a function of human disturbance variables throughout 6 Mid-Atlantic states in the eastern United States. We found evidence for pairwise interactions among most species, and the probability of some pairs of species occupying the same site varied along environmental gradients; for example, occupancy probabilities of coyote and grey fox were independent at sites with little human disturbance, but these two species were more likely to occur together at sites with high human disturbance.
Ecological communities are composed of multiple interacting species. Our proposed method improves our ability to draw inference from such communities by permitting modelling of detection/non-detection data from an arbitrary number of species, without assuming asymmetric interactions. Additionally, our proposed method permits modelling the probability two or more species occur together as a function of environmental variables. These advancements represent an important improvement in our ability to draw community-level inference from multiple interacting species that are subject to imperfect detection. | community; competition; eMammal; interspecific interactions; multinomial logit; multinomial probit; multivariate Bernoulli; occupancy modeling; predation | |
| A National Assessment of Water Availability and Use | Journal American Water Works Association | Konrad, Christopher | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A new approach to determining environmental flow requirements: Sustaining the natural values of floodplains of the southern Murray-Darling Basin | Ecological Management and Restoration | Peake, P., J. Fitzsimons, D. Frood, M. Mitchell, N. Withers, M. White, and R. Webster | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A new approach to evaluate forest structure restoration needs across Oregon and Washington, USA | Forest Ecology and Management | Haugo, R. D., C. Zanger, T. DeMeo, C. D. Ringo, A. J. Shlisky, K. Blankenship, M. Simpson, K. MellenMcLean, J. Kertis, and M. Stern | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A new era for ecologists: Incorporating climate change into natural resource management | | Hall, K.R | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A New Genus Of The Subfamily Cubacubaninae (Insecta: Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae) From Caves In South-Central And Southwestern Usa | Journal Of Cave And Karst Studies | Espinasa, Luis; Furst, Stephen; Allen, Thomas; Slay, Michael E. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A New Map of Standardized Terrestrial Ecosystems of Africa | | Sayre, R., P. Comer, J. Hak, C. Josse, J. Bow, H. Warner, M. Larwanou, E. Kelbessa, T. Bekele, H. Kehl, R. Amena, R. Andriamasimanana, T. Ba, L. Benson, T. Boucher, M. Brown, J. Cress, O. Dassering, B. Friesen, F. Gachathi, S. Houcine, M. Keita, E. Khamala, D. Marangu, F. Mokua, B. Morou, L. Mucina, S. Mugisha, E. Mwavu, M. Rutherford, P. Sanou, S. Syampungani, B. Tomor, A. Vall, J. Vande Weghe, E. Wangui, L. Waruingi | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | Terrestrial ecosystems and vegetation of Africa were classified and mapped as part of a larger effort and global protocol (GEOSS _ the Global Earth Observation System of Systems), which includes an activity to map terrestrial ecosystems of the earth in a standardized, robust, and practical manner, and at the finest possible spatial resolution. To model the potential distribution of ecosystems, new continental datasets for several key physical environment datalayers (including coastline, landforms, surficial lithol - ogy, and bioclimates) were developed at spatial and classification resolutions finer than existing similar datalayers. A hierarchical vegetation classification was developed by African ecosystem scientists and vegetation geographers, who also provided sample locations of the newly classified vegetation units. The vegetation types and ecosystems were then mapped across the continent using a classification and regres - sion tree (CART) inductive model, which predicted the potential distribution of vegetation types from a suite of biophysical environmental attributes including bioclimate region, biogeographic region, surficial lithology, landform, elevation and land cover. Multi-scale ecosystems were classified and mapped in an increasingly detailed hierarchical framework using vegetation-based concepts of class, subclass, forma - tion, division, and macrogroup levels. The finest vegetation units (macrogroups) classified and mapped in this effort are defined using diagnostic plant species and diagnostic growth forms that reflect biogeo - graphic differences in composition and sub-continental to regional differences in mesoclimate, geology, substrates, hydrology, and disturbance regimes (FGDC, 2008). The macrogroups are regarded as me - so-scale (100s to 10,000s of hectares) ecosystems. A total of 126 macrogroup types were mapped, each with multiple, repeating occurrences on the landscape. The modeling effort was implemented at a base spatial resolution of 90 m. In addition to creating several rich, new continent-wide biophysical datalayers describing African vegetation and ecosystems, our intention was to explore feasible approaches to rapidly moving this type of standardized, continent-wide, ecosystem classification and mapping effort forward. | | Special supplement to the African Geographical Review |
| A new population of Darwin's fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) in the Valdivian Coastal Range | Revista Chilena De Historia Natural | Farias, Ariel A.; Sepulveda, Maximiliano A.; Silva-Rodriguez, Eduardo A.; Eguren, Antonieta; Gonzalez, Danilo; Jordan, Natalia I.; Ovando, Erwin; Stowhas, Paulina; Svensson, Gabriella L. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A new species of Fellhanera (lichenized Ascomycota: Pilocarpaceae) from central North America | Lichenologist | Morse, Caleb A.; Ladd, Douglas | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A new species of Gelanoglanis (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) from the MaraÐon River (Amazon Basin), northeastern PerÏ | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Rengifo, B., N. K. Lujan, D. Taphorn & P. Petry | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A New Species Of Physaria (Cruciferae) From Wyoming | Brittonia | Lichvar, Rw | 1983 | 2017/12/14 | The proposal to give Physaria condensata Rollins protection under the Endan gered Species Act prompted extensive field work on this and other related specie: in Wyoming. Since 1977, observations by R. Dorn and me have indicated muct variation in growth fo | | |
| A New Status for the Dwarf Maidenhair Fern of the Pacific Northwest Coast | American Fern Journal | Alverson, Edward R. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A novel framework for analyzing conservation impacts: evaluation, theory, and marine protected areas | ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES | Mascia, Michael B.; Fox, Helen E.; Glew, Louise; Ahmadia, Gabby N.; Agrawal, Arun; Barnes, Megan; Basurto, Xavier; Craigie, Ian; Darling, Emily; Geldmann, Jonas; Gill, David; Rice, Susie Holst; Jensen, Olaf P.; Lester, Sarah E.; McConney, Patrick; Mumby, Peter J.; Nenadovic, Mateja; Parks, John E.; Pomeroy, Robert S.; White, Alan T. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Parvancorina-like arthropod from the Cambrian of South China | Historical Biology | Lin, Jih-Pai; Gon III, Samuel M.; Gehling, James G.; Babcock, Loren E.; Zhao, Yuan-Long; Zhang, Xing-Liang; Huf, Shi-Xue; Yuan, Jin-Liang; Yu, Mei-Yi; Peng, Jin | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Constraining the origin of animal groups is allowed, to some extent, by discoveries of Cambrian Lagerst_tten that preserve both mineralizing and nonmineralizing organisms. A new species is reported here of the Cambrian arthropod Skania, which bears an exoskeleton that shares homologies with the Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran) organism Parvancorina and firmly establishes a Precambrian root for arthropods. A new monophyletic group, Parvancorinomorpha, is proposed as the first clade within the arthropod crown group demonstrably ranging across the Neoproterozoic_Paleozoic transition. The Parvancorinomorpha is interpreted to be the sister group of the Arachnomorpha. Incipient cephalization in Skania and related genera represents a step in the progression toward division of a cephalon from a large posterior trunk as shown in Cambrian arachnomorphs such as naraoiids and the addition of a pygidium and thoracic tergites as shown in the arachnomorph clade basal to trilobites. This evidence can serve as a new calibration point for estimating the divergence time for the last common ancestor of arthropods and priapulids based on molecular clock methods. | Vendobionts; Ediacaran; Primicaris; Skania; Kaili Formation; Burgess Shale-type deposits | |
| A picture is worth a thousand data points: an imagery dataset of paired shrub-open microsites within the Carrizo Plain National Monument | GigaScience | Noble, Taylor J.; Lortie, Christopher J.; Westphal, Michael; Butterfield, H. Scott | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Background:
Carrizo Plain National Monument (San Joaquin Desert, California, USA) is home to many threatened and endangered species including the blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila). Vegetation is dominated by annual grasses, and shrubs such as Mormon tea (Ephedra californica), which is of relevance to our target species, the federally listed blunt-nosed leopard lizard, and likely also provides key ecosystem services. We used relatively nonintrusive camera traps, or trail cameras, to capture interactions between animals and these shrubs using a paired shrub-open deployment. Cameras were placed within the shrub understory and in open microhabitats at ground level to estimate animal activity and determine species presence.
Findings:
Twenty cameras were deployed from April 1st, 2015 to July 5th, 2015 at paired shrub-open microsites at three locations. Over 425,000 pictures were taken during this time, of which 0.4 % detected mammals, birds, insects, and reptiles including the blunt-nosed leopard lizard. Trigger rate was very high on the medium sensitivity camera setting in this desert ecosystem, and rates did not differ between microsites.
Conclusions:
Camera traps are an effective, less invasive survey method for collecting data on the presence or absence of desert animals in shrub and open microhabitats. A more extensive array of cameras within an arid region would thus be an effective tool to estimate the presence of desert animals and potentially detect habitat
use patterns. | blunt-nosed leopard lizard; camera trapping; Carrizo plain national monument; Ephedra californica; facilitation; San Joaquin desert; San Joaquin kit fox; San Joaquin valley; San Luis Obispo county | |
| A practical guide to environmental flows for policy and planning, with nine case studies from the United States | | Kendy, E., C. Apse, and K. Blann | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A practical guide to the application of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems criteria. | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | Rodriguez, J.P., D.A. Keith, K.M. Rodriguez-Clark, N.J. Murray, E. Nicholson, T.J. Regan, R.M. Miller, E.G. Barrow, L.M. Bland, K. Boe, T.M. Brooks, M.A. Oliveira-Miranda, M. Spalding, P. Wit | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | The newly developed IUCN Red List of Ecosystems is part of a growing toolbox for assessing risks to biodiversity, which addresses ecosystems and their functioning. The Red List of Ecosystems standard allows systematic assessment of all freshwater, marine, terrestrial and subterranean ecosystem types in terms of their global risk of collapse. In addition, the Red List of Ecosystems categories and criteria provide a technical base for assessments of ecosystem status at the regional, national, or subnational level. While the Red List of Ecosystems criteria were designed to be widely applicable by scientists and practitioners, guidelines are needed to ensure they are implemented in a standardized manner to reduce epistemic uncertainties and allow robust comparisons among ecosystems and over time. We review the intended application of the Red List of Ecosystems assessment process, summarize ïbest-practiceÍ methods for ecosystem assessments and outline approaches to ensure operational rigour of assessments. The Red List of Ecosystems will inform priority setting for ecosystem types worldwide, and strengthen capacity to report on progress towards the Aichi Targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity. When integrated with other IUCN knowledge products, such as the World Database of Protected Areas/Protected Planet, Key Biodiversity Areas and the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the Red List of Ecosystems will contribute to providing the most complete global measure of the status of biodiversity yet achieved. | Ecosystems | |
| A predictive model of burn severity based on 20-year satellite-inferred burn severity data in a large southwestern US wilderness area | Forest Ecology and Management | Holden, Zachary A.; Morgan, Penelope; Evans, Jeffrey S. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A predictive tool for implementation of voluntary Codes of Conduct for Botanic Gardens and Arboreta | | Gordon, D.R. and K. Serbesoff-King | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Presumptive Standard For Environmental Flow Protection | River Research And Applications | Richter, B. D.; Davis, M. M.; Apse, C.; Konrad, C. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Primer for Monitoring Water Funds | | Higgins, J.V., and A. Zimmerling (eds. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A proposed process for applying a structured decision-making framework to restoration planning in the Atchafalaya River Basin, Louisiana, USA | Restoration Ecology | Kozak, Justin P.; Piazza, Bryan P. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A quantitative framework for demographic trends in size-structured populations: analysis of threats to floodplain forests | ECOSPHERE | Marks, Christian O.; Canham, Charles D. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Studies of population dynamics are continually seeking to develop quantitative approaches that can be easily applied to widely available data in ways that can guide management decisions. We present a method for quantifying demographic trends in size-structured populations that we applied to forest tree species and changes in forest structure associated with different threats to help identify forest health priorities. Strengths of the approach are that tree size and growth rate can be controlled for to separate mortality impacts of particular threats from background rates associated with stand self-thinning. We illustrate the method with tree census data from Connecticut River floodplain forests. We found that these floodplain forests are currently declining demographically across all sizes, with floodplain pioneer tree species particularly affected. Cutting by a large beaver population is contributing to this decline. Specifically, beavers are cutting 11.4% of the Salix nigra and 1.6% of the Populus deltoides trees annually. We also showed quantitatively that Dutch elm disease and invasive lianas are important threats to the health of these forests. We estimated that Dutch elm disease caused at least 9.5% of all tree mortality. Invasive Celastrus orbiculatus lianas were implicated in 9.8% of the mortality of large floodplain trees (i.e., DBH = 60 cm) on the Lower Connecticut River (i.e., GDD > 3463, base 0ÁC). Overall, we found that the method is flexible and could be applied to a wide range of forest types and threats. | | |
| A rapid assessment of coral reef community structure and diversity patterns at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba | Bulletin of Marine Science | Chiappone, M; Sullivan-Sealey, K; Bustamante, G; Tschirky, J | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | Ten shallow (< 20 m) reefs at Naval Station Guant’namo Bay, southeastern Cuba, were surveyed during JulyŠ—–August 1996 to evaluate topographic complexity and community structure with respect to depth-related zonation and potential sedimentation impacts f | | |
| A reality check for designer biofuel landscapes | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | Struebig, M. J., G. Paoli, and E. Meijaard | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A return-on-investment framework to identify conservation priorities in Africa | Biological Conservation | Tear, Timothy H.; Stratton, Bradford N.; Game, Edward T.; Brown, Matthew A.; Apse, Colin D.; Shirer, Rebecca R. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A review of the distribution and status of Pygmy Palm-Swift Micropanyptila furcata in Venezuela | Bird Conservation International | Collins, C. T., Ryan, T. P., & Kelsey, R. | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A review of the genus Traegaardhia (Acari, Prostigmata, Rhagidiidae) with descriptions of new species and a key to species | Zootaxa | Zacharda, Miloslav; Fong, Daniel; Hobbs, Horton H., III; Piva, Erminio; Slay, Michael E.; Taylor, Steven J. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | species2, genus | |
| A sensitive environmental DNA (eDNA) assay leads to new insights on Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua) spread in North America | BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS | Tucker, Andrew J.; Chadderton, W. Lindsay; Jerde, Christopher L.; Renshaw, Mark A.; Uy, Karen; Gantz, Crysta; Mahon, Andrew R.; Bowen, Anjanette; Strakosh, Timothy; Bossenbroek, Jonathan M.; Sieracki, Jennifer L.; Beletsky, Dmitry; Bergner, Jennifer; Lodge, David M. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A social and ecological assessment of tropical land uses at multiple scales: the Sustainable Amazon Network | Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society B-Biological Sciences | Gardner, Toby A.; Ferreira, Joice; Barlow, Jos; Lees, Alexander C.; Parry, Luke; Guimaraes Vieira, Ima Celia; Berenguer, Erika; Abramovay, Ricardo; Aleixo, Alexandre; Andretti, Christian; Aragao, Luiz E. O. C.; Araujo, Ivanei; de Avila, Williams Souza; Ba | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Social Landscape Analysis of Land Use Decision Making in a Coastal Watershed | Society & Natural Resources | Washburn, Erika L. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A spatial classification and database for management, research, and policy making: The Great Lakes aquatic habitat framework | JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH | Wang, Lizhu; Riseng, Catherine M.; Mason, Lacey A.; Wehrly, Kevin E.; Rutherford, Edward S.; McKenna, James E., Jr.; Castiglione, Chris; Johnson, Lucinda B.; Infante, Dana M.; Sowa, Scott; Robertson, Mike; Schaeffer, Jeff; Khoury, Mary; Gaiot, John; Hollenhorst, Tom; Brooks, Colin; Coscarelli, Mark | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation: Unified classifications of threats and actions | Conservation Biology | Salafsky, Nick; Salzer, Daniel; Stattersfield, Alison J.; Hilton-Taylor, Craig; Neugarten, Rachel; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Collen, Ben; Cox, Neil; Master, Lawrence L.; O'Connor, Sheila; Wilkie, David | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | An essential foundation of any science is a standard lexicon. Any given conservation project can be described in terms of the biodiversity targets, direct threats, contributing factors at the project site, and the conservation actions that the p | | |
| A state-and-transition modeling approach for estimating the historical range of variability | AIMS Environmental Science | Kori Blankenship, Corresponding author, , Leonardo Frid, James L. Smith | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Reference ecological conditions offer important context for land managers as they assess the condition of their landscapes and provide benchmarks for desired future conditions. State-and-transition simulation models (STSMs) are commonly used to estimate reference conditions that can be used to evaluate current ecosystem conditions and to guide land management decisions and activities. The LANDFIRE program created more than 1,000 STSMs and used them to assess departure from a mean reference value for ecosystems in the United States. While the mean provides a useful benchmark, land managers and researchers are often interested in the range of variability around the mean. This range, frequently referred to as the historical range of variability (HRV), offers model users improved understanding of ecosystem function, more information with which to evaluate ecosystem change and potentially greater flexibility in management options. We developed a method for using LANDFIRE STSMs to estimate the HRV around the mean reference condition for each model state in ecosystems by varying the fire probabilities. The approach is flexible and can be adapted for use in a variety of ecosystems. HRV analysis can be combined with other information to help guide complex land management decisions. | | |
| A synthesis and comparative evaluation of factors influencing the effectiveness of drainage water management | AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT | Ross, Jared A.; Herbert, Matthew E.; Sowa, Scott P.; Frankenberger, Jane R.; King, Kevin W.; Christopher, Sheila F.; Tank, Jennifer L.; Arnold, Jeffrey G.; White, Mike J.; Yen, Haw | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A systematic evaluation of the conservation plans for the Pantanal wetland in Brazil | Wetlands | Lourival, R., H. McCallum, G. Grigg, C. Arcangelo, R. Machado, and H. Possingham | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Systematic Framework for Spatial Conservation Planning and Ecological Priority Design in St. Lucia, Eastern Caribbean | Central American Biodiversity: Conservation, Ecology and a Sustainable Future | Evans, J.S., S.R. Schill, G.T. Raber | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A systematic review of approaches to quantify hydrologic ecosystem services to inform decision-making | International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management | Harrison-Atlas, D., Theobald, D.M. & Goldstein, J.H. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Global threats to freshwater resources are prompting widespread concern about their management and implications for well-being. In recent decades, hydrologic ecosystem services (HES) have emerged as an innovative concept to evaluate freshwater resources, providing opportunity for researchers to engage in decision-relevant science. We conducted a systematic review of studies published within the last decade, documenting approaches for mapping and quantifying HES and classifying the decision context. To gauge the relevance of HES science, we evaluated 49 case studies using multiple criteria for credibility, legitimacy, and saliency. We found compelling evidence that much of the variability in the quantification of HES can be explained by research motivations and scoping, reflecting the decision-oriented framing of the ecosystem services concept. Our review highlights key knowledge gaps in the state of the science including the need to articulate beneficiaries and to make connections to policy and management more explicit. To strengthen the potential for impact of HES science, we provide recommendations to assist researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers in identifying goals, formulating relevant questions, and selecting informative approaches for quantifying HES. We argue that sustained progress in applying HES requires critical evaluation and careful framing to link science and practice. | Ecosystem services, hydrologic ecosystem services, water resources, mapping, validation, decision-making | |
| A traditional method of Cinnamomum carolinense preparation eliminates safrole from a therapeutic Pohnpean tea | Journal Of Ethnopharmacology | Reynertson, KA; Balick, MJ; Lee, R; Raynor, W; Pelep, Y; Kennelly, EJ | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Cinnamomum carolinense, locally known as madeu, is a tree endemic to the volcanic mountains of the Island of Pohnpei in the Eastern Carolines of the South Pacific. The bark is harvested from trees and brewed to make a medicinal tea and hot beverage that i | | |
| A Transactional and Collaborative Approach to Reducing Effects of Bottom Trawling | Conservation Biology | Gleason, Mary; Feller, Erika M.; Merrifield, Matt; Copps, Stephen; Fujita, Rod; Bell, Michael; Rienecke, Steve; Cook, Chuck | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| A Vegetation Analysis Of Tallgrass Prairie In Southern Ontario | | Faberlangendoen, D; Maycock, Pf | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | The purpose of this study is to describe the composition of tallgrass prairie in southern Ontario and compare floristic variation with stands to the west in the prairie-’Forest border. Sixty three stands were located, most on sand plains. Direc | | |
| A World at Risk: Aggregating Development Trends to Forecast Global Habitat Conversion | PLOS ONE | Oakleaf, James R.; Kennedy, Christina M.; Baruch-Mordo, Sharon; West, Paul C.; Gerber, James S.; Jarvis, Larissa; Kiesecker, Joseph | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | A growing and more affluent human population is expected to increase the demand for resources and to accelerate habitat modification, but by how much and where remains unknown. Here we project and aggregate global spatial patterns of expected urban and agricultural expansion, conventional and unconventional oil and gas, coal, solar, wind, biofuels and mining development. Cumulatively, these threats place at risk 20% of the remaining global natural lands (19.68 million km2) and could result in half of the worldÍs biomes becoming >50% converted while doubling and tripling the extent of land converted in South America and Africa, respectively. Regionally, substantial shifts in land conversion could occur in Southern and Western South America, Central and Eastern Africa, and the Central Rocky Mountains of North America. With only 5% of the EarthÍs at-risk natural lands under strict legal protection, estimating and proactively mitigating multi-sector development risk is critical for curtailing the further substantial loss of nature. | | |
| Aboveground and belowground impacts following removal of the invasive species babyês breath (Gypsophila paniculata) on Lake Michigan sand dunes | Restoration Ecology | Emery, S.M., P.J. Doran, J.T. Legge, M. Kleitch, and S. Howard | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Aboveground invertebrate responses to land management differences in a central Kansas grassland | Environmental Entomology | Jonas, JL; Whiles, MR; Charlton, RE | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | Macroinvertebrate communities in a central Kansas grassland were examined to assess their responses to differences in land management and explore their viability for biological assessment of grasslands. Canopy (drop-trap) and ground-dwelling (pit | | |
| Abundance models improve spatial and temporal prioritization of conservation resources | ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS | Johnston, Alison; Fink, Daniel; Reynolds, Mark D.; Hochachka, Wesley M.; Sullivan, Brian L.; Bruns, Nicholas E.; Hallstein, Eric; Merrifield, Matt S.; Matsumoto, Sandi; Kelling, Steve | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation prioritization requires knowledge about organism distribution and density. This information is often inferred from models that estimate the probability of species occurrence rather than from models that estimate species abundance, because abundance data are harder to obtain and model. However, occurrence and abundance may not display similar patterns and therefore development of robust, scalable, abundance models is critical to ensuring that scarce conservation resources are applied where they can have the greatest benefits. Motivated by a dynamic land conservation program, we develop and assess a general method for modeling relative abundance using citizen science monitoring data. Weekly estimates of relative abundance and occurrence were compared for prioritizing times and locations of conservation actions for migratory waterbird species in California, USA. We found that abundance estimates consistently provided better rankings of observed counts than occurrence estimates. Additionally, the relationship between abundance and occurrence was nonlinear and varied by species and season. Across species, locations prioritized by occurrence models had only 10_58% overlap with locations prioritized by abundance models, highlighting that occurrence models will not typically identify the locations of highest abundance that are vital for conservation of populations. | | |
| Abundance patterns of dragonflies along a wetland buffer | Wetlands | Bried, Jason T.; Ervin, Gary N. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Local abundance of animals with aquatic and terrestrial life stages may be useful to determine criteria for protective buffers around wetlands. Maiden flights and daily commutes of adult Odonata (damselflies, dragonflies) occur between wetland br | | |
| Abundance patterns of landbirds in restored and remnant riparian forests on the Sacramento River, California, USA | Restoration Ecology | Gardali, Thomas; Holmes, Aaron L.; Small, Stacy L.; Nur, Nadav; Geupel, Geoffrey R.; Golet, Gregory H. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Riparian vegetation along the Sacramento RiverŠ—”California's largest riverŠ—”has been almost entirely lost, and several wildlife species have been extirpated or have declined as a result. Large-scale restoration efforts are focusing on revegetat | | |
| Accelerate Synthesis in Ecology and Environmental Sciences | BioScience | Carpenter, Stephen R.; Armbrust, E. Virginia; Arzberger, Peter W.; Chapin, F. Stuart, III; Elser, James J.; Hackett, Edward J.; Ives, Anthony R.; Kareiva, Peter M.; Leibold, Mathew A.; Lundberg, Per; Mangel, Marc; Merchant, Nirav; Murdoch, William W.; Pal | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Ecology is a leading discipline in the synthesis of diverse knowledge. Ecologists have had considerable experience in bringing together diverse, multinational data sets, disciplines, and cultural perspectives to address a wide range of issues in | | |
| Accelerating Adaptation of Natural Resource Management to Address Climate Change | Conservation Biology | Cross, Molly S.; McCarthy, Patrick D.; Garfin, Gregg; Gori, David; Enquist, Carolyn A. F. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Accounting for Ecosystem Alteration Doubles Estimates of Conservation Risk in the Conterminous United States | PLoS ONE | Swaty, Randy; Blankenship, Kori; Hagen, Sarah; Fargione, Joseph; Smith, Jim; Patton, Jeannie | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | Previous national and global conservation assessments have relied on habitat conversion data to quantify conservation risk. However, in addition to habitat conversion to crop production or urban uses, ecosystem alteration (e.g., from logging, conversion to plantations, biological invasion, or fire suppression) is a large source of conservation risk. We add data quantifying ecosystem alteration on unconverted lands to arrive at a more accurate depiction of conservation risk for the conterminous United States. We quantify ecosystem alteration using a recent national assessment based on remote sensing of current vegetation compared with modeled reference natural vegetation conditions. Highly altered (but not converted) ecosystems comprise 23% of the conterminous United States, such that the number of critically endangered ecoregions in the United States is 156% higher than when calculated using habitat conversion data alone. Increased attention to natural resource management will be essential to address widespread ecosystem alteration and reduce conservation risk. | conservation science; ecosystems; ecological risk; fire suppression technology; forests; forest ecology; invasive species; urban ecology | |
| Accuracy of the Australian Weed Risk Assessment system across varied geographies | Diversity and Distributions | Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, and R.K. Stocker | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Achieving Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 to improve the performance of protected areas and conserve freshwater biodiversity | AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS | Juffe-Bignoli, Diego; Harrison, Ian; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Flitcroft, Rebecca; Hermoso, Virgilio; Jonas, Harry; Lukasiewicz, Anna; Thieme, Michele; Turak, Eren; Bingham, Heather; Dalton, James; Darwall, William; Deguignet, Marine; Dudleyo, Nigel; Gardner, Royal; Higgins, Jonathan; Kumar, Ritesh; Linke, Simon; Milton, G. Randy; Pittock, Jamie; Smith, Kevin G.; Van Soesbergen, Arnout | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011_2020), adopted at the 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, sets 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets to be met by 2020 to address biodiversity loss and ensure its sustainable and equitable use. Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 describes what an improved conservation network would look like for marine, terrestrial and inland water areas, including freshwater ecosystems. To date, there is no comprehensive assessment of what needs to be achieved to meet Target 11 for freshwater biodiversity. Reports on implementation often fail to consider explicitly freshwater ecosystem processes and habitats, the pressures upon them, and therefore the full range of requirements and actions needed to sustain them. Here the current progress and key gaps for meeting Aichi Target 11 are assessed by exploring the implications of each of its clauses for freshwater biodiversity. Concerted action on Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 for freshwater biodiversity by 2020 is required in a number of areas: a robust baseline is needed for each of the clauses described here at national and global scales; designation of new protected areas or expansion of existing protected areas to cover known areas of importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, and a representative sample of biodiversity; use of Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs) in places where designating a protected area is not appropriate; and promoting and implementing better management strategies for fresh water in protected areas that consider its inherent connectivity, contextual vulnerability, and required human and technical capacity. Considering the specific requirements of freshwater systems through Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 has long-term value to the Sustainable Development Goals discussions and global conservation policy agenda into the coming decades. | | |
| Achieving climate connectivity in a fragmented landscape | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | McGuire, Jenny L.; Lawler, Joshua J.; McRae, Brad H.; Nunez, Tristan A.; Theobald, David M. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | The contiguous United States contains a disconnected patchwork of natural lands. This fragmentation by human activities limits speciesÍ ability to track suitable climates as they rapidly shift. However, most models that project species movement needs have not examined where fragmentation will limit those movements. Here, we quantify climate connectivity, the capacity of landscape configuration to allow species movement in the face of dynamically shifting climate. Using this metric, we assess to what extent habitat fragmentation will limit species movements in response to climate change. We then evaluate how creating corridors to promote climate connectivity could potentially mitigate these restrictions, and we assess where strategies to increase connectivity will be most beneficial. By analyzing fragmentation patterns across the contiguous United States, we demonstrate that only 41% of natural land area retains enough connectivity to allow plants and animals to maintain climatic parity as the climate warms. In the eastern United States, less than 2% of natural area is sufficiently connected. Introducing corridors to facilitate movement through human-dominated regions increases the percentage of climatically connected natural area to 65%, with the most impactful gains in low-elevation regions, particularly in the southeastern United States. These climate connectivity analyses allow ecologists and conservation practitioners to determine the most effective regions for increasing connectivity. More importantly, our findings demonstrate that increasing climate connectivity is critical for allowing species to track rapidly changing climates, reconfiguring habitats to promote access to suitable climates. | | |
| Achieving fisheries and conservation objectives within marine protected areas: Zoning the Raja Ampat network | The Nature Conservancy, Indo-Pacific Division, Denpasar | Agostini, V. N., H.S. Grantham, J. Wilson, S. Mangubhai, C. Rotinsulu, N. Hidayat, A. Muljadi, Muhajir, M. Mongdong, A. Darmawan, L. Rumetna, M.V. Erdmann, and H.P. Possingham | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Achieving MPA effectiveness through application of responsive governance incentives in the Tubbataha reefs | Marine Policy | Dygico, Marivel; Songco, Angelique; White, Alan T.; Green, Stuart J. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Achieving the triple bottom line in the face of inherent trade-offs among social equity, economic return, and conservation | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Halpern, Benjamin S.; Klein, Carissa J.; Brown, Christopher J.; Beger, Maria; Grantham, Hedley S.; Mangubhai, Sangeeta; Ruckelshaus, Mary; Tulloch, Vivitskaia J.; Watts, Matt; White, Crow; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Acoustic signals, species diagnosis, and species concepts: the case of a new cryptic species of Leptodactylus (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae) from the Chapare region, Bolivia | Zoological Journal Of The Linnean Society | Angulo, Ariadne; Reichle, Steffen | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Overall morphological similarity and intrapopulation variation of morphological features make species identification in cryptic species complexes challenging. In such cases, additional features, such as acoustic and/or genetic characters, are being used to aid species identification. The use of acoustic signals as a suite of diagnostic features can be especially rewarding in certain taxonomic groups that rely on acoustic communication. Such is the case of the Neotropical leaf litter frogs of the Leptodactylus marmoratus group (formerly Adenomera). Recent studies using different suites of features for field identification have revealed a previously undetected species richness for this group. It is in the light of acoustic signals that we identify a new species for this group, and describe it herein. We also discuss the systematics of populations associated with the Amazonian realm. We further explore the use of acoustic signals in species identification and diagnosis in anurans and other taxa that communicate acoustically (e.g. lacewings, orthopterans, and birds), and the relevance and importance of the use of species concepts in species diagnosis and descriptions. | advertisement call; cryptic species complexes; song; South America; taxonomy; vocalization | |
| Acting Optimally for Biodiversity in a World Obsessed with REDD | Conservation Letters | Venter, Oscar; Hovani, Lex; Bode, Michael; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Active and passive environmental DNA surveillance of aquatic invasive species | CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES | Simmons, Megan; Tucker, Andrew; Chadderton, W. Lindsay; Jerde, Christopher L.; Mahon, Andrew R. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Adaptation of Cascade Hydropower Station Scheduling on A Headwater Stream of the Yangtze River under Changing Climate Conditions | WATER | Zhai, Ming Yang; Lin, Qian Guo; Huang, Guo He; Zhu, Le; An, Kai; Li, Gong Chen; Huang, Yue Fei | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Adapting a floral biogeography model to prairie-dependant Lepidoptera | | Metzler, E. H., J. A. Shuey, L. A. Ferge, R. A. Henderson, and P. Z. Goldstein | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison |
| Adapting stakeholder processes to region-specific challenges in marine protected area network planning | Ocean and Coastal Management | Fox, Evan; Poncelet, Eric; Connor, Darci; Vasques, Jason; Ugoretz, John; McCreary, Scott; Monie, Dominique; Harty, Michael; Gleason, Mary | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Adapting to climate change: building interactive decision support to meet management objectives for coastal conservation and hazard mitigation on Long Island, New York, USA. | | FerdaÐa, Z.; Newkirk, S.; Whelchel, A. W.; Gilmer, B.; Beck, M. W. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Adaptive bathymetric system | Hydro International | Ecochard, J.L.B. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Adaptive Climate Response Cost Models for Infrastructure | Journal Of Infrastructure Systems | Chinowsky, Paul S.; Strzepek, Kenneth; Larsen, Peter; Opdahl, Arie | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Adaptive divergence despite strong genetic drift: genomic analysis of the evolutionary mechanisms causing genetic differentiation in the island fox (Urocyon littoralis) | MOLECULAR ECOLOGY | Funk, W. Chris; Lovich, Robert E.; Hohenlohe, Paul A.; Hofman, Courtney A.; Morrison, Scott A.; Sillett, T. Scott; Ghalambor, Cameron K.; Maldonado, Jesus E.; Rick, Torben C.; Day, Mitch D.; Polato, Nicholas R.; Fitzpatrick, Sarah W.; Coonan, Timothy J.; Crooks, Kevin R.; Dillon, Adam; Garcelon, David K.; King, Julie L.; Boser, Christina L.; Gould, Nicholas; Andelt, William F. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Adaptive Management in Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Relicensing | SUSTAINABLE WATER: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS FROM CALIFORNIA | Podolak, Kristen; Yarnell, Sarah | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Adaptive management of flows in the lower Roanoke River, North Carolina, USA | Environmental Management | Pearsall, SH; McCrodden, BJ; Townsend, PA | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | The lower Roanoke River in North Carolina, USA, has been regulated by a series of dams since the 1950s. This river and its floodplain have been identified by The Nature Conservancy, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and the State of North Carolin | | |
| Adaptive Management, Restoration, And Monitoring For Performance Based Results In The Fish Creek Watershed In Northeastern Indiana And Northwestern Ohio, Usa | | Simon, Thomas P.; Altfater, Dave; Tosick, Michael J.; Smith, James R.; Faatz, Wayne; Draper, Joseph; Warner, Beth A.; Wodrich, Carl; Remek, Anne; Campbell-Allison, Jennifer; Sparks, Daniel W.; Clark, Forest | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Additional mycorrhizae inoculum unnecessary in pastures restored to longleaf pine flatwoods (Florida) | Ecological Restoration | Jenkins, A.M., D.R. Gordon, and K. Kitajima | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| ADDITIVE EFFECTS OF MEAN TEMPERATURE, TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY, AND CHLOROTHALONIL TO RED-EYED TREEFROG (AGALYCHNIS CALLIDRYAS) LARVAE | ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY | Alza, Carissa M.; Donnelly, Maureen A.; Whitfield, Steven M. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Additive effects of simulated climate changes, elevated CO2, and nitrogen deposition on grassland diversity. | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Zavaleta, E.S., Shaw, M.R., Chiariello, N.R., Mooney, H.A., Field, C.B. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Addressing policy issues in a stakeholder-based and science-driven marine protected area network planning process | Ocean and Coastal Management | Fox, Evan; Hastings, Sean; Miller-Henson, Melissa; Monie, Dominique; Ugoretz, John; Frimodig, Adam; Shuman, Craig; Owens, Brian; Garwood, Rebecca; Connor, Darci; Serpa, Paulo; Gleason, Mary | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Adjustments in hydraulic architecture of Pinus palustris maintain similar stomatal conductance in xeric and mesic habitats | Plant Cell And Environment | Addington, RN; Donovan, LA; Mitchell, RJ; Vose, JM; Pecot, SD; Jack, SB; Hacke, UG; Sperry, JS; Oren, R | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | We investigated relationships between whole-tree hydraulic architecture and stomatal conductance in Pinus palustris Mill.(longleaf pine) across habitats that differed in soil properties and habitat structure. Trees occupying a xeric habitat (char | | |
| Adopting a Learning Network Approach for Growing Fire Adapted Communities | Fire Management Today (FMT) | Goulette, N., Decker, L., Medley-Daniel, M., & Goldstein, B. E | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Adult and juvenile survival of Black-capped vireos within a large breeding population in Texas | Condor | Kostecke, Richard M.; Cimprich, David A. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | We used mark-recapture and information-theoretic model selection methodologies to estimate survival and recapture probabilities for the federally endangered Black-capped Vireo (Vireo atricapilla) at Fort Hood Military Reservation, Texas, during 1 | | |
| Advancing Conservation by Understanding and Influencing Human Behavior | CONSERVATION LETTERS | Reddy, Sheila M. W.; Montambault, Jensen; Masuda, Yuta J.; Keenan, Elizabeth; Butler, William; Fisher, Jonathan R. B.; Asah, Stanley T.; Gneezy, Ayelet | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Behavioral sciences can advance conservation by systematically identifying behavioral barriers to conservation and how to best overcome them. Behavioral sciences have informed policy in many other realms (e.g., health, savings), but they are a largely untapped resource for conservation. We propose a set of guiding questions for applying behavioral insights to conservation policy. These questions help define the conservation problem as a behavior change problem, understand behavioral mechanisms and identify appropriate approaches for behavior change (awareness, incentives, nudges), and evaluate and adapt approaches based on new behavioral insights. We provide a foundation for the questions by synthesizing a wide range of behavior change models and evidence related to littering, water and energy conservation, and land management. We also discuss the methodology and data needed to answer these questions. We illustrate how these questions have been answered in practice to inform efforts to promote conservation for climate risk reduction. Although more comprehensive research programs to answer these questions are needed, some insights are emerging. Integrating two or more behavior change approaches that target multiple, context-dependent factors may be most successful; however, caution must be taken to avoid approaches that could undermine one another (e.g., economic incentives crowding out intrinsic incentives). | | |
| Advancing treeline and retreating glaciers: Implications for conservation in Yunnan, PR china | Arctic Antarctic And Alpine Research | Baker, B. B.; Moseley, R. K. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Historic climate data and repeat photographs were used to assess and document changes in alpine treeline and glacial recession in northwestern Yunnan, China. Results show that mean annual temperature in the last two decades of the 20th century . | | |
| After Chile's fires, reforest private land | SCIENCE | Martinez-Harms, Maria Jose; Caceres, Hernan; Biggs, Duan; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| After the trees: Living on the Transamazon Highway - Stewart,DI | Hispanic American Historical Review | Redford, KH | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Aggregation fishing and local management within a marine protected area in Indonesia | SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin | Wilson, J., K. Rhodes, and C. Rotinsulu | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Aggregations of Plectropomus areolatus and Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (groupers, Serranidae) in the Komodo National Park, Indonesia: monitoring and implications for management | Environmental Biology of Fishes | Pet, JS; Mous, PJ; Muljadi, AH; Sadovy, YJ; Squire, L | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Synopsis We identify fishery management implications from a long-term monitoring program focusing on spawning aggregations of high valued reef fish in Komodo National Park (KNP), Eastern Indonesia. Management objectives of KNP are not only to protect biod | | |
| Agonistic behaviour associated with orphan bison (Bison bison L.) calves released into a mixed resident population | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Coppedge, B.R., T. S. Carter, J. H. Shaw, R. G. Hamilton | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | Aggressive interactions of 43 bison (Bison bison L.) calves (10 months old) released motherless into a 288-member resident bison population of mixed composition were observed. Based on expected observations of aggressive interactions from x2 analyses, these ïorphanÍ calves were recipients of significantly more aggression than any resident age class, including similarly aged resident calves. Most aggression directed towards orphans was initiated by resident yearlings. We did not observe orphan calves initiate any aggression towards other animals during the study, even towards other orphans. These findings support previously suggested hypotheses that: (1) dominance rank in bison is linear and established by older cohorts over each subsequent year's cohort; and (2) maternal presence is socially beneficial to young bison by reducing aggression directed towards the offspring from other herd members and facilitating their social integration. Surprisingly, no differences were found in growth rates between orphan calves and resident calves with mothers, despite initial weight differences that were significant. This finding suggests that the higher levels of hostility experienced by the orphan calves had no significant physical effects. | | |
| Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework: 1. Developing Multipractice Watershed Planning Scenarios and Assessing Nutrient Reduction Potential | JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY | Tomer, M. D.; Porter, S. A.; Boomer, K. M. B.; James, D. E.; Kostel, J. A.; Helmers, M. J.; Isenhart, T. M.; McLellan, E. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework: 2. Classification of Riparian Buffer Design Types with Application to Assess and Map Stream Corridors | JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY | Tomer, M. D.; Boomer, K. M. B.; Porter, S. A.; Gelder, B. K.; James, D. E.; McLellan, E. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Agricultural Impacts Of And Responses To Climate-Change In The Missouri-Iowa-Nebraska-Kansas (Mink) Region | Climatic Change | Easterling, We; Crosson, Pr; Rosenberg, Nj; Mckenney, Ms; Katz, La; Lemon, Km | 1993 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, climate | |
| Agricultural practices for food safety threaten pest control services for fresh produce | Journal of Applied Ecology | Karp, Daniel S.; Moses, Rebekah; Gennet, Sasha; Jones, Matthew S.; Joseph, Shimat; M'Gonigle, Leithen K.; Ponisio, Lauren C.; Snyder, William E.; Kremen, Claire | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Over the past decade, several foodborne disease outbreaks provoked widespread reforms to the fresh produce industry. Subsequent concerns about wildlife vectors and contaminated manures created pressure on growers to discontinue use of manure‐based composts and remove nearby semi‐natural vegetation. Despite widespread adoption, impacts of these practices on ecosystem services such as pest control have not been assessed.
We used a landscape‐scale field experiment to quantify associations between compost applications, semi‐natural vegetation, pest control services and lettuce yields on organic farms throughout California's Central Coast, a region experiencing food safety reforms.
We found that farms with surrounding semi‐natural vegetation supported a diverse arthropod assemblage, whereas a herbivore‐dominated assemblage occupied farms in simplified landscapes. Moreover, predatory arthropods consumed more herbivores at sites with more surrounding non‐crop vegetation and reduced aphid pest infestations in lettuce.
Compost improved lettuce yields by increasing soil nutrients and organic matter, but affected neither pest control nor Escherichia coli prevalence.
Synthesis and applications. Food safety concerns are prompting practices that simplify farms and landscapes. Our results demonstrate that two practices – elimination of manure‐based composts and removal of non‐crop vegetation – are likely having negative impacts on arthropod biodiversity, pest control and soil quality. Critically, our findings and previous research suggest that compost can be applied safely and that habitat removal is likely ineffective at mitigating food safety risk. There is thus scope for co‐managing fresh produce fields for food safety, ecosystem services, and biodiversity through applying appropriately treated composts and stopping habitat removal. | agriculture; agro-ecology; biological control; co-management; compost; food safety; foodborne disease; natural enemies; pest control; produce | |
| Agricultural wetland restorations on the USA Atlantic Coastal Plain achieve diverse native wetland plant communities but differ from natural wetlands | Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment | Yepsen, Metthea; Baldwin, Andrew H.; Whigham, Dennis F.; McFarland, Eliza; LaForgia, Marina; Lang, Megan | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Alert: Tracking the cactus moth as it flys and eats its way westward in the U.S. | News of the Lepidopterists' Society | Solis, M.A., S.D. Hight, and D.R. Gordon | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Alien fishes in natural streams: fish distribution, assemblage structure, and conservation in the Cosumnes River, California, USA | Environmental Biology of Fishes | Moyle, PB; Crain, PK; Whitener, K; Mount, JF | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | The Cosumnes River is the largest stream without a major dam on its mainstem in the SacramentoŠ—–San Joaquin drainage, central California, USA We studied its fishes over a 3-year period to answer the following questions:(1) Was the native fish fa | | |
| Aligning Natural Resource Conservation and Flood Hazard Mitigation in California | PLOS ONE | Calil, Juliano; Beck, Michael W.; Gleason, Mary; Merrifield, Matthew; Klausmeyer, Kirk; Newkirk, Sarah | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Allerton Park 1983: the beginnings of a paradigm for landscape ecology? | Landscape Ecology | Wiens, John A. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | In 1983, a group of incipient landscape ecologists met to discuss the nature and future directions for landscape ecology. The themes emerging from this conferenceŠ—”movement of materials, organisms, and energy through a landscape; the genesis of | | |
| Allocating resources between taking action, assessing status, and measuring effectiveness of conservation actions | Natural Areas Journal | Salzer, Daniel; Salafsky, Nick | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Millions of dollars are spent annually on biodiversity conservation projects at natural areas around the world. Managers of natural areas must achieve a balance between taking conservation action, evaluating the effectiveness of actions taken, an | | |
| Allometric Equations for Ashe Juniper (Juniperus ashei) of Small Diameter | The Southwestern Naturalist | Reemts, C. M | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Alpine ecosystems of Northwest Yunnan, China: an initial assessment for conservation | Journal Of Mountain Science | Ruth Sherman; Renee Mullen; Li Haomin; Fang Zhendong; Wang Yi | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Implementing conservation actions on-the-ground is not a straightforward process, especially when faced with high scientific uncertainty due to limited available information. This is especially acute in regions of the world that harbor many uniqu | | |
| Alteration of water levels in a Massachusetts coastal plain pond subject to municipal ground-water withdrawals | Wetlands | McHorney, R. and Neill, C | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The coastal plain ponds that occur within glacial deposits in the northeastern US experience annual and inter-annual water level fluctuations. Periodic inundation and drying of coastal plain pond shorelines has led to the development of pondshore | | |
| Am I Making Myself Clear? A Scientist's Guide to Talking to the Public | Science | Kareiva, Peter | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| American chestnut (Castanea dentata) to northern red oak (Quercus rubra): forest dynamics of an old-growth forest in the Blue Ridge Mountains, USA | Botany-Botanique | van de Gevel, Saskia L.; Hart, Justin L.; Spond, Mark D.; White, Philip B.; Sutton, Megan N.; Grissino-Mayer, Henri D. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| American Oystercatchers in Maryland and Virginia, USA: Status and distribution | Waterbirds | Wilke, Alexandra L.; Brinker, David F.; Watts, Bryan D.; Traut, Ashley H.; Boettcher, Ruth; McCann, James M.; Truitt, Barry R.; Denmon, Pamela P. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The conservation status of the American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus palliatus) along the Chesapeake Bay, coastal bays, and barrier island shorelines of Maryland and Virginia has been investigated in detail in recent years. The region supp | | |
| Amphibians and Reptiles of the Whetstone Mountains, Arizona | The Southwestern Naturalist | Turner, D.S., P.A. Holm, E.B. Wirt, and C.R. Schwalbe | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | We surveyed the amphibians and reptiles of the Whetstone Mountains in southeastern Arizona using a combination of intensive small-area plots, extensive walking searches, trap arrays, road-driving, spot checks, and review of previous records. We f | | |
| An Accuracy Assessment of Tree Detection Algorithms in Juniper Woodlands | Photogrammetric Engineering And Remote Sensing | Poznanovic, Aaron J.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Maclean, Ann L.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Evans, Jeffrey S. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| An alternative approach for quantifying climate regulation by ecosystems | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | West, Paul C.; Narisma, Gemma T.; Barford, Carol C.; Kucharik, Christopher J.; Foley, Jonathan A. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| An Approach to Enhance the Conservation-Compatibility of Solar Energy Development | PLoS ONE | Cameron, D. Richard; Cohen, Brian S.; Morrison, Scott A. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| An arthropod predator-prey-kleptoparasite association | Northeastern Naturalist | Jennings, DT; Sferra, NJ | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | Two kleptoparasitic scorpionflies, Panorpa rufescens Rambur (Mecoptera: Panorpidae), were observed stealing food from Araneus bicentenarius (McCook)(Araneae: Araneidae) at Waterboro Barrens Preserve, York County, Maine. The spider's ensnared ... | | |
| An assessment of behavioural syndromes in rangeland-raised beef cattle | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Wesley, Robert L.; Cibils, Andres F.; Mulliniks, J. Travis; Pollak, Emily R.; Petersen, Mark K.; Fredrickson, Ed. L. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, ranching | |
| An assessment of chemical contaminants in sediments from the St. Thomas East End Reserves, St. Thomas, USVI | Environmental Monitoring And Assessment | Pait, Anthony S.; Hartwell, S. Ian; Mason, Andrew L.; Warner, Robert A.; Jeffrey, Christopher F. G.; Hoffman, Anne M.; Apeti, Dennis A.; Pittman, Simon J. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| An assessment of Idaho's Wildlife Management Areas for the protection of wildlife | Natural Areas Journal | Karl, JW; Scott, JM; Strand, E | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Since 1940, Idaho Department of Fish and Game has developed a network of 31 Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) across the state. This program has been focused mostly on conservation of game species and their habitats. We assessed the contribution o | | |
| An assessment of the non-market value of the ecosystem services provided by the Catalan coastal zone, Spain | Ocean and Coastal Management | Brenner, J., J.A. Jim_nez, R. Sardà, and A. Garola | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| An ecological approach to restoring riparian habitats at the Llano Seco Unit, Sacramento River National Wildlife Refuge | | Silveira J.G., F.T. Griggs, D.W. Burkett, K. Buer, D.S. Efseaff, G.H. Golet, S.L. Small, R. Vega, J.E Isola | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | Sacramento, CA |
| An Ecological Assessment of Fire and Biodiversity Conservation Across the Lower 48 States of the U.S. | | Blankenship, K., A. Shlisky, W. Fulks, E. Contreras, D. Johnson, J. Patton, J. Smith and R. Swaty | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | ecology, fire regimes, fire, United States, conservation, ecological, prioritization, partnership, integrity, biodiversity | | Global Fire Initiative Technical Report 2007-1 |
| An ecological model for the protection of a dune ecosystem | Conservation Biology | Barrows, CW | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | A once common inhabitant of a 500-km2 sand dune system near Palm Springs, California (USA), the Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard (Uma inornata), is restricted to the loose, aeolian sand habitat of that region (Stebbins 1944). Human development that beg | | |
| An ecological perspective on the deployment and design of low-crested and other hard coastal defence structures | Coastal engineering | Airoldi, L., Abbiati, M., Beck, M. W., Hawkins, S. J., Jonsson, P. R., Martin, D., ... & berg, P. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| An ecosystem service-based watershed approach to wetland conservation in the Great Lakes basin | National Wetlands Newsletter | Miller, N., J. Wagner, and T. Bernthal | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| An Ecosystem Services Approach to Assessing the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico | | Mayer, Larry A.; Boufadel, Michel C.; Brenner, Jorge; Carney, Robert S.; Cooper, Cortis K.; Deming, Jody W.; Die, David J.; Eagle, Josh; Geraci, Joseph R.; Knuth, Barbara A.; Lee, Kenneth; Morris, James T.; Polasky, Stephen; Rabalais, Nancy N.; Reddy, Christopher; Stahl, Jr., Ralph G.; Yoskowitz, David W. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | As the Gulf of Mexico recovers from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, natural resource managers face the challenge of understanding the impacts of the spill and setting priorities for restoration work. The full value of losses resulting from the spill cannot be captured, however, without consideration of changes in ecosystem services--the benefits delivered to society through natural processes. | | |
| An ecosystem services framework to support both practical conservation and economic development | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Tallis, Heather; Kareiva, Peter; Marvier, Michelle; Chang, Amy | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | The core idea of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is that the human condition is tightly linked to environmental condition. This assertion suggests that conservation and development projects should be able to achieve both ecological and social | | |
| An empirical evaluation of workshop versus survey PPGIS methods | Applied Geography | Brown, Greg; Donovan, Shannon; Pullar, David; Pocewicz, Amy; Toohey, Ryan; Ballesteros-Lopez, Renata | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| An Estuarine Habitat Classification for a Complex Fjordal Island Archipelago | Estuaries And Coasts | Schoch, G. Carl; Albert, David M.; Shanley, Colin S. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| An evaluation of Internet versus paper-based methods for Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) | Transactions in GIS | Pocewicz, A., M. Nielsen-Pincus, G. Brown, and R. Schnitzer | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| An evaluation of landowners' conservation easements on their livelihoods and well-being | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Horton, Katharine; Knight, Heather; Galvin, Kathleen A.; Goldstein, Joshua H.; Herrington, Jennifer | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Private lands protected by conservation easements are crucial in aiding conservation efforts. While most research on measuring conservation efforts has historically been on ecological outcomes of protecting biodiversity, this study aims to measure the social outcomes of the impacts of conservation easements on private landowners' livelihoods and well-being in Colorado. We conducted 35 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with landowners who had completed conservation easements with The Nature Conservancy in Colorado. Using qualitative interview data, we analyzed what motivated landowners to complete conservation easements with TNC and how the conservation easements influenced their well-being. Five dominant themes emerged from the analyses: 1) conservation, 2) financial, 3) legal and process, 4) personal and family, and 5) social and community. Landowner motivations were to protect the ecosystem, prevent development, and financial gain through tax incentives or income. Negative neighbor reactions, time to complete or amend the easement, and tax audits were some challenges experienced. Landowners revealed that community involvement, connections, and networking were unexpected benefits and brought positive change to their life because of easements. The results from this case study can be used to inform conservation strategies that more purposefully incorporate private landowner experiences with conservation easements in planning to achieve biodiversity and conservation objectives. Coupling ecological conservation outcomes with conservation management practices and at the same time understanding the impact of conservation easements on landowners' livelihoods and well-being will further advance conservation efforts on private lands in the future. | | |
| An Evaluation of Monitoring Methods for the Endangered Giant Kangaroo Rat | Wildlife Society Bulletin | Bean, William T.; Stafford, Robert; Prugh, Laura R.; Butterfield, H. Scott; Brashares, Justin S. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| An evaluation of rapid methods for monitoring vegetation characteristics of wetland bird habitat | WETLANDS ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT | Tavernia, Brian G.; Lyons, James E.; Loges, Brian W.; Wilson, Andrew; Collazo, Jaime A.; Runge, Michael C. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Wetland managers benefit from monitoring data of sufficient precision and accuracy to assess wildlife habitat conditions and to evaluate and learn from past management decisions. For large-scale monitoring programs focused on waterbirds (waterfowl, wading birds, secretive marsh birds, and shorebirds), precision and accuracy of habitat measurements must be balanced with fiscal and logistic constraints. We evaluated a set of protocols for rapid, visual estimates of key waterbird habitat characteristics made from the wetland perimeter against estimates from (1) plots sampled within wetlands, and (2) cover maps made from aerial photographs. Estimated percent cover of annuals and perennials using a perimeter-based protocol fell within 10 percent of plot-based estimates, and percent cover estimates for seven vegetation height classes were within 20 % of plot-based estimates. Perimeter-based estimates of total emergent vegetation cover did not differ significantly from cover map estimates. Post-hoc analyses revealed evidence for observer effects in estimates of annual and perennial covers and vegetation height. Median time required to complete perimeter-based methods was less than 7 percent of the time needed for intensive plot-based methods. Our results show that rapid, perimeter-based assessments, which increase sample size and efficiency, provide vegetation estimates comparable to more intensive methods. | Habitat management, Monitoring, Observer effects, Visual estimates, Wetland management | |
| An experimental test of frequency-dependent selection on male mating strategy in the field | Proceedings Of The Royal Society B-Biological Sciences | Bleay, C, T Comendant, and B Sinervo | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | We provide field-based experimental evidence for the frequency-dependent nature of the fitness of alternative mating strategies. We manipulated the frequency of genetically determined phenotypic strategies in six wild populations of the side-blot | | |
| An experimental test of the concealment hypothesis using American Goldfinch nests | Wilson Bulletin | Peak, RG | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | I conducted a vegetation removal experiment using American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) nests to test the hypothesis that predation rates vary with concealment in old field habitats in eastcentral Illinois. Daily predation rates were 0.05 for ma | | |
| An Index of Management Intensity for Coffee Agroecosystems to Evaluate Butterfly Species Richness | Ecological Applications | Mas, A., Dietsch, T.A. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | In spite of the attention that has been focused on the importance of traditional, shade coffee production for biodiversity, little is known about the relative conservation value of different systems of managing the shade canopy. We surveyed fruit-feeding | | |
| An indicator-based adaptive management framework and its development for data-limited fisheries in Belize | MARINE POLICY | McDonald, Gavin; Harford, Bill; Arrivillaga, Alejandro; Babcock, Elizabeth A.; Carcamo, Ramon; Foley, James; Fujita, Rod; Gedamke, Todd; Gibson, Janet; Karr, Kendra; Robinson, Julie; Wilson, Jono | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| An interoperable decision support tool for conservation planning | Environmental Modelling & Software | Segan, Daniel B.; Game, Edward T.; Watts, Matthew E.; Stewart, Romola R.; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| An irruption interrupted: eradication of wild turkeys Meleagris gallopavo from Santa Cruz Island, California | ORYX | Morrison, Scott A.; DeNicola, Anthony J.; Walker, Kelvin; Dewey, David; Laughrin, Lyndal; Wolstenholme, Rachel; Macdonald, Norman | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| An optimized portable bait trap for quantitative sampling of butterflies | Tropical Lepidoptera | Shuey, J. A. | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| An ounce of prevention: cost-effectiveness of coral reef rehabilitation relative to enforcement | Conservation Letters | Haisfield, Kelly M.; Fox, Helen E.; Yen, Sheen; Mangubhai, Sangeeta; Mous, Peter J. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Anˆlisis de vacÍos y omisiones en conservaci„n en M_xico | Capital Natural de Mexico | Koleff, P., M. Tambutti, I. March, R. Esquivel, C. Cantì, and A. Lira-Noriega | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Analysis of a volunteer method for collecting fish presence and abundance data in the Florida keys | Bulletin of Marine Science | Schmitt, EF; Sullivan, KM | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | A roving diver fish survey method that requires relatively little time and equipment was developed for use by trained volunteer divers to regularly, rapidly, and inexpensively document patterns of reef fish distribution and abundance, In this method, a di | | |
| Analysis of longleaf pine sandhill vegetation in Northwest Florida | Castanea | Rodgers, H. L. and L. Provencher | 1999 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Analysis of threats to South American flora and its implications for conservation | Journal for Nature Conservation | Ramirez-Villegas, Julian; Jarvis, Andy; Touval, Jerry | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Analysis of Trade-Offs Between Biodiversity, Carbon Farming and Agricultural Development in Northern Australia Reveals the Benefits of Strategic Planning | Conservation Letters | Moran-Ordonez, Alejandra; Whitehead, Amy L.; Luck, Gary W.; Cook, Garry D.; Maggini, Ramona; Fitzsimons, James A.; Wintle, Brendan A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Australia's northern savannas are one of the few remaining large and mostly intact natural areas on Earth. However, their biodiversity and ecosystem values could be threatened if proposed agricultural development proceeds. Through land-use change scenarios, we explored trade-offs and synergies among biodiversity conservation, carbon farming and agriculture production in northern Australia. We found that if all suitable soils were converted to agriculture, habitat at unique recorded locations of three species would disappear and 40 species and vegetation communities could lose more than 50% of their current distributions. Yet, strategically considering agriculture and biodiversity outcomes leads to zoning options that could yield >56,000 km2 of agricultural development with a significantly lower impact on biodiversity values and carbon farming. Our analysis provides a template for policy-makers and planners to identify areas of conflict between competing land-uses, places to protect in advance of impacts, and planning options that balance agricultural and conservation needs. | biodiversity conservation; carbon storage; conservation planning; economic development; intensive agriculture; MaxEnt; land-use change; spatial conservation prioritization; species distributions; zonation; agriculture | |
| Ancient water supports today's energy needs | EARTHS FUTURE | D'Odorico, Paolo; Natyzak, Jennifer L.; Castner, Elizabeth A.; Davis, Kyle F.; Emery, Kyle A.; Gephart, Jessica A.; Leach, Allison M.; Pace, Michael L.; Galloway, James N. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Anesthesia and Liver Biopsy Techniques for Pigeon Guillemots (Cepphus columba) Suspected of Exposure to Crude Oil in Marine Environments. | Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery | Laurel A. DegernesDVM, Craig A. HarmsDVM, Gregory H. Golet, Daniel M. Mulcahy | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | This paper reports on the anesthesia and liver biopsy techniques used in adult and nestling pigeon guillemots (Cepphus columba) to test for continued exposure to residual crude oil in the marine environment. Populations of pigeon guillemots have declined significantly in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA, possibly because of residual effects of crude oil in the environment after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in March 1989. Measurement of hepatic cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) is currently the best way to assess crude oil exposure from food sources; however, lethal sampling to obtain adequate liver tissue was not desirable in this declining population of birds. As part of a larger study to identify factors limiting the recovery of pigeon guillemots and other seabird populations, we surgically collected liver samples from adult and nestling guillemots to provide samples for measurement of hepatic CYP1A concentrations. Results from the larger study were reported elsewhere. Liver samples were taken from 26 nestling (1998) and 24 adult (1999) guillemots from a previously oiled site (Naked Island; 12 chicks, 13 adults) and from a nonoiled site (Jackpot Island/Icy Bay; 14 chicks, 11 adults). The birds were anesthetized with isoflurane. No surgical complications occurred with any of the birds and all adult and nestling birds survived after surgery to the point of release or return to the nest. Thirteen out of 14 chicks from the Jackpot Island/Icy Bay and 8 out of 12 chicks from Naked Island fledged. Four chicks at Naked Island were depredated before fledging. All adults abandoned their nests after surgery, so the study sites were revisited the following summer (2000) in an attempt to assess overwinter survival of the adults. All but 1 adult biopsied bird at the nonoiled site (Icy Bay) was found renesting, whereas only 2 birds at the previously oiled site (Naked Island) were similarly observed. The percent of 1999 breeders at Naked Island that returned to their nest sites to breed again in 2000 was low at nests of biopsied birds and nonbiopsied birds alike, suggesting that factors other than the surgical procedure were responsible for the low return rate among this group. These survival results provide strong support for using experienced veterinarians for nonlethal invasive sample collection from birds to document exposure to crude oil in the marine environment. | anesthesia, liver biopsy, avian, pigeon | Print ISSN: 1082-6742, Online ISSN: 1938-2871 |
| ANFIS, SVM and ANN soft-computing techniques to estimate daily global solar radiation in a warm sub-humid environment | JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS | Quej, Victor H.; Almorox, Javier; Arnaldo, Javier A.; Saito, Laurel | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Annual groundwater evapotranspiration mapped from single satellite scenes | Journal of Hydrology | Groeneveld, D. P., W. M. Baugh, J. S. Sanderson and D. J. Cooper | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Evapotranspiration (ET) data measured using micrometeorological equipment were obtained from three separate studies conducted in arid and semi-arid shallow groundwater environments in California, New Mexico and Colorado. These locations have great ... | | |
| Annual survivorship of the sedentary Rufous-crowned sparrow (Aimophila ruficeps): No detectable effects of edge or rainfall in southern California | Auk | Morrison, SA; Bolger, DT; Sillett, TS | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | The Rufous-crowned Sparrow (Aimophila ruficeps) is a nonmigratory passerine that displays an area-sensitive distribution pattern of abundance in fragmented coastal sagescrub habitat of southern California. To determine if habitat fragmentation ne | | |
| Another case of cryptic diversity in poison frogs (Dendrobatidae: Ameerega) - description of a new species from Bolivia | Zootaxa | Lotters, Stefan; Schmitz, Andreas; Reichle, Steffen; Rodder, Dennis; Quennet; Verena | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | This chapter provides an overview and summary of ongoing ALARM research in the South American Andes. ALARM helped to set up the first network for monitoring the impact of climate change in the Andes of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia and Peru, following GLOR | | |
| Another new species of small Hyla (Anura, Hylidae) from Amazonian sub-Andean forest of western Bolivia | Journal Of Herpetology | Kohler, J; Jungfer, KH; Reichle, S | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | We describe a new species of small Hyla from sub-Andean forest of the Departamento La Paz, Bolivia. The new species is mainly characterized by smooth dorsal skin with few minute scattered tubercles, presence of a tympanic annulus, lack of tarsal | | |
| Anthropogenic impacts on Costa Rican bat parasitism are sex specific | ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION | Frank, Hannah K.; Mendenhall, Chase D.; Judson, Seth D.; Daily, Gretchen C.; Hadly, Elizabeth A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Apalachicola rosemary (Conradina glabra) reintroduction | | Gordon, D.R. | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Aphid-tending ants on introduced fennel: can resources derived from non-native plants alter the trophic position of higher-order consumers? | ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY | Hanna, Cause; Naughton, Ida; Boser, Christina; Holway, David A. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Aphyocharax yekwanae, a new species of bloodfin tetra from the Guyana Shield of Venezuela (Teleostei: Characiformes) | Ichthyological Exploration Of Freshwaters | Willink, P.W. , B. Chernoff, A. Machado-Allison, F. Provenzano and P. Petry | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Application of an Expert System Approach for Assessing Grassland Status in the US-Mexico Borderlands: Implications for Conservation and Management | Natural Areas Journal | Enquist, Carolyn A. F.; Gori, David F. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Application of Hydrologic Tools and Monitoring to Support Managed Aquifer Recharge Decision Making in the Upper San Pedro River, Arizona, USA | Water | Lacher, Laurel J.; Turner, Dale S.; Gungle, Bruce; Bushman, Brooke M.; Richter, Holly E. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Application of the indicators of hydrologic alteration software in environmental flow setting | Journal of the American Water Resources Association | Mathews, Ruth; Richter, Brian D. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Application of traditional ecological knowledge and practices of indigenous Hawaiians to the revegetation of Kahoïolawe | Ethnobotany Research and Applications | Gon, Samuel M. III | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Applications of the Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration (ELOHA) in the United States | | Kendy E, Sanderson JS, Olden JD, Apse CD, DePhilip MM, Haney JA, Knight RR, Zimmerman JKH. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Applied Climate-Change Analysis: The Climate Wizard Tool | PLoS ONE | Girvetz, Evan H.; Zganjar, Chris; Raber, George T.; Maurer, Edwin P.; Kareiva, Peter; Lawler, Joshua J. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Background Although the message of Š—“global climate changeŠ— is catalyzing international action, it is local and regional changes that directly affect people and ecosystems and are of immediate concern to scientists, managers, and policy makers. A major | | |
| Applying Circuit Theory for Corridor Expansion and Management at Regional Scales: Tiling, Pinch Points, and Omnidirectional Connectivity | PLoS ONE | Pelletier, David; Clark, Melissa; Anderson, Mark G.; Rayfield, Bronwyn; Wulder, Michael A.; Cardille, Jeffrey A. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Applying ecological risk assessment to environmental accidents: Harlequin ducks and the Exxon Valdez oil spill | BioScience | Wiens, John A. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Ecological risk assessment is a systematic way to evaluate the likelihood that an environmental accident has caused significant ecological consequences. I apply this framework retrospectively to evaluate a scenario linking the Exxon Valdez oil sp | | |
| Applying ecological science to recovery planning | Ecological Applications | Kareiva, PM | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Applying science to management: Restoring ecological integrity at Eglin Air Force Base. | Conservation Biology in Practice | Hardesty, J., J. Adams, D. Gordon, and L. Provencher. | 2000 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Applying species diversity theory to land management | Ecological Applications | Bestelmeyer, BT; Miller, JR; Wiens, JA | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Many theories, hypotheses, and empirical studies seek to explain patterns of species richness, turnover, and distribution/abundance (ie, diversity patterns) at various scales, but it is often not clear how these ideas relate to one another, or how they ap | | |
| Applying systematic conservation planning principles to palustrine and inland saline wetlands of New Zealand | Freshwater Biology | Ausseil, Anne-Gaelle E.; Chadderton, W. Lindsay; Gerbeaux, Philippe; Stephens, R. T. Theo; Leathwick, John R. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Approaches for Assessing the Status of Nonnative Plants: A Comparative Analysis | Invasive Plant Science and Management | Fox, Alison M.; Gordon, Doria R. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | The magnitude of the invasive plant species problem necessitates prioritization of species for control, regulatory, and public-education programs. Many such priority lists exist but few have been developed according to specified procedures and cr | | |
| Aquatic flight behaviour in mouse-deer provides insight into tragulid evolution | Mammalian Biology | Meijaard, E., Umilaela, and G. de Silva Wijeyeratne | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Aquatic biodiversity in the Amazon: Habitat specialization and geographic isolation promote species richness | Animals | Albert, J. S., Carvalho, T. P. Petry, P., Holder, M. A., Maxime, E. L., Espino, J., et al | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Aquatic Conservation Planning at a Landscape Scale | | Nislow, Keith H.; Marks, Christian O.; Lutz, Kimberly A. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Aquatic flight behaviour in mouse-deer provides insight into tragulid evolution | Mammalian Biology | Meijaard, E., Umilaela, and G. de Silva Wijeyeratne | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Aquatic invasive species transport via trailered boats: what is being moved, who is moving it, and what can be done | Fisheries Bulletin | Rothlisberger, J.D., Chadderton, W .L., McNulty, J., Lodge, D.M | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Are Agrofuels A Conservation Threat Or Opportunity For Grassland Birds In The United States? | Condor | Robertson, Bruce A.; Rice, Robert A.; Sillett, T. Scott; Ribic, Christine A.; Babcock, Bruce A.; Landis, Douglas A.; Herkert, James R.; Fletcher, Robert J., Jr.; Fontaine, Joseph J.; Doran, Patrick J.; Schemske, Douglas W. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Are investments to promote biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services aligned? | Oxford Review of Economic Policy | Polasky, S., K. Johnson, B. Keeler, K. Kovacs, E. Nelson, D. Pennington, A.J. Plantinga, and J. Withey | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Are We Conserving What We Say We Are? Measuring Ecological Integrity Within Protected Areas | BioScience | Parrish, J.P, Braun, D.P., Unnasch, R.S. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Managers of protected areas are under increasing pressure to measure their effectiveness in conserving native biological diversity in ways that are scientifically sound, practical, and comparable among protected areas over time. The Nature Conser | | |
| Are We Missing the Boat ? Collaborative Solutions for North American Fish Wars | Conservation Biology | Gleason, Mary; Cook, Chuck; Bell, Michael; Feller, Erika | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Areas naturales protegidas y desarrollo social en Mexico, en Capital Natural de Mexico | | Bezaury-Creel, J., D. Guti_rrez Carbonell, and et al | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | CONABIO, Mexico |
| Argentine ants on Santa Cruz Island, California: conservation issues and management options | | Randall, J. M., K. R. Faulkner, C. Boser, C. Cory, P. Power, L. A. Vermeer, L. Lozier, and S. A. Morrison | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Artisanal fisheries on Kenya's coral reefs: Decadal trends reveal management needs | FISHERIES RESEARCH | Samoilys, Melita A.; Osuka, Kennedy; Maina, George W.; Obura, David. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessing biodiversity conservation priorities: ecosystem risk and representativeness in continental Ecuador | Landscape and Urban Planning | Sierra, R; Campos, F; Chamberlin, J | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | Setting conservation priorities with a geographic vision is essential in developing countries due to limited resources for conservation and the urgency of establishing new reserves. Priorities should reflect the risk ecosystems are facing and how represen | | |
| Assessing California's bar-built estuaries using the California Rapid Assessment Method | ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS | Heady, Walter N.; Clark, Ross P.; O'Connor, Kevin; Clark, Cara; Endris, Charles; Ryan, Sierra; Stoner-Duncan, Sara | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessing coastal wetland vulnerability to sea-level rise along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast: Gaps and opportunities for developing a coordinated regional sampling network | PLOS ONE | Osland, Michael J.; Griffith, Kereen T.; Larriviere, Jack C.; Feher, Laura C.; Cahoon, Donald R.; Enwright, Nicholas M.; Oster, David A.; Tirpak, John M.; Woodrey, Mark S.; Collini, Renee C.; Baustian, Joseph J.; Breithaupt, Joshua L.; Cherry, Julia A.; Conrad, Jeremy R.; Cormier, Nicole; Coronado-Molina, Carlos A.; Donoghue, Joseph F.; Graham, Sean A.; Harper, Jennifer W.; Hester, Mark W.; Howard, Rebecca J.; Krauss, Ken W.; Kroes, Daniel E.; Lane, Robert R.; McKee, Karen L.; Mendelssohn, Irving A.; Middleton, Beth A.; Moon, Jena A.; Piazza, Sarai C.; Rankin, Nicole M.; Sklar, Fred H.; Steyer, Greg D.; Swanson, Kathleen M.; Swarzenski, Christopher M.; Vervaeke, William C.; Willis, Jonathan M.; Van Wilson, K. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessing effects of sediment-reducing agriculture conservation practices on stream fishes | Journal of Soil and Water Conservation | J.D. Fore, S.P. Sowa, D.L. Galat and D.D. Diamond | | 2017/12/14 | Improving conservation of stream fish assemblages in agricultural landscapes requires both retrospective assessments of the effects of applied conservation practices (CPs) and forecasting the extent of CPs needed to achieve conservation goals. We assessed soil CPs applied by producers, in partnership with the USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), based on their effectiveness at improving stream fish assemblages in the Missouri River basin. Multiple-regression models were used to predict the combined watershed scale effects of physiography, anthropogenic threats, and soil CPs on abundance of lithophilous spawning fishes, a reproductive guild sensitive to sedimentation. Two scenarios of lithophilous spawning guild abundance were predicted for each stream segment where (1) base condition of guild abundance assumed no CPs were applied and (2) a conservation condition abundance, which accounted for the effects of applied CPs. Abundance of the lithophilous spawning guild was positively associated with applied soil CP density. Models revealed that streams generally needed more than 50% of the agricultural land within their watershed to be treated by soil CPs to see significant improvement in the lithophilous spawning guild. Densities of currently applied CPs were predicted to mitigate impacts to this guild in less than 2% of assessed Missouri River basin stream segments. Restoring fish populations across the agricultural landscapes of the Missouri River basin will require managers to set realistic conservation goals and strategically implement CPs by prioritizing and allocating limited resources at multiple spatial scales (watershed and locally) because of the high density of CPs needed to see improvements in the fish community. | | |
| Assessing fire and biodiversity conservation for the conterminous United States | | Blankenship, K.; Smith, J.; Shlisky, A.; Johnson, D.; Swaty, R. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Fire regime alteration is a known threat to the conservation of biological diversity. Specifically, altered fire regimes often result in changes in plant and animal species composition and ecosystem structure. The LANDFIRE Rapid Assessment (LFRA) project recently produced a series of maps including Fire Regime Condition Class (a measure of the departure of current vegetation from vegetation reference conditions), Fire Regime Groups and Potential Natural Vegetation Groups for the conterminous U.S. that can assist in assessing the threat to natural fire regimes and can help in establishing conservation priorities. We present the findings of an assessment of the ecological role and integrity of fire regimes across the conterminous U.S. based on LFRA data. In addition, we present examples of potential applications of the LFRA reference condition models and spatial data which could be applied outside of the U.S. Our analyses of the data reinforce that frequent fire return intervals dominate reference fire regimes across the assessment area and that approximately 80% of ecosystems and major habitat types are moderately-to-highly departed from their ecological reference conditions. Additionally, the results indicate that fire regime conditions do not differ substantially inside conservation areas or federally-administered lands compared to outside these areas. | | Albany, CA |
| Assessing Floodplain Forests: Using Flow Modeling and Remote Sensing to Determine the Best Places for Conservation | Natural Areas Journal | Anderson, Mark G.; Ferree, Charles E.; Olivero, Arlene P.; Zhao, Feng | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessing future risk: quantifying the effects of sea level rise on storm surge risk for the southern shores of Long Island, New York | Natural Hazards | Shepard, Christine C.; Agostini, Vera N.; Gilmer, Ben; Allen, Tashya; Stone, Jeff; Brooks, William; Beck, Michael W. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessing gaps in marine conservation in California | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Gleason, MG, MS Merrifield, C Cook, AL Davenport, and R Shaw | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Implementation of marine conservation strategies lags far behind terrestrial conservation efforts. Quantifying what is protected and what is not, or Š—“gap analysisŠ—, helps to show just how much work there is to do; systematic conservation planning prov | | |
| Assessing hydrologic changes across the Lower Mekong Basin | Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies | Steve W.Lyon, Katie King, Orn-uma Polpanich, Guillaume Lacombe | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Study region In this study, 33 catchments across the Lower Mekong Basin in Southeast Asia are examined to detect historical changes in their hydrological response via a model-based methodology. Study focus Intensive development over the past half century across Southeast AsiaÕs Lower Mekong Basin has inevitably affected natural resources. Large areas have been converted from forests for subsistence and commercial agriculture, and urban development. We implement an innovative approach to screen hydrologic data for detecting impacts of such large-scale changes on hydrological response. In a first step, temporal changes in the rainfall-runoff relationship were assessed using the parsimonious, two-parameter GR2M hydrological model. In a second step, a distribution-free statistical test was applied to detect whether significant changes have occurred in the wet season (high flow) and dry season (low flow) conditions. New hydrological insights for the region Our results indicate that the majority of catchments (64% of those considered) with sufficiently long data records exhibited no discernable trends in hydrological response. Those catchments that did exhibit significant trends in hydrological response were fairly evenly split between increasing trends (between 21% and 24%) and decreasing trends (between 15% and 12%) with time. There was a lack of evidence that these changes where brought about by shifts in precipitation or potential evapotranspiration; however, catchments exhibiting significant increasing trends in hydrological behavior were found to have different land cover compositions (lower percentage of forest coverage and subsequently higher paddy rice coverage) than those exhibiting significant decreasing trends. The approach presented here provides a potentially valuable screening method to highlight regions for further investigation of improved mechanistic understanding. Without this connection, we might be blind to future hydrological shifts that can have significant impact on development. | Lower Mekong Basin Hydrological response change GR2M model Distribution-free trend test | |
| Assessing Natural and Anthropogenic Variability in Wetland Structure for Two Hydrogeomorphic Riverine Wetland Subclasses | Environmental Management | Dvorett, Daniel; Bidwell, Joseph; Davis, Craig; DuBois, Chris | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessing recovery following environmental accidents: Environmental variation, ecological assumptions, and strategies | Ecological Applications | Parker, KR; Wiens, JA | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Gauging whether or when a population, species, or community recovers from an environmental accident or disturbance, such as an oil spill or forest fire, is complicated by environmental variation in time and space, and therefore depends on the assumptions | | |
| Assessing relative resilience potential of coral reefs to inform management | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Maynard, Jeffrey A.; McKagan, Steven; Raymundo, Laurie; Johnson, Steven; Ahmadia, Gabby N.; Johnston, Lyza; Houk, Peter; Williams, Gareth J.; Kendall, Matt; Heron, Scott F.; van Hooidonk, Ruben; Mcleod, Elizabeth; Tracey, Dieter; Planes, Serge | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Ecological resilience assessments are an important part of resilience-based management (RBM) and can help prioritize and target management actions. Use of such assessments has been limited due to a lack of clear guidance on the assessment process. This study builds on the latest scientific advances in RBM to provide that guidance from a resilience assessment undertaken in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). We assessed spatial variation in ecological resilience potential at 78 forereef sites near the populated islands of the CNMI: Saipan, Tinian/Aguijan, and Rota. The assessments are based on measuring indicators of resilience processes and are combined with information on anthropogenic stress and larval connectivity. We find great spatial variation in relative resilience potential with many high resilience sites near Saipan (5 of 7) and low resilience sites near Rota (7 of 9). Criteria were developed to identify priority sites for six types of management actions (e.g., conservation, land-based sources of pollution reduction, and fishery management and enforcement) and 51 of the 78 sites met at least one of the sets of criteria. The connectivity simulations developed indicate that Tinian and Aguijan are each roughly 10 _ the larvae source that Rota is and twice as frequent a destination. These results may explain the lower relative resilience potential of Rota reefs and indicates that actions in Saipan and Tinian/Aguijan will be important to maintaining supply of larvae. The process we describe for undertaking resilience assessments can be tailored for use in coral reef areas globally and applied to other ecosystems. | | |
| Assessing risk associated with sea-level rise and storm surge-Redux | Natural Hazards | Shepard, Christine C.; Agostini, Vera N.; Gilmer, Ben; Allen, Tashya; Stone, Jeff; Brooks, William; Beck, Michael W. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessing risk associated with sea-level rise and storm surge„Redux | Natural hazards | CC Shepard, VN Agostini, B Gilmer, T Allen, J Stone, W Brooks, MW Beck | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessing societal impacts when planning restoration on large alluvial rivers: A case study of the Sacramento River Project, California | Environmental Management | Golet GH, MD Roberts, EW Larsen, RA Luster, R Unger, G Werner, & GG White | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessing Stand-Level Climate Change Risk Using Forest Inventory Data and Species Distribution Models | JOURNAL OF FORESTRY | Janowiak, Maria K.; Iverson, Louis R.; Fosgitt, Jon; Handler, Stephen D.; Dallman, Matt; Thomasma, Scott; Hutnik, Brad; Swanston, Christopher W. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessing the conservation value of a complementary system of habitat reserves relative to butterfly species at risk and divergent populations | American Midland Naturalist | Shuey, JA | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Indiana's system of natural area reserves is evaluated to assess the system's conservation value for imperiled butterflies. This system of nature reserves was designed to conserve representative examples of all terrestrial community types present | | |
| Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Molnar, Jennifer L.; Gamboa, Rebecca L.; Revenga, Carmen; Spalding, Mark D. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Although invasive species are widely recognized as a major threat to marine biodiversity, there has been no quantitative global assessment of their impacts and routes of introduction. Here, we report initial results from the first such global assessment. | | |
| Assessing the influence of historical factors, contemporary processes, and environmental conditions on the distribution of invasive species | Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society | McDonald, Robert I.; Motzkin, Glenn; Foster, David R. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessing the invasion risk of Eucalyptus in the U.S. using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. | International Journal of Forestry Research | Gordon, D.R., S.L. Flory, A.L. Cooper, and S.K. Morris. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessing the invasive potential of biofuel species proposed for Florida and the United States using the Australian weed risk assessment | Biomass and Bioenergy | Gordon, D.R., K.J. Tancig, D.A. Onderdonk and C.A. Gantz | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessing the Potential for Transitions from Tallgrass Prairie to Woodlands: Are We Operating Beyond Critical Fire Thresholds? | RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT | Ratajczak, Zak; Briggs, John M.; Goodin, Doug G.; Luo, Lei; Mohler, Rhett L.; Nippert, Jesse B.; Obermeyer, Brian | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessing tradeoffs in biodiversity, vulnerability and cost when prioritizing conservation sites | Journal of Conservation Planning | Copeland, HE, JM Ward, and JM Kiesecker | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessing vulnerability: an integrated approach for mapping adaptive capacity, sensitivity, and exposure | CLIMATIC CHANGE | Weis, Shawn W. Margles; Agostini, Vera N.; Roth, Lynnette M.; Gilmer, Ben; Schill, Steven R.; Knowles, John English; Blyther, Ruth | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessment and impact of the Australian weed risk assessment modified for the US | Hortscience | Gordon, Doria R.; Gantz, Crysta; Oderdonk, Daphne A. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessment of Public Knowledge and Willingness to Pay for Recovery of an Endangered Songbird, the Golden- Cheeked Warbler | HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE | Ferrato, Jacqueline R.; Brown, Donald J.; McKinney, Audrey | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessment of sea level rise impacts on human population and real property in the Florida Keys | Climatic Change | Zhang, K., J. Dittmar, M. Ross, and C. Bergh | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Assessment of threats to ecosystems in South America | Journal for Nature Conservation | Jarvis, A., J. Touval, M. Castro Schmitz, L. Sotomayor, and G. Graham Hyman | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | Marine Protected Areas are usually static, permanently closed areas. There are, however, both social and ecological reasons to adopt dynamic closures, where reserves move through time. Using a general theoretical framework, we investigate whether | | |
| Assessment of threats to ecosystems in South America | Journal for Nature Conservation | Andy Jarvis, Jerome L. Touval, Mauricio Castro Schmitz, Leonardo Sotomayor, Glenn Graham Hyman | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Association of Bisphenol A With Diabetes and Other Abnormalities | Jama-Journal Of The American Medical Association | Howard, Sarah; Howard, Timothy G. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Atlas of Ocean Wealth | | Spalding, M.D., Brumbaugh, R.D. & Landis, E. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | Arlington, VA |
| Australia. | | Fitzsimons, J | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Automatic classification of land cover on Smith Island, VA, using HyMAP imagery | Ieee Transactions On Geoscience And Remote Sensing | Bachmann, CM; Donato, TF; Lamela, GM; Rhea, WJ; Bettenhausen, MH; Fusina, RA; Du Bois, KR; Porter, JH; Truitt, BR | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | Automatic land cover classification maps were devel-oped from Airborne Hyperspectral Scanner (HyMAP) imagery acquired May 8, 2000 over Smith Island, VA, a barrier island in the Virginia Coast Reserve. Both unsupervised and supervised ... | | |
| Average optimacity: An index to guide sate prioritization for biodiversity conservation | Biological Conservation | Wilhere, George F.; Goering, Mark; Wang, Huilin | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Avian Use of Perennial Biomass Feedstocks as Post-Breeding and Migratory Stopover Habitat | PLoS ONE | Robertson, Bruce A.; Doran, Patrick J.; Loomis, Elizabeth R.; Robertson, J. Roy; Schemske, Douglas W. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Avoiding conflicts and protecting coral reefs: customary management benefits marine habitats and fish biomass | Oryx | Campbell, Stuart J.; Cinner, Joshua E.; Ardiwijaya, Rizya L.; Pardede, Shinta; Kartawijaya, Tasrif; Mukmunin, Ahmed; Herdiana, Yudi; Hoey, Andrew S.; Pratchett, Morgan S.; Baird, Andrew H. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Avoiding unintended outcomes from REDD | Conservation Biology | Venter, O., J. Watson, E. Meijaard, W. F. Laurance, and H. P. Possingham | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bactrurus speleopolis, a new species of subterranean amphipod crustacean (Crangonyctidae) from caves in northern Arkansas | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Holsinger, JR; Sawicki, TR; Graening, GO | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Bactrurus speleopolis, a large stygobitic amphipod crustacean in the family Crangonyctidae is described from specimens collected from a lake in Cave City Cave, Sharp County, Arkansas, and is the second species of Bactrurus Hay, 1902 recorded to d | | |
| Balancing hydropower and biodiversity in the Amazon, Congo, and Mekong | SCIENCE | Winemiller, K. O.; McIntyre, P. B.; Castello, L.; Fluet-Chouinard, E.; Giarrizzo, T.; Nam, S.; Baird, I. G.; Darwall, W.; Lujan, N. K.; Harrison, I.; Stiassny, M. L. J.; Silvano, R. A. M.; Fitzgerald, D. B.; Pelicice, F. M.; Agostinho, A. A.; Gomes, L. C.; Albert, J. S.; Baran, E.; Petrere, M., Jr.; Zarfl, C.; Mulligan, M.; Sullivan, J. P.; Arantes, C. C.; Sousa, L. M.; Koning, A. A.; Hoeinghaus, D. J.; Sabaj, M.; Lundberg, J. G.; Armbruster, J.; Thieme, M. L.; Petry, P.; Zuanon, J.; Vilara, G. Torrente; Snoeks, J.; Ou, C.; Rainboth, W.; Pavanelli, C. S.; Akama, A.; van Soesbergen, A.; Saenz, L. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | fish, energy, rivers, South America, Asia, Africa | |
| Balancing the conservation of wildlife habitat with subsistence hunting access: A geospatial-scenario planning framework | Landscape and Urban Planning | Shanley, Colin S.; Kofinas, Gary P.; Pyare, Sanjay | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bankrupting Nature: Denying Our Planetary Boundaries | Nature | Kareiva, Peter | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bark in the Park: A Review of Domestic Dogs in Parks | Environmental Management | Weston, Michael A.; Fitzsimons, James A.; Wescott, Geoffrey; Miller, Kelly K.; Ekanayake, Kasun B.; Schneider, Thomas | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Baseline marine biological surveys of the Phoenix Islands, July 2000 | Atoll Research Bulletin | Obura D.O., G. Stone, S. Mangubhai, S. Bailey, A. Yoshinaga, C. Holloway, and R. Barrel | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Basics of landscape ecology: an introduction to landscapes and population processes for landscape geneticists | | Cushman, S.A., B.H. McRae, and K. McGarigal | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bathymetry Retrieval from Hyperspectral Imagery in the Very Shallow Water Limit: A Case Study from the 2007 Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR'07) Multi-Sensor Campaign | Marine Geodesy | Bachmann, Charles M.; Montes, Marcos J.; Fusina, Robert A.; Parrish, Christopher; Sellars, Jon; Weidemann, Alan; Goode, Wesley; Nichols, C. Reid; Woodward, Patrick; McIlhany, Kevin; Hill, Victoria; Zimmerman, Richard; Korwan, Daniel; Truitt, Barry; Schwar | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bats of Borneo: diversity, distributions and representation in protected areas | Biodiversity And Conservation | Struebig, Matthew J.; Christy, Lenny; Pio, Dorothea; Meijaard, Erik | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Beak deformity in the endangered Black-Capped Vireo | North American Bird Bander | Sperry, D., D. Cimprich, and J. Marquess | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Behavioral interactions between fire ants and vertebrate nest predators at two black-capped vireo nests | Wilson Bulletin | Smith, J. E., S. J. Taylor, C. J. Whelan, M. L. Denight, and M. M. Stake | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | We report on behavioral interactions between fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) and vertebrate predators at two Black-capped Vireo (Vireo atricapilla) nests at Fort Hood, Texas. In the presence of fire ants, an eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana) fai | | |
| Benefits of supporting plant and animal eradication projects with helicopters | | Knapp, J. J., T. Schuyler, K. N. Walker, N. L. Macdonald, and S. A. Morrison | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Benthic communities at two remote Pacific coral reefs: effects of reef habitat, depth, and wave energy gradients on spatial patterns | Peerj | Williams, Gareth J.; Smith, Jennifer E.; Conklin, Eric J.; Gove, Jamison M.; Sala, Enric; Sandin, Stuart A. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Best practices for improved governance of coral reef marine protected areas | Coral Reefs | Christie, P.; White, A. T. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Coral reef marine protected areas (MPA) are widely distributed around the globe for social and ecological reasons. Relatively few of these MPAs are well managed. This review examines the governance of coral reef MPAs and the means to improve cora | | |
| Better integration of sectoral planning and management approaches for the interlinked ecology of the open oceans | Marine Policy | Ban, Natalie C.; Maxwell, Sara M.; Dunn, Daniel C.; Hobday, Alistair J.; Bax, Nicholas J.; Ardron, Jeff; Gjerde, Kristina M.; Game, Edward T.; Devillers, Rodolphe; Kaplan, David M.; Dunstan, Piers K.; Halpin, Patrick N.; Pressey, Robert L. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Beyond annual and seasonal averages: using temporal patterns of precipitation to predict butterfly richness across an elevational gradient | ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY | Badik, Kevin J.; Shapiro, Arthur M.; Bonilla, Melvin M.; Jahner, Joshua P.; Harrison, Joshua G.; Forister, Matthew L. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Beyond Noah: Saving Species is not Enough | Conservation Biology | Higgins, J.V., Ricketts, T.H., Parrish, J.D., Dinerstein, E., Powell, G., Palminteri, S. Hoekstra, J.M. Morrison, J., Tomasek, A., Adams, J | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Having attended the World Parks Congress (WPC) in Durban, we read Brooks et al.'s (2004) essay with interest. We were dismayed, however, by their dismissal of the role that nonspecies components of biodiversity play in the design of protected area systems | | |
| Biennial cycling caused by demographic delays in a fire-adapted annual plant | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Quintana-Ascencio, Pedro F.; Menges, Eric S.; Weekley, Carl W.; Kelrick, Michael I.; Pace-Aldana, Beatriz | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Big Green: Outed and Outraged | Nation | Foerstel, Karen | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Big, Bold and Blue: Lessons from AustraliaÍs Marine Protected Areas. | | J. Fitzsimons and G. Wescott | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | The worldÍs oceans cover about 70% of our planet. To safeguard the delicate ecological and environmental functions of the oceans and their remarkable biodiversity, networks of marine protected areas are being created. In some of these areas, human activity is restricted to non-exploitative activities and in others it is managed in a sustainable way. Australia is at the forefront of marine conservation, with one of the largest systems of marine protected areas in the world. Big, Bold and Blue: Lessons from AustraliaÍs Marine Protected Areas captures AustraliaÍs experience, sharing important lessons from the Great Barrier Reef and many other extraordinary marine protected areas. It presents real-world examples, leading academic research, perspectives on government policy, and information from Indigenous sea country management, non-governmental organisations, and commercial and recreational fishing sectors. The lessons learnt during the rapid expansion of AustraliaÍs marine protected areas, both positive and negative, will aid and advise other nations in their own marine conservation efforts. | Australia, marine protected areas | |
| Bigger is better: Improved nature conservation and economic returns from landscape-level mitigation | SCIENCE ADVANCES | Kennedy, Christina M.; Miteva, Daniela A.; Baumgarten, Leandro; Hawthorne, Peter L.; Sochi, Kei; Polasky, Stephen; Oakleaf, James R.; Uhlhorn, Elizabeth M.; Kiesecker, Joseph | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Impact mitigation is a primary mechanism on which countries rely to reduce environmental externalities and balance development with conservation. Mitigation policies are transitioning from traditional project-by-project planning to landscape-level planning. Although this larger-scale approach is expected to provide greater conservation benefits at the lowest cost, empirical justification is still scarce. Using commercial sugarcane expansion in the Brazilian Cerrado as a case study, we apply economic and biophysical steady-state models to quantify the benefits of the Brazilian Forest Code (FC) under landscape- and property-level planning. We find that FC compliance imposes small costs to business but can generate significant long-term benefits to nature: supporting 32 (±37) additional species (largely habitat specialists), storing 593,000 to 2,280,000 additional tons of carbon worth $69 million to $265 million ($ pertains to U.S. dollars), and marginally improving surface water quality. Relative to property-level compliance, we find that landscape-level compliance reduces total business costs by $19 million to $35 million per 6-year sugarcane growing cycle while often supporting more species and storing more carbon. Our results demonstrate that landscape-level mitigation provides cost-effective conservation and can be used to promote sustainable development. | | |
| Bill morphology and neutral genetic structure both predict variation in acoustic signals within a bird population | BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY | Langin, Kathryn M.; Sillett, T. Scott; Morrison, Scott A.; Ghalambor, Cameron K. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Biodiversity conservation in the era of biofuels: risks and opportunities | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Fletcher, R.J.J., Robertson, B.A., Evans, J.S., Doran, P.J., Alavalapati, J.R.R., Schemske, D.W. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Biodiversity and conservation of Lake Huron's islands | Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management | Kraus, Dan; Henson, Bonnie; Ewert, Dave | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Biodiversity in a changing climate: a synthesis of current and projected trends in the US | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Staudinger, Michelle D.; Carter, Shawn L.; Cross, Molly S.; Dubois, Natalie S.; Duffy, J. Emmett; Enquist, Carolyn; Griffis, Roger; Hellmann, Jessica J.; Lawler, Joshua J.; O'Leary, John; Morrison, Scott A.; Sneddon, Lesley; Stein, Bruce A.; Thompson, Lau | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Biodiversity in a changing climate: linking science and management in conservation | | | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | Oakland CA |
| Biodiversity in the Madrean Archipelago of Sonora, Mexico | | Van Devender, T.R., S. Avila-Villegas, M. Emerson, D. Turner, A.D. Flesch, and N.S. Deyo | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Biodiversity needs the help of global change managers, not museum-keepers | Nature | Ibisch, PL; Jennings, MD; Kreft, S | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | More and more conservation scientists are calling for a holistic approach that considers ecological processes and the functional properties of ecosystems, rather than just parts and patterns of species, as crucial conservation targets (see, for example, P | | |
| Biodiversity of the Oak Forests of Tropical America (Biodiversidad de los bosques de roble [encino] de la Am_rica tropical) | | Kappelle, M | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Biodiversity, human well-being and markets | | Binder, S., and S. Polasky. Biodiversity, human well-being and markets | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bioenergy and wildlife: Threats and opportunities for grassland conservation | BioScience | Fargione, J., T. R. Cooper, D. J. Flaspohler, J. Hill, C. Lehman, T. McCoy, S. McLeod, E. J. Nelson, K. S. Oberhauser, and D. Tilman | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bioenergy and climate change mitigation: an assessment | GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY | Creutzig, Felix; Ravindranath, N. H.; Berndes, Goran; Bolwig, Simon; Bright, Ryan; Cherubini, Francesco; Chum, Helena; Corbera, Esteve; Delucchi, Mark; Faaij, Andre; Fargione, Joseph; Haberl, Helmut; Heath, Garvin; Lucon, Oswaldo; Plevin, Richard; Popp, Alexander; Robledo-Abad, Carmenza; Rose, Steven; Smith, Pete; Stromman, Anders; Suh, Sangwon; Masera, Omar | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Bioenergy deployment offers significant potential for climate change mitigation, but also carries considerable risks. In this review, we bring together perspectives of various communities involved in the research and regulation of bioenergy deployment in the context of climate change mitigation: Land-use and energy experts, land-use and integrated assessment modelers, human geographers, ecosystem researchers, climate scientists and two different strands of life-cycle assessment experts. We summarize technological options, outline the state-of-the-art knowledge on various climate effects, provide an update on estimates of technical resource potential and comprehensively identify sustainability effects. Cellulosic feedstocks, increased end-use efficiency, improved land carbon-stock management and residue use, and, when fully developed, BECCS appear as the most promising options, depending on development costs, implementation, learning, and risk management. Combined heat and power, efficient biomass cookstoves and small-scale power generation for rural areas can help to promote energy access and sustainable development, along with reduced emissions. We estimate the sustainable technical potential as up to 100 EJ: high agreement; 100_300 EJ: medium agreement; above 300 EJ: low agreement. Stabilization scenarios indicate that bioenergy may supply from 10 to 245 EJ yr_1 to global primary energy supply by 2050. Models indicate that, if technological and governance preconditions are met, large-scale deployment (>200 EJ), together with BECCS, could help to keep global warming below 2Á degrees of preindustrial levels; but such high deployment of land-intensive bioenergy feedstocks could also lead to detrimental climate effects, negatively impact ecosystems, biodiversity and livelihoods. The integration of bioenergy systems into agriculture and forest landscapes can improve land and water use efficiency and help address concerns about environmental impacts. We conclude that the high variability in pathways, uncertainties in technological development and ambiguity in political decision render forecasts on deployment levels and climate effects very difficult. However, uncertainty about projections should not preclude pursuing beneficial bioenergy options. | | |
| Bioenergy feedstocks at low risk for invasion in the U.S.: A 'white list' approach. | BioEnergy Research | Quinn, L.D., D.R. Gordon, A. Glaser, Deah Lieurance, and S. Luke Flory. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Biofuels and biodiversity | Ecological Applications | Wiens, John; Fargione, Joseph; Hill, Jason | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Biofuels and biodiversity: Principles for creating better policies for biofuel production | Conservation Biology | Groom, Martha. J.; Gray, Elizabeth M.; Townsend, Patricia A. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Biofuels are a new priority in efforts to reduce dependence on fossil fuels; nevertheless, the rapid increase in production of biofuel feedstock may threaten biodiversity. There are general principles that should be used in developing guidelines | | |
| Biofuels and biodiversity: the implications of energy sprawl | Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, second edition | Robertson B.A., and P.J. Doran | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Biofuels: Effects on land and fire - Response | Science | Fargione, Joseph; Hill, Jason; Tilman, David; Polasky, Stephen; Hawthorne, Peter | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Biofuels: Putting current practices in perspective - Response | Science | Fargione, Joseph; Hill, Jason; Tilman, David; Polasky, Stephen; Hawthorne, Peter | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Biogeography of Indonesian Mountain Weasel Mustela lutreolina and a newly discovered specimen | Small Carnivore Conservation | Meiri, S., J.W. Duckworth, and E. Meijaard | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | A previously undocumented specimen of Indonesian Mountain Weasel Mustela lutreolina from Java was previously ascribed, incorrectly, to Malay Weasel M. nudipes. The reYidentification is based on a decisive cranial feature, and is consistent with k | | |
| Biological Diversity And Agriculture | Science | Redford, Kh; Dinerstein, E | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Biological diversity and its loss | | Loope, L.; Gon III, S. M. | 1988 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Biological vs. social, economic and political priority-setting in conservation | Ecology Letters | OêConnor, Marvier and Kareiva | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| BioMap2: Conserving the Biodiversity of Massachusetts in a Changing World | | Woolsey, H., A. Finton, J. DeNormandie | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Biomass allocation in herbaceous plants under grazing impact in the high semi-arid Andes | Flora | Patty, Lita; Halloy, Stephan R. P.; Hiltbrunner, Erika; Koerner, Christian | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, ranching | |
| Biomass and Stand Characteristics of a Highly Productive Mixed Douglas-Fir and Western Hemlock Plantation in Coastal Washington | Western Journal Of Applied Forestry | Harrison, Robert B.; Terry, Thomas A.; Licata, Christopher W.; Flaming, Barry L.; Meade, Rod; Guerrini, Irae A.; Strahm, Brian D.; Xue, Dongsen; Lolley, M. Reese; Sidell, Amy R.; Wagoner, Gage L.; Briggs, David; Turnblom, Eric C. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bird and bat predation services in tropical forests and agroforestry landscapes | BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS | Maas, Bea; Karp, Daniel S.; Bumrungsri, Sara; Darras, Kevin; Gonthier, David; Huang, Joe C. -C.; Lindell, Catherine A.; Maine, Josiah J.; Mestre, Laia; Michel, Nicole L.; Morrison, Emily B.; Perfecto, Ivette; Philpott, Stacy M.; Sekerciogiu, Cagan H.; Silva, Roberta M.; Taylor, Peter J.; Tscharntke, Teja; Van Bael, Sunshine A.; Whelan, Christopher J.; Williams-Guillen, Kimberly | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bird assemblage response to restoration of fire-suppressed longleaf pine sandhills | Ecological Applications | Steen, David A.; Conner, L. M.; Smith, Lora L.; Provencher, Louis; Hiers, J. Kevin; Pokswinski, Scott; Helms, Brian S.; Guyer, Craig | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bird community responses to cattle stocking rates in a Pacific Northwest bunchgrass prairie | Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment | Johnson, Tracey N.; Kennedy, Patricia L.; DelCurto, Tim; Taylor, Robert V. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bird records of note from Fort Hood, Texas | Texas Ornithological Society Bulletin | Kostecke, R. M | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Since 1989, bird surveys have been conducted at Fort Hood, Bell and Coryell counties, central Texas. Only some of these data have been reported to bird records compilers for North American Birds and the Texas Ornithological Society. I provide | | |
| Birds | Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, 2nd Edition | Hall, K.R | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bison as keystone herbivores on the great plains: can cattle serve as proxy for evolutionary grazing patterns? | | Fuhlendorf, S.D., B.W. Allred, and R.G. Hamilton | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | Working Paper No. 4 |
| Bison Use of Fire-Managed Remnant Prairies | Journal of Range Management | Biondini, M.E., A. A. Steuter, R. G. Hamilton | 1999 | 2017/12/14 | This study was designed to: 1) compare the landscape distribution patterns of bison on fire-managed prairie remnants in the tallgrass (Oklahoma), and mixed prairie (Nebraska); and 2) identify the extent to which fire and range site [topoedaphic classification of the landscape] affect bison distribution patterns. This research was conducted at 2 sites: the Niobrara Valley Preserve (1990-1996), and the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve (1993-1996). At both preserves, bison selected burned areas during the growing season for 1-3 years and mostly avoided old burns and unburned areas. There was an interaction between fire and range site in selection patterns. In the absence of fire, bison mostly avoided both the Choppy Sand range sites at the Niobrara Valley Preserve and Loamy Prairie range sites at the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve. When they were burned, however, these sites were highly selected. The main difference in bison selection patterns between the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve and the Niobrara Valley Preserve was observed during the dormant season. In the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, burned sites continue to be preferred during the dormant period for an average of 2 years while in the Niobrara Valley Preserve selections were random. These differences can be explained by 2 mechanisms: the fall and winter re-growth of forage at the more southern latitude and the significant physiognomic changes that fire can cause in tall grass prairies. Our study documents a continuing interaction between the ecological processes of the fire regime and bison distribution and abundance within 2 of the major prairie landscapes of the Great Plains, and provides critical details for understanding this relationships. | | |
| Bivalve shellfish at the crossroads | Journal of Shellfish Research | M Beck, L Hale, ML Bortman, J Deblieu, R Brumbaugh | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Book review: Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Tropical and Sub-Tropical Forests | Photogrammetric Engineering And Remote Sensing | Schill, S. R | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Book review: Invasive Plants of the Upper Midwest: An Illustrated Guide to Their Identification and Control. Elizabeth J. Czarapata. 2005. | Ecological Restoration | Pearsall, D., S. Woods, and P. Doran | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Book review: Mimicking Nature's Fire: Restoring Fire-Prone Forests in the West By Stephen Arno and Carl Fiedler. 2005 | Ecological Restoration | Shlisky, A | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Book Review: The Riparian Bird Conservation Plan. | Western Birds | Gregory H. Golet | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | birds, conservation | ISSN 0045-3897 |
| Brackenridgia Ashleyi (Isopoda: Trichoniscidae): Range Extension With Notes On Ecology | Journal Of Cave And Karst Studies | Slay, Michael E.; Taylor, Steven J. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Breeding bird response to midstory hardwood reduction in Florida sandhill longleaf pine forests | Journal of Wildlife Management | Provencher, L; Gobris, NM; Brennan, LA; Gordon, DR; Hardesty, JL | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | The dramatic loss and degradation of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests in the southeastern United States have contributed to the declines of several bird species associated with this ecosystem. We examined breeding bird response to habitat ... | | |
| Breeding density, not life history, predicts interpopulation differences in territorial aggression in a passerine bird | Animal Behaviour | Yoon, Jongmin; Sillett, T. Scott; Morrison, Scott A.; Ghalambor, Cameron K. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Breeding Songbird Use of Native Warm-Season and Non-Native Cool-Season Grass Forage Fields | WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN | Moorman, Christopher E.; Klimstra, Ryan L.; Harper, Craig A.; Marcus, Jeffrey F.; Sorenson, Clyde E. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bridging climate science to adaptation action in data sparse Tanzania | Environmental Conservation | Girvetz, Evan H.; Gray, Elizabeth; Tear, Timothy H.; Brown, Matthew A. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bridging The Divide Between Fisheries And Marine Conservation Science | Bulletin of Marine Science | Salomon, Anne K.; Gaichas, Sarah K.; Jensen, Olaf P.; Agostini, Vera N.; Sloan, N. A.; Rice, Jake; McClanahan, Tim R.; Ruckelshaus, Mary H.; Levin, Phil S.; Dulvy, Nicholas K.; Babcock, Elizabeth A. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bright spots among the world's coral reefs | NATURE | Cinner, Joshua E.; Huchery, Cindy; MacNeil, M. Aaron; Graham, Nicholas A. J.; McClanahan, Tim R.; Maina, Joseph; Maire, Eva; Kittinger, John N.; Hicks, Christina C.; Mora, Camilo; Allison, Edward H.; D'Agata, Stephanie; Hoey, Andrew; Feary, David A.; Crowder, Larry; Williams, Ivor D.; Kulbicki, Michel; Vigliola, Laurent; Wantiez, Laurent; Edgar, Graham; Stuart-Smith, Rick D.; Sandin, Stuart A.; Green, Alison L.; Hardt, Marah J.; Beger, Maria; Friedlander, Alan; Campbell, Stuart J.; Holmes, Katherine E.; Wilson, Shaun K.; Brokovich, Eran; Brooks, Andrew J.; Cruz-Motta, Juan J.; Booth, David J.; Chabanet, Pascale; Gough, Charlie; Tupper, Mark; Ferse, Sebastian C. A.; Sumaila, U. Rashid; Mouillot, David | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | The health of the world's coral reefs, which provide goods and services for millions of people, is declining. Effective management of these ecosystems requires an understanding of the underlying drivers of reef decline. In a study that spans the gap between ecology and the social sciences, Joshua Cinner and colleagues develop a Bayesian hierarchical model, using data from more than 2,500 reefs worldwide, to predict reef fish biomass based on various socioeconomic drivers and environmental conditions. They identify 15 bright spots Ñ sites where reef biomass is significantly higher than expected. The bright spots are found not only among iconic remote and pristine areas, but also where there are strong sociocultural institutions and high levels of local engagement. On the basis of this analysis, the authors argue for a refocus of coral reef conservation efforts away from locating and protecting remote, pristine sites, towards unlocking potential solutions from sites that have successfully confronted the coral reef crisis. | | |
| Bright spots for estuary management in temperate Southern Australia | Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs | Rebecca Koss, Geoff Wescott, James Fitzsimons, Lynne Hale | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Estuaries are a transition zone for fresh and saline water and sediments, providing a range of ecosystem services for the local population, infrastructure and industries located in their environs. They are also governance transition zones where jurisdictions often overlap and focused attention is often lacking. As Australia's population continues to expand, particularly in the south, estuaries are increasingly becoming popular locations for settlement due to their picturesque surrounds and accessibility for water-based activities. This results in expanding human and industry activities and pressures along estuaries and adjacent coastal settings impacting ecosystem service delivery. The absence of dedicated national and state estuary legislation in addition to decades of poor land and waterway management decisions paints a ïdoom and gloomÍ picture for temperate southern Australian estuaries. Against this backdrop, there are number of estuary ïbright spotsÍ where natural resource management bodies in strong partnership with local actors are moving forward in overcoming challenges to estuary conservation. Using case studies, this paper describes the key elements for effective estuary management that can lead to improved estuary health. | | |
| Bronchocela cristatella (Green Crested Lizard). Diet and foraging behavior | Herpetological Review | Fitzsimons, J.A. & Thomas, J.L. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bryconops imitator, a new species from the RÕo Caura basin of Venezuela (Teleostei: Characiformes) | Ichthyological Exploration Of Freshwaters | Chernoff, B., A. Machado-Allison, F. Provenzano, P. W. Willink and P. Petry | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Building an expert-judgment-based model of mangrove fisheries | American Fisheries Society Symposium | Hutchison, J., D.P. Philipp, J.E. Claussen, O. Aburto_Oropeza, M. Carrasquilla_Henao, G.A. Castellanos_Galindo, M.T. Costa, P.D. Daneshgar, H.J. Hartmann, F. Juanes, M.N. Khan, L. Knowles, E. Knudsen, S.Y. Lee, K.J. Murchie, J. Tiedemann, P. zu Ermgassen, M. Spalding | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Building Australia through citizen science | Occasional Paper Series | Gretta Pecl, Chris Gillies, Carla Sbrocchi, Philip Roetman | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Citizen science brings scientists and the wider community together to work on important scientific projects. It has played a central and celebrated role in the advancement of global knowledge. From amateur astronomers tracking the transit of Venus in 1874 to the Audubon SocietyÍs 114 year-old Christmas Bird Count, people with a passion for science have worked alongside scientists for the benefit of the community. Today, more than 130,000 Australians are active in over 90 citizen science projects, predominantly in environmental science fields. Many kinds of organisations are also involved, including universities, all levels of government, schools, industry groups, community groups and museums. | | |
| Building enabling conditions for integrated coastal management at the national scale in Tanzania | Ocean and Coastal Management | Torell, EC; Amaral, M; Bayer, TG; Daffa, J; Luhikula, G; Hale, LZ | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Applying the orders of outcome framework introduced by Olsen et al.(Crafting Coastal Governance in a Changing World, The Coastal Resources Center, Narragansett, 2003, 376pp.), this article describes how the Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership (TCMP .. | | |
| Building Nature's Safety Net 2014: A decade of protected area achievements in Australia | | Taylor, M.F.J., J. Fitzsimons & P. Sattler | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Building partnerships to scale up conservation: 4R Nutrient Stewardship Certification Program in the Lake Erie watershed | JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH | Vollmer-Sanders, Carrie; Allman, Andrew; Busdeker, Doug; Moody, Lara Beal; Stanley, William G. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Harmful algal blooms in the Western Lake Erie Basin (WLEB) can be considered a wicked problemÑthere are conflicting interpretations of the problem and science, stakeholders have different values and goals, and there is no definitive solution. This paper provides an overview and lessons learned of how one set of diverse stakeholders worked together to initiate a voluntary 4R Nutrient Stewardship Certification Program to address the wicked problem in the WLEB. 4R Nutrient Stewardship (Right rate, Right time, Right place, and Right source) provides the foundation for a science-based framework that achieves sustainable plant nutrition management while considering the environment, society, and economics. The 4R Certification Program ensures a third-party auditor objectively evaluates the nutrient service providers' implementation of the 41 criteria of the program that encompass education, recordkeeping, nutrient recommendations, and applications. While the environmental impact of 4R Certification Program adoption is being evaluated currently, implementing the 4Rs has been identified as a key step to improving water quality. In two years, the 4R Certification Program has influenced nearly 40% of WLEB's farmland through the 30 4R certified providers. While any single organization could have created a nutrient management program, it would not have been as robust, as practical, or as accepted as the one created by the broad group of stakeholders involved with the WLEB 4R Advisory Committee. The rigor, structure, governance, and credibility of the 4R Certification Program make it a top candidate to act in other regions with wicked problems related to nutrient management. | | |
| Building Regional Threat Based Networks for Estuaries in the Western United States | PLoS ONE | MS Merrifield, E Hines, X Liu, MW Beck | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Building Regional Threat-Based Networks for Estuaries in the Western United States | PLoS ONE | Merrifield, Matthew S.; Hines, Ellen; Liu, Xiaohang; Beck, Michael W. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Building Resilience into MPAs: Impact from Sites to Global Policies | | Salm, R.V., A. Green, L.Z. Hale, P. Kramer, E. McLeod, G. Miles, A. Smith, S.E. Smith, S.L. Wear | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Building the Foundation for International Conservation Planning for Breeding Ducks across the US and Canadian Border | PLoS ONE | Doherty, Kevin E.; Evans, Jeffrey S.; Walker, Johann; Devries, James H.; Howerter, David W. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Building the future of MPAs - lessons from history | AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS | Wells, Sue; Ray, G. Carleton; Gjerde, Kristina M.; White, Alan T.; Muthiga, Nyawira; Bezaury Creel, Juan E.; Causey, Billy D.; Mccormick-Ray, Jerry; Salm, Rod; Gubbay, Sue; Kelleher, Graeme; Reti, Joe | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Building towards the marine conservation end-game: consolidating the role of MPAs in a future ocean | AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS | Spalding, Mark D.; Meliane, Imen; Bennett, Nathan J.; Dearden, Philip; Patil, Pawan G.; Brumbaugh, Robert D. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bumphead parrotfish - Bolbometopon muricatum | Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations: Biology, Research and Management, Springer, Fish & Fisheries Series | Hamilton R.J. and Choat J.H | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Bunchgrass Prairies | Restoring the Pacific Northwest: The Art and Science of Ecological Restoration in Cascadia | Sinclair, M., E. Alverson, P. Dunn, P. Dunwiddie, and E. Gray | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Buried treasure: soil biodiversity and conservation | Biodiversity And Conservation | Parker, Sophie S. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Burning Controls Barb Goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis) in California Grasslands for at Least 7 Years | INVASIVE PLANT SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT | Marty, Jaymee T.; Sweet, Sara B.; Buck-Diaz, Jennifer J. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Barb goatgrass is an invasive annual grass from the Mediterranean region that negatively affects both native plant biodiversity and the forage quality of grasslands. Prescribed burning may be the best landscape-level tool available to manage invasive species like barb goatgrass while also enhancing biodiversity, but few studies have quantified the long-term effects of fire on goatgrass and the rest of the plant community. We assessed the effects of fire on an invading front of barb goatgrass on a private ranch in Sacramento County, CA. We established burned and unburned treatment plots within the goatgrass-infested area and used prescribed fire to burn the treatment plots in June 2005. We monitored plant-community composition before burning and for 7 consecutive yr following the burn. Additionally, we tested the viability of goatgrass seeds in both burned and unburned plots. One year after the burn, goatgrass cover in burned plots was 3% compared with 21% in unburned plots. This reduction in goatgrass cover was still strong 2 yr after the burn (burned, 6%; unburned, 27%) and weaker but still statistically significant for 4 of the next 5 yr. The burn also reduced germination of goatgrass seed by 99% as indicated by seed-viability tests conducted in the laboratory. The native plant community responded positively to the burn treatment in the first year following the burn with an increase in native diversity in burned plots vs. unburned plots, but the effect was not detectable in subsequent years. Nonnative annual forb species cover also increased in the first year following the burn. Our study shows that a single springtime burn can result in a short-term boost in native species diversity, reduced seed germination of barb goatgrass to near zero, and reduced cover of barb goatgrass for at least 7 yr after the burn. | | |
| Butterfly communities respond to structural changes in forest restorations and regeneration in lowland Atlantic Forest, Parana, Brazil | JOURNAL OF INSECT CONSERVATION | Shuey, John; Labus, Paul; Carneiro, Eduardo; Silva Dias, Fernando Maia; Leite, Luis Anderson R.; Mielke, Olaf H. H. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| California least tern chick predation by greater roadrunner | Southwestern Naturalist | Whelchel, Adam W.; Lansford, Kevin C. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | We present the first documented account of adult greater roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus) feeding on California least tern chicks (Sterna antillarum browni). This predation event occurred at a designated nesting site within Batiquitos Lagoon, | | |
| California's Marine Life Protection Act Initiative: Supporting implementation of legislation establishing a statewide network of marine protected areas | Ocean and Coastal Management | Kirlin, John; Caldwell, Meg; Gleason, Mary; Weber, Mike; Ugoretz, John; Fox, Evan; Miller-Henson, Melissa | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| California's marine protected area network planning process: Introduction to the special issue | Ocean and Coastal Management | Gleason, Mary; Kirlin, John; Fox, Evan | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Cambio climˆtico y ambiental: las consecuencias inesperadas de las decisiones humanas | Acta Zool„gica Lilloana | Halloy, S. R. P., and K. Yager | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Can a combination of grazing, herbicides, and seeding facilitate succession in old fields? | Ecological Restoration | Taylor, R.V., M.L. Pokorny, J. Mangold, and N. Rudd | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, ranching | |
| Can captive rearing promote recovery of endangered butterflies? An assessment in the face of uncertainty | Biological Conservation | Crone, Elizabeth E.; Pickering, Debbie; Schultz, Cheryl B. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Captive rearing is increasingly used as an interim strategy to maintain at-risk butterfly populations while long-term recovery techniques are developed. However, it is seldom feasible to measure effects of captive rearing on small, fragile, and highly mob | | |
| Can China Cope with Its Water Crisis?-Perspectives from the North China Plain | Ground Water | Zheng, Chunmiao; Liu, Jie; Cao, Guoliang; Kendy, Eloise; Wang, Hao; Jia, Yangwen | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Can hydro power be sustainable? | Water Power & Dam Construction | Harrison, D., J. J. Opperman, and B. Richter | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Can Imazapic Increase Native Species Abundance in Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) Invaded Native Plant Communities? | Rangeland Ecology & Management | Elseroad, Adrien C.; Rudd, Nathan T. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Can integrating wildlife and livestock enhance ecosystem services in central Kenya? | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Allan, Brian F.; Tallis, Heather; Chaplin-Kramer, Rebecca; Huckett, Steven; Kowal, Virginia A.; Musengezi, Jessica; Okanga, Sharon; Ostfeld, Richard S.; Schieltz, Jennifer; Warui, Charles M.; Wood, Spencer A.; Keesing, Felicia | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Because wildlife and livestock compete for grazing resources, biodiversity conservation and livestock ranching typically have been portrayed as conflicting uses of African savannas. Here, we offer an alternative perspective by describing a savanna ecosystem in central Kenya where wildlife and livestock exhibit a suite of potential positive interactions. For example, treating livestock with an acaricide offers the unintended benefit of removing ticks from the landscape, a result that has now been shown to occur at both large and small scales. When humans derive financial benefits both from wildlife (through tourism) and from livestock (through food production), they may achieve greater economic stability than when income is derived solely from one source. The integrated management of wildlife and livestock can simultaneously improve human health and wildlife conservation. Optimization of human and wildlife benefits will require the management of ecological and socioeconomic trade-offs when conflicts occur between stakeholders. | agriculture | |
| Can landscape-level ecological restoration influence fire risk? A spatially-explicit assessment of a northern temperate-southern boreal forest landscape | Forest Ecology and Management | Shinneman, Douglas J.; Palik, Brian J.; Cornett, Meredith W. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Can NGO's Fill the Gap in the Endangered Species Act? | | Peter Kareiva, Tim Tear Stacey Solie Michelle Brown and Leonardo Sotomayor | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Can Orchards Help Connect Mediterranean Ecosystems? Animal Movement Data Alter Conservation Priorities | AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST | Nogeire, Theresa M.; Davis, Frank W.; Crooks, Kevin R.; McRae, Brad H.; Lyren, Lisa M.; Boydston, Erin E. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Can Ornithophilous Hawaiian Lobeliads Produce Seeds in the Absence of Pollinators? A Test Using Clermontia kakeana and Cyanea angustifolia (Campanulaceae) | PACIFIC SCIENCE | Cory, Coleen; Pender, Richard; Jones, C. Eugene | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Can the invaded range of a species be predicted sufficiently using only native-range data? Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana) in the southwestern United States | Ecological Modelling | Mau-Crimmins, TM; Schussman, HR; Geiger, EL | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Can urbanization solve inter-sector water conflicts? Insight from a case study in Hebei Province, North China Plain | Water Policy | Kendy, Eloise; Wang, Jinxia; Molden, David J.; Zheng, Chunmiao; Liu, Changming; Steenhuis, Tammo S. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | China, like many countries, is experiencing an unprecedented rate of urbanization. Urbanization is usually thought to intensify inter-sectoral water conflicts. In contrast, this paper considers urbanization as part of a viable solution to the pro | | |
| Can Watershed Models Aid in Determining Historic Lake Sediment Concentrations in Data-Scarce Areas? | LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS, SOILS AND HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN VARIED CLIMATES | Ayana, Essayas K.; Steenhuis, Tammo S. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Can we control leafy spurge?_Adaptive management and the recovery of native vegetation_ | Ecological Restoration | Cornett, M.W., P. J. Bauman, and D. D. Breyfogle | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Can we save earthês rivers? | Issues in Science and Technology | Richter, Brian and Sandra Postel | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Candidate And Sensitive Species Programs - Lessons For Cost-Effective Conservation | | Groves, Cr | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Capacity shortfalls hinder the performance of marine protected areas globally | NATURE | Gill, David A.; Mascia, Michael B.; Ahmadia, Gabby N.; Glew, Louise; Lester, Sarah E.; Barnes, Megan; Craigie, Ian; Darling, Emily S.; Free, Christopher M.; Geldmann, Jonas; Holst, Susie; Jensen, Olaf P.; White, Alan T.; Basurto, Xavier; Coad, Lauren; Gates, Ruth D.; Guannel, Greg; Mumby, Peter J.; Thomas, Hannah; Whitmee, Sarah; Woodley, Stephen; Fox, Helen E. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| CAPitalising on conservation knowledge: Using Conservation Action Planning, Healthy Country Planning and the Open Standards in Australia | ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION | Carr, Ben; Fitzsimons, James; Holland, Natalie; Berkinshaw, Todd; Bradby, Keith; Cowell, Stuart; Deegan, Paula; Koch, Paul; Looker, Michael; Varcoe, Tony; Walsh, Philippa; Weisenberger, Frank | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | More than 20 organisations use Conservation Action Planning (CAP), Healthy Country Planning and the Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation in over 140 projects, covering almost 160 million ha across Australia. This review documents the history, evolution and application of CAP in Australia and discusses its strengths, limitations and lessons learnt by users, including conservation planners, practitioners and policymakers. | | |
| Capping Water Extractions: A Key Strategy for a Water-Secure Future | Journal American Water Works Association | Richter, Brian | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Capture and allocation of nitrogen by Quercus douglasii seedlings in competition with annual and perennial grasses | Oecologia | Welker, J.M., D.R. Gordon and K.J. Rice | 1991 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Capture and immobilisation of cuscuses and ringtail possums in Papua New Guinea | Wildlife Research | Salas, LA; Stephens, SA | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | We evaluated two methods (daytime and night-time searches) for capturing montane possums, the dose of ketamine HCl needed for their short-term restraint, its influence in effect length and recovery length, the effect of body weight, and differenc | | |
| Capture for culture: artificial shelters for grouper collection in SE Asia | Fish and Fisheries | Mous, P.J., Y.J. Sadovy, A. Halim, and J.S. Pet | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | This paper addresses a little-discussed relationship between wild capture and mariculture, when the latter involves grow-out of small wild-caught fish or invertebrates in captivity. Seafood generated in this way is typically considered to be a fo | | |
| Capture rate, body size, and survey recommendations for larval Ambystoma cingulatum (Flatwoods salamanders) | Southeastern Naturalist | Bishop, DC; Palis, JG; Enge, KM; Printiss, DJ; Stevenson, DJ | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Recovery of the federally threatened Ambystoma cingulatum (Flatwoods Salamander) will require monitoring of known populations, as well as continued searches for additional populations. In an effort to develop recommendations for maximizing ... | | |
| Carbon payments as a safeguard for threatened tropical mammals | Conservation Letters | Venter, O., E. Meijaard, H. P. Possingham, R. Dennis, D. Sheil, S. Wich, L. Hovani, and K. Wilson | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Carbon and Biodiversity Impacts of Intensive Versus Extensive Tropical Forestry | Conservation Letters - a journal of the Society for Conservation Biology | Bronson W. Griscom, Rosa C. Goodman, Zuzana Burivalova, Francis E. Putz | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | How should we meet the demand for wood while minimizing climate and biodiversity impacts? We address this question for tropical forest landscapes designated for timber production. We model carbon and biodiversity outcomes for four archetypal timber production systems that all deliver the same volume of timber but vary in their spatial extent and harvest intensity. We include impacts of variable deforestation risk (secure land tenure or not) and alternative harvesting practices (certified reduced-impact logging methods or not). We find that low-intensity selective logging offers both the best and the worst overall outcomes per unit wood produced, depending on whether certified reduced-impact logging methods are used and whether land tenure is secure. Medium-to-high-intensity natural forest harvests and conversion to high-yield plantations generate intermediate outcomes. Deforestation risk had the strongest influence on overall outcomes. In the absence of deforestation, logging impacts were lowest at intermediate and high management intensities. | Carbon ßux; certiÞcation; conservationplanning; deforestation; land use intensiÞcation;reduced-impact logging (RIL); selective logging;sharing versus sparing; species richness;tropical forestry. | |
| Carbon emissions performance of commercial logging in East Kalimantan, Indonesia | Global Change Biology | Griscom, Bronson; Ellis, Peter; Putz, Francis E. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Carbon flow through the pelagic food web in southern Chilean Patagonia: relevance of Euphausia vallentini as a key species | MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES | Gonzalez, H. E.; Graeve, M.; Kattner, G.; Silva, N.; Castro, L.; Iriarte, J. L.; Osman, L.; Daneri, G.; Vargas, C. A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Carbon outcomes from fuels treatment and bioenergy production in a Sierra Nevada forest | Forest Ecology and Management | Winford, Eric M.; Gaither, James C., Jr. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Carbon payments as a safeguard for threatened tropical mammals | Conservation Letters | Venter, Oscar; Meijaard, Erik; Possingham, Hugh P.; Dennis, Rona; Sheil, Douglas; Wich, Serge; Hovani, Lex; Wilson, Kerrie | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Carbon Storage Of Bottomland Hardwood Afforestation In The Lower Mississippi Valley, Usa | Wetlands | Shoch, David T.; Kaster, Gary; Hohl, Aaron; Souter, Ray | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Caribbean Corals in Crisis: Record Thermal Stress, Bleaching, and Mortality in 2005 | PLoS ONE | Eakin, C. Mark; Morgan, Jessica A.; Heron, Scott F.; Smith, Tyler B.; Liu, Gang; Alvarez-Filip, Lorenzo; Baca, Bart; Bartels, Erich; Bastidas, Carolina; Bouchon, Claude; Brandt, Marilyn; Bruckner, Andrew W.; Bunkley-Williams, Lucy; Cameron, Andrew; Causey | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Carrion consumption by the swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) | Australian Mammalogy | Fitzsimons, James A. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Macropodids are predominantly herbivores and their dentition reflects their foraging strategy. The swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) is considered to be a generalist browser, consuming a wide diversity of plants, from forbs, shrubs, grasses and sedges. However, there is some evidence that swamp wallabies are opportunists. Here, I document the consumption of the wing of a dead seabird by a swamp wallaby, the first detailed case of this species consuming carrion, and discuss other records of animal consumption in the Macropodiformes. | carnivory; diet; herbivory | |
| Carystoides Mexicana Freeman, A Species And Genus New To Cuba And The Caribbean (Hesperiidae) | Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society | Shuey, John; Anderson, Robert | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Case studies of conservation plans that incorporate geodiversity | CONSERVATION BIOLOGY | Anderson, M. G.; Comer, P. J.; Beier, P.; Lawler, J. J.; Schloss, C. A.; Buttrick, S.; Albano, C. M.; Faith, D. P. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Case study 18.1: The Nature ConservancyÍs approach to measuring biodiversity status and the effectiveness of conservation strategies | | Gordon, D.R., J.D. Parrish, D. Salzer, T. Tear, and B. Pace-Aldana | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Catalyzing New Water Management Tools in the West Through the Colorado River System Conservation Program | JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION | Hawes, Taylor | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Catching the right wave: evaluating wave energy resources and potential compatibility with existing marine and coastal uses | PLoS ONE | C. Kim, J.E. Toft, M. Papenfus, G. Verutes, A.D. Guerry, M.H. Ruckelshaus, K.K. Arkema, G. Guannel, S.A. Wood, J.R. Bernhardt, H.Tallis, M.L. Plummer, B.S. Halpern, M.L. Pinsky, M.W. Beck, F. Chan, K.M.A. Chan, P.S. Levin, S. Polasky | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Cats are rare where coyotes roam | Journal of Mammalogy | Roland Kays, Robert Costello, Tavis Forrester, Megan C. Baker, Arielle W. Parsons, Elizabeth L. Kalies, George Hess, Joshua J. Millspaugh, William McShea | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Domestic cats (Felis catus) have caused the extinction of many island species and are thought to kill many billions of birds and mammals in the continental United States each year. However, the spatial distribution and abundance of cats and their risk to our protected areas remains unknown. We worked with citizen scientists to survey the mammals at 2,117 sites in 32 protected areas and one urban area across 6 states in the eastern United States using camera traps. We found that most protected areas had high levels of coyote (Canis latrans) activity, but few or no domestic cats. The relative abundance of domestic cats in residential yards, where coyotes were rare, was 300 times higher than in the protected areas. Our spatial models of cat distribution show the amount of coyote activity and housing density are the best predictors of cat activity, and that coyotes and cats overlap the most in small urban forests. Coyotes were nocturnal at all sites, while cats were nocturnal in protected areas, but significantly more diurnal in urban sites. We suggest that the ecological impact of free-ranging cats in the region is concentrated in urban areas or other sites, such as islands, with few coyotes. Our study also shows the value of citizen science for conducting broadscale mammal surveys using photo-vouchered locations that ensure high data quality. Key words: | camera trapCanis latrans citizen scienceFelis catus invasive speciesprotected areas | |
| Cattle grazing and grassland birds in the northern tallgrass prairie | JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT | Ahlering, Marissa A.; Merkord, Christopher L. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | With the loss of over 70% of North America's grasslands (Samson et al. 2004), grassland birds increasingly rely on habitat that is privately owned and managed for livestock production. Therefore, it is critical to understand how livestock grazing influences grassland bird abundance and community structure. We evaluated the response of 4 obligate grassland bird species to grazing intensity, vegetation structure, ecological site description, and burning across a landscape including pastures with no recent grazing to pastures experiencing grazing intensities similar to that for private livestock production operations. We evaluated models using a binomial N-mixture model implemented in the R package unmarked. Overall, 3 of the 4 obligate species included positive relationships with grazing intensity in the top abundance model (i.e., grasshopper sparrow [Ammodramus savannarum], bobolink [Dolichonyx oryzivorus], and upland sandpiper [Bartramia longicauda]), suggesting the range of grazing intensities evaluated (0_4.57 animal months/ha) did not negatively affect the abundance of these species. Marbled godwit (Limosa fedoa) abundance, however, was higher with greater variability in litter depth but was not directly related to grazing intensity. Finally, the effect of year was correlated with decreasing precipitation over the course of the study and had the greatest influence on community composition with some community separation by grazing intensity. Our results suggest that cattle grazing can positively influence the abundance of some grassland bird species but annual variation in weather patterns can influence community composition at sites regardless of management decisions. | | |
| Cattle grazing mediates climate change impacts on ephemeral wetlands | Conservation Biology | Pyke, CR; Marty, J | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Climate change impacts depend in large part on land-management decisions; interactions between global changes and local resource management, however, rarely have been quantified. We used a combination of experimental manipulations and simulation | agriculture, ranching | |
| Cave crickets (Orthoptera : Rhaphidophoridae) as vectors of dictyostelids (Protista : Dictyosteliida) | Entomological News | Stephenson, Steven L.; Slay, Michael E.; Slay, Christy A.; Tuggle, Alicia E. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Cave fauna of the Buffalo National River | Journal Of Cave And Karst Studies | Graening, G. O.; Slay, Michael E.; Bitting, Chuck | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | METHODS Biological inventories of macrofauna were performed from November 1999 to December 2005. During this five-year study, at least 139 inventory events were performed and at least 67 caves and other karst features were inventoried (Fig. 3). Sites were | | |
| Cave Pygmarrhopalites Vargovitsh, 2009 (Collembola, Symphypleona, Arrhopalitidae) in United States | Zootaxa | Zeppelini, Douglas; Taylor, Steven J.; Slay, Michael E. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Accepted by W.M. Weiner: 14 Jul. 2009; published: 20 Aug. 2009
1
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN
1175-5334
(online edition)
Copyright © 2009 · Magnolia Press
Zootaxa
2204: 1
–
18 (2009)
<a href="http://www.mapress.com">www.mapress.com</a>
/
zootaxa
/
Article
Cave
Pygmarrhopalites
Vargovitsh, 2009 (Col
lembola, Symphypleona,
Arrhopalitidae) in United States
DOUGLAS ZEPPELINI
1,2,5
; STEVEN J. TAYLOR
3
& MICHAEL E. SLAY
4
1
Universidade Estadual da Paraíba – Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Campus V. Laboratório de Sistemática e
Conservação de Microartrópodes, Rua Monsenhor Walfredo Leal, 487, Tambia, 58020-540, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
E-mail: <a href="mailto:zeppelini@daad-alumni.de">zeppelini@daad-alumni.de</a>
2
Associação Guajiru – Ciência – Educação – Meio Ambiente, Federal Inscription number 051176990001.98,Scientific Board.
Cabedelo, PB, Brazil
3
Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign,
IL
61820-6953, USA. E-mail: <a href="mailto:sjtaylor@illinois.edu">sjtaylor@illinois.edu</a>
4
The Nature Conservancy, 601 North University Avenue
, Little Rock, AR 72705, USA. E-mail: <a href="mailto:mslay@tnc.org">mslay@tnc.org</a>
5
Corresponding author
Abstract
Six new species of Collembola of the family Arrhopalitidae are described from the United States (
Pygmarrhopalites
leonardwoodensis
sp. nov.
,
P. plethorasari
sp. nov.
,
P. youngsteadtii
sp. nov.
,
P. buffaloensis
sp. nov.
,
P. shoshoneiensis
sp. nov.
, and
P. ashcraftensis
sp. nov.
) from caves in Missouri (2 spp.), Arka
nsas (2 spp.), Nevada, and Indiana,
respectively. These new taxa, which display varying degrees of troglomorphy, are compared with previously known
species and bring the total describe
d species in North America to 41. | cave Collembola; taxonomy; new species; descriptions | |
| Cavernicolous Missouri triclad (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) records | The Southwestern Naturalist | Slay, M.E., W.R. Elliot, and R. Sluys | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Dendrocoelopsis americana (Hyman, 1939) inhabits subterranean streams and springs in Oklahoma and Arkansas (Hyman, 1939a, 1939b; Kenk, 1973; Darlington and Chandler, 1979; Kawakatsu et al., 1995) and a single well in northeastern Texas (Kawakatsu and Mitc | | |
| Chaetaspis Attenuatus, A New Species Of Cavernicolous Milliped From Arkansas (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Macrosternodesmidae) | Journal Of Cave And Karst Studies | Lewis, Julian J.; Slay, Michael E. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Challenges and opportunities for linking Australia's landscapes: a synthesis | | Fitzsimons, James; Pulsford, Ian; Wescott, Geoff | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Challenges of habitat restoration in a heavily urbanized estuary: Evaluating the investment | Journal Of Coastal Research | Simenstad, C; Tanner, C; Crandell, C; White, J; Cordell, J | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Wetland restoration in urban estuaries involves unique challenges, risks, and uncertainties that often cause both the proponents and the public to question their investment. In certain cases, recovery of damaged natural resources or other legal obligation | | |
| Challenges of reaching consensus on assessing which non-native plants are invasive in natural areas | HortScience | Fox, A.M., D.R. Gordon, and R.K. Stocker. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Change the IUCN protected area categories to reflect biodiversity outcomes | Plos Biology | Boitani, Luigi; Cowling, Richard M.; Dublin, Holly T.; Mace, Georgina M.; Parrish, Jeff; Possingham, Hugh P.; Pressey, Robert L.; Rondinini, Carlo; Wilson, Kerrie A. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Changes in biodiversity patterns in the High Andes - Understanding the consequences and seeking adaptation to global change | Mountain Forum Bulletin | Seimon, A., K. Yager, T. Seimon, S. Schmidt, A. Grau, S. Beck, C. GarcÍa, A. Tupayachi, P. Sowell, J. Touval, and S. Halloy | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Changes in diversity and structure along a successional gradient in a Costa Rican montane oak forest | Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Oak Forests | Kappelle, M | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Tropical montane forests are among the most fragile of all ecosystems on Earth (Stadtm’_ller 1987; Hamilton et al. 1995; Kappelle and Brown 2001; Schneider et al. 2003). Following clearing, they recover extremely slowly, and it may take one to several cen | | |
| Changing a management paradigm and rescuing a globally imperiled habitat | National Wetlands Newsletter | Brumbaugh, R. D., Beck, M. W., Hancock, B., Meadows, A. W., Spalding, M., & zu Ermgassen, P. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Changing agricultural practices: potential consequences to aquatic organisms | ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT | Lasier, Peter J.; Urich, Matthew L.; Hassan, Sayed M.; Jacobs, Whitney N.; Bringolf, Robert B.; Owens, Kathleen M. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Agricultural practices pose threats to biotic diversity in freshwater systems with increasing use of glyphosate-based herbicides for weed control and animal waste for soil amendment becoming common in many regions. Over the past two decades, these particular agricultural trends have corresponded with marked declines in populations of fish and mussel species in the Upper Conasauga River watershed in Georgia/Tennessee, USA. To investigate the potential role of agriculture in the population declines, surface waters and sediments throughout the basin were tested for toxicity and analyzed for glyphosate, metals, nutrients, and steroid hormones. Assessments of chronic toxicity with Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca indicated that few water or sediment samples were harmful and metal concentrations were generally below impairment levels. Glyphosate was not observed in surface waters, although its primary degradation product, aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA), was detected in 77% of the samples (mean = 509 _g/L, n = 99) and one or both compounds were measured in most sediment samples. Waterborne AMPA concentrations supported an inference that surfactants associated with glyphosate may be present at levels sufficient to affect early life stages of mussels. Nutrient enrichment of surface waters was widespread with nitrate (mean = 0.7 mg NO3-N/L, n = 179) and phosphorus (mean = 275 _g/L, n = 179) exceeding levels associated with eutrophication. Hormone concentrations in sediments were often above those shown to cause endocrine disruption in fish and appear to reflect the widespread application of poultry litter and manure. Observed species declines may be at least partially due to hormones, although excess nutrients and herbicide surfactants may also be implicated. | | |
| Changing habitat and habitat use by birds after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 1989-2001 | Ecological Applications | Wiens, JA; Day, RH; Murphy, SM; Parker, KR | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Evaluations of the ecological consequences of environmental accidents can benefit from a long-term perspective. To assess the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on habitat use and occupancy during midsummer by marine-oriented birds over a 12-yr period | | |
| Changing trends and persisting biases in three decades of conservation science | Global Ecology and Conservation | Moreno Di Marcoa, Sarah Chapmanb, Glenn Althor, Stephen Kearney, Charles Besancon, Nathalie Butta, Joseph M. Mainad, Hugh P. Possinghama, Katharina Rogalla von Bieberstein, Oscar Venter, James E.M. Watson | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation science is a rapidly developing discipline, and the knowledge base it generates is relevant for practical applications. It is therefore crucial to monitor biases and trends in conservation literature, to track the progress of the discipline and re-align efforts where needed. We evaluated past and present trends in the focus of the conservation literature, and how they relate to conservation needs. We defined the focus of the past literature from 13 published reviews referring to 18,369 article classifications, and the focus of the current literature by analysing 2553 articles published between 2011Ð2015. We found that some of the historically under-studied biodiversity elements are receiving significantly more attention today, despite being still under-represented. The total proportion of articles on invertebrates, genetic diversity, or aquatic systems is 50%Ð60% higher today than it was before 2010. However, a disconnect between scientific focus and conservation needs is still present, with greater attention devoted to areas or taxa less rich in biodiversity and threatened biodiversity. In particular, a strong geographical bias persists, with 40% of studies carried out in USA, Australia or the UK, and only 10% and 6% respectively in Africa or South East Asia. Despite some changing trends, global conservation science is still poorly aligned with biodiversity distribution and conservation priorities, especially in relation to threatened species. To overcome the biases identified here, scientists, funding agencies and journals must prioritise research adaptively, based on biodiversity conservation needs. Conservation depends on policy makers and practitioners for success, and scientists should actively provide those who make decisions with the knowledge that best addresses their needs. | Convention on biological diversity; Conservation bias; Genetic diversity; Freshwater; Invertebrates; Literature trends | |
| Channel Dynamics in the Middle Green River, Washington, from 1936 to 2002 | Northwest Science | Konrad, Christopher; Berge, Hans; Fuerstenberg, Robert; Steff, Kate; Olsen, Theresa; Guyenet, Julie | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Channel-forming discharge selection in river restoration design | Journal Of Hydraulic Engineering-Asce | Doyle, Martin W.; Shields, Doug; Boyd, Karin F.; Skidmore, Peter B.; Dominick, DeWitt | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The concept of channel-forming (Q cf) or dominant discharge is now a cornerstone of river channel restoration design. Three measures of channel-forming discharge are most commonly applied: effective discharge (Q eff), bankfull discharge (Q bf), and a disc | | |
| Characterization of Anaplasma marginale isolated from north American bison | Applied and Environmental Microbiology | de la Fuente, J; Thomas, EJG; Van den Bussche, RA; Hamilton, RG; Tanaka, EE; Druhan, SE; Kocan, KA | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), a tick-borne pathogen of cattle, is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Although serologic tests have identified American bison, Bison bison, as being infected with A. ma | agriculture, ranching | |
| Characterization of spatial relationships between three remotely sensed indirect indicators of biodiversity and climate: a 21years' data series review across the Canadian boreal forest | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIGITAL EARTH | Perez, Liliana; Nelson, Trisalyn; Coops, Nicholas C.; Fontana, Fabio; Drever, C. Ronnie | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Climate drives ecosystem processes and impacts biodiversity. Biodiversity patterns over large areas, such as Canada's boreal, can be monitored using indirect indicators derived from remotely sensed imagery. In this paper, we characterized the historical space_time relationships between climate and a suite of indirect indicators of biodiversity, known as the Dynamic Habitat Index (DHI) to identify where climate variability is co-occurring with changes in biodiversity indicators. We represented biodiversity using three indirect indicators generated from 1987 to 2007 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer images. By quantifying and clustering temporal variability in climate data, we defined eight homogeneous climate variability zones, where we then analyzed the DHI. Results identified unique areas of change in climate, such as the Hudson Plains, that explain significant variations in DHI. Past variability in temperatures and growing season index had a strong influence on observed vegetation productivity and seasonality changes throughout Canada's boreal. Variation in precipitation, for most of the area, was not associated with DHI changes. The methodology presented here enables assessment of spatial_temporal relationships between biodiversity and climate variability and characterizes distinctive zones of variation that may be used for prioritization and planning to ensure long-term biodiversity conservation in Canada. | Climate change, biodiversity, boreal forest, spatial_temporal analysis, fPAR, DHI | |
| Characterizing environmental flows for maintenance of river ecosystems: North Fork Cache La Poudre River, Colorado | Management and Restoration of Fluvial Systems with Broad Historical Changes and Human Impacts | Rathburn, S. L., D. M. Merritt, E. E. Wohl, J. S. Sanderson, and H. A. L. Knight | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Characterizing forest succession with lidar data: An evaluation for the Inland Northwest, USA | Remote Sensing Of Environment | Falkowski, Michael J.; Evans, Jeffrey S.; Martinuzzi, Sebastian; Gessler, Paul E.; Hudak, Andrew T. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Quantifying forest structure is important for sustainable forest management, as it relates to a wide variety of ecosystem processes and services. Lidar data have proven particularly useful for measuring or estimating a suite of forest structural attribute | | |
| Characterizing insects within fragmented landscapes | Natural Areas Journal | Panzer, R., Shuey, J., & Stillwaugh, D. | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Checklist Of The Mosquitoes Of The Bahamas With Three Additions To Its Fauna And Keys To The Adult Females And Fourth Instars | Journal Of The American Mosquito Control Association | Darsie, Richard F., Jr.; Taylor, D. Scott; Prusak, Zachary A.; Verna, Thomas N. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| China | | Sall, Christopher; Brandon, Katrina | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Choosing the survivors? A GIS-based triage support tool for micro-endemics: Application to data for Mexican amphibians | Biological Conservation | Ochoa-Ochoa, Leticia M.; Bezaury-Creel, Juan E.; Vazquez, Luis-Bernardo; Flores-Villela, Oscar | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Choosing your path: Evaluating and selecting adaptation options | | Hoffman, J. B. Stein, and K. Hall | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Cities of the Future: Where Will the Water Come From? | Journal American Water Works Association | Richter, Brian | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Clarifying the role of coastal and marine systems in climate mitigation | FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT | Howard, Jennifer; Sutton-Grier, Ariana; Herr, Dorothee; Kleypas, Joan; Landis, Emily; Mcleod, Elizabeth; Pidgeon, Emily; Simpson, Stefanie | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | The international scientific community is increasingly recognizing the role of natural systems in climate-change mitigation. While forests have historically been the primary focus of such efforts, coastal wetlands Ð particularly seagrasses, tidal marshes, and mangroves Ð are now considered important and effective long-term carbon sinks. However, some members of the coastal and marine policy and management community have been interested in expanding climate mitigation strategies to include other components within coastal and marine systems, such as coral reefs, phytoplankton, kelp forests, and marine fauna. We analyze the scientific evidence regarding whether these marine ecosystems and ecosystem components are viable long-term carbon sinks and whether they can be managed for climate mitigation. Our findings could assist decision makers and conservation practitioners in identifying which components of coastal and marine ecosystems should be prioritized in current climate mitigation strategies and policies. | | |
| Climate change adaptation for people and nature: A case study from the U.S. Southwest | Adv. Clim. Change Res | McCarthy, P. D | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate Change Affects Winter Chill for Temperate Fruit and Nut Trees | PLoS ONE | Luedeling, Eike; Girvetz, Evan H.; Semenov, Mikhail A.; Brown, Patrick H. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate change and biodiversity in the Great Lakes Region: From ñfingerprintsî of change to helping safeguard species | | Hall, K.R. and T.L. Root | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate change and disruptions to global fire activity | Ecosphere | Moritz, Max A.; Parisien, Marc-Andre; Batllori, Enric; Krawchuk, Meg A.; Van Dorn, Jeff; Ganz, David J.; Hayhoe, Katharine | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate change and northern prairie wetlands: Simulations of long-term dynamics | Limnology And Oceanography | Poiani, KA; Johnson, WC; Swanson, GA; Winter, TC | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate Change and River Ecosystems: Protection and Adaptation Options | Environmental Management | Palmer, Margaret A.; Lettenmaier, Dennis P.; Poff, N. LeRoy; Postel, Sandra L.; Richter, Brian; Warner, Richard | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate change decouples marine and freshwater habitats of a threatened migratory fish | DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS | Lin, Hsien-Yung; Bush, Alex; Linke, Simon; Possingham, Hugh P.; Brown, Christopher J. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate change effects on northern Great Lake (USA) forests: A case for preserving diversity | Ecosphere | Duveneck, M. J., R. M. Scheller, M. A. White, S. D. Handler, and C. Ravenscroft | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate change impacts on ecosystems and ecosystem services in the United States: process and prospects for sustained assessment | CLIMATIC CHANGE | Grimm, Nancy B.; Groffman, Peter; Staudinger, Michelle; Tallis, Heather | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | The third United States National Climate Assessment emphasized an evaluation of not just the impacts of climate change on species and ecosystems, but also the impacts of climate change on the benefits that people derive from nature, known as ecosystem services. The ecosystems, biodiversity, and ecosystem services component of the assessment largely drew upon the findings of a transdisciplinary workshop aimed at developing technical input for the assessment, involving participants from diverse sectors. A small author team distilled and synthesized this and hundreds of other technical input to develop the key findings of the assessment. The process of developing and ranking key findings hinged on identifying impacts that had particular, demonstrable effects on the U.S. public via changes in national ecosystem services. Findings showed that ecosystem services are threatened by the impacts of climate change on water supplies, species distributions and phenology, as well as multiple assaults on ecosystem integrity that, when compounded by climate change, reduce the capacity of ecosystems to buffer against extreme events. As ecosystems change, such benefits as water sustainability and protection from storms that are afforded by intact ecosystems are projected to decline across the continent due to climate change. An ongoing, sustained assessment that focuses on the co-production of actionable climate science will allow scientists from a range of disciplines to ascertain the capability of their forecasting models to project environmental and ecological change and link it to ecosystem services; additionally, an iterative process of evaluation, development of management strategies, monitoring, and reevaluation will increase the applicability and usability of the science by the U.S. public. | | |
| Climate Change Impacts on Western Pacific Northwest Prairies and Savannas | Northwest Science | Bachelet, Dominique; Johnson, Bart R.; Bridgham, Scott D.; Dunn, Pat V.; Anderson, Hannah E.; Rogers, Brendan M. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate change implications in the northern coastal temperate rainforest of North America | CLIMATIC CHANGE | Shanley, Colin S.; Pyare, Sanjay; Goldstein, Michael I.; Alaback, Paul B.; Albert, David M.; Beier, Colin M.; Brinkman, Todd J.; Edwards, Rick T.; Hood, Eran; MacKinnon, Andy; McPhee, Megan V.; Patterson, Trista M.; Suring, Lowell H.; Tallmon, David A.; Wipfli, Mark S. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate Change in the Midwest: Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystems | | Hall, K.R | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate change sensitivity index for Pacific Salmon habitat in Southeast Alaska | PLoS ONE | Shanley, C.S. and D.M. Albert | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate Change, Coral Reef Ecosystems, and Management Options for Marine Protected Areas | Environmental Management | Keller, Brian D.; Gleason, Daniel F.; McLeod, Elizabeth; Woodley, Christa M.; Airame, Satie; Causey, Billy D.; Friedlander, Alan M.; Grober-Dunsmore, Rikki; Johnson, Johanna E.; Miller, Steven L.; Steneck, Robert S. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate Change, Habitat Loss, Protected Areas and the Climate Adaptation Potential of Species in Mediterranean Ecosystems Worldwide | PLoS ONE | Klausmeyer, Kirk R.; Shaw, M. Rebecca | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate change's impact on key ecosystem services and the human well-being they support in the US | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Nelson, Erik J.; Kareiva, Peter; Ruckelshaus, Mary; Arkema, Katie; Geller, Gary; Girvetz, Evan; Goodrich, Dave; Matzek, Virginia; Pinsky, Malin; Reid, Walt; Saunders, Martin; Semmens, Darius; Tallis, Heather | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate forcing and the California Current ecosystem | Ices Journal Of Marine Science | King, Jacquelynne R.; Agostini, Vera N.; Harvey, Christopher J.; McFarlane, Gordon A.; Foreman, Michael G. G.; Overland, James E.; Di Lorenzo, Emanuele; Bond, Nicholas A.; Aydin, Kerim Y. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate mediates hypoxic stress on fish diversity and nursery function at the land-sea interface | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Hughes, Brent B.; Levey, Matthew D.; Fountain, Monique C.; Carlisle, Aaron B.; Chavez, Francisco P.; Gleason, Mary G. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate vulnerability of ecosystems and landscapes on Alaska's North Slope | Regional Environmental Change | Kittel, Timothy G. F.; Baker, Barry B.; Higgins, Jonathan V.; Haney, J. Christopher | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate Warming, Marine Protected Areas and the Ocean-Scale Integrity of Coral Reef Ecosystems | PLoS ONE | Graham, Nicholas A. J.; McClanahan, Tim R.; MacNeil, M. Aaron; Wilson, Shaun K.; Polunin, Nicholas V. C.; Jennings, Simon; Chabanet, Pascale; Clark, Susan; Spalding, Mark D.; Letourneur, Yves; Bigot, Lionel; Galzin, Rene; Ohman, Marcus C.; Garpe, Kajsa C. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate-change impacts on ecological systems: introduction to a US assessment | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Grimm, Nancy B.; Staudinger, Michelle D.; Staudt, Amanda; Carter, Shawn L.; Chapin, F. Stuart, III; Kareiva, Peter; Ruckelshaus, Mary; Stein, Bruce A. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate-change refugia in the sheltered bays of Palau: analogs of future reefs | Ecology and Evolution | van Woesik, Robert; Houk, Peter; Isechal, Adelle L.; Idechong, Jacques W.; Victor, Steven; Golbuu, Yimnang | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate-Smart Design for Ecosystem Management: A Test Application for Coral Reefs | ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT | West, Jordan M.; Courtney, Catherine A.; Hamilton, Anna T.; Parker, Britt A.; Julius, Susan H.; Hoffman, Jennie; Koltes, Karen H.; MacGowan, Petra | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climate-Smart Landscapes: Opportunities and Challenges for Integrating Adaptation and Mitigation in Tropical Agriculture | Conservation Letters | Harvey, Celia A.; Chacon, Mario; Donatti, Camila I.; Garen, Eva; Hannah, Lee; Andrade, Angela; Bede, Lucio; Brown, Douglas; Calle, Alicia; Chara, Julian; Clement, Christopher; Gray, Elizabeth; Minh Ha Hoang; Minang, Peter; Rodriguez, Ana Maria; Seeberg-El | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climatic warming and the future of bison as grazers | SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | Craine, Joseph M.; Towne, E. Gene; Miller, Mary; Fierer, Noah | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Climatology-based regional modelling of potential vegetation and average annual long-term runoff for Mesoamerica | Hydrology And Earth System Sciences | Imbach, P.; Molina, L.; Locatelli, B.; Roupsard, O.; Ciais, P.; Corrales, L.; Mahe, G. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Clinch River Freshwater Mussels Upstream Of Norris Reservoir, Tennessee And Virginia: A Quantitative Assessment From 2004 To 2009 | Journal of the American Water Resources Association | Jones, Jess; Ahlstedt, Steven; Ostby, Brett; Beaty, Braven; Pinder, Michael; Eckert, Nathan; Butler, Robert; Hubbs, Don; Walker, Craig; Hanlon, Shane; Schmerfeld, John; Neves, Richard | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Coast-wide recruitment dynamics of Olympia oysters reveal limited synchrony and multiple predictors of failure | ECOLOGY | Wasson, Kerstin; Hughes, Brent B.; Berriman, John S.; Chang, Andrew L.; Deck, Anna K.; Dinnel, Paul A.; Endris, Charlie; Espinoza, Michael; Dudas, Sarah; Ferner, Matthew C.; Grosholz, Edwin D.; Kimbro, David; Ruesink, Jennifer L.; Trimble, Alan C.; Schaaf, Dick Vander; Zabin, Chela J.; Zacherl, Danielle C. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Coastal benthic habitat mapping to support marine resource planning and management in St. Kitts and Nevis | Geography Compass | Schill, S.R., J.E. Knowles, G. Rowlands, S. Margles, V. Agostini, and R. Blyther | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Coastal dynamic and shoreline mapping: multi-sources spatial data analysis in Semarang Indonesia | Environmental Monitoring And Assessment | Marfai, Muh Aris; Almohammad, Hussein; Dey, Sudip; Susanto, Budi; King, Lorenz | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Semarang coastal area has geomorphologically complex processes, such as erosion-sedimentation, land subsidence, and tidal inundation hazard. Multi-years shoreline mapping is considered a valuable task for coastal monitoring and assessment. This p | | |
| Coastal Ecosystems: A Critical Element of Risk Reduction | Conservation Letters | Spalding, Mark D.; McIvor, Anna L.; Beck, Michael W.; Koch, Evamaria W.; Moeller, Iris; Reed, Denise J.; Rubinoff, Pamela; Spencer, Thomas; Tolhurst, Trevor J.; Wamsley, Ty V.; van Wesenbeeck, Bregje K.; Wolanski, Eric; Woodroffe, Colin D. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Coastal habitats and risk reduction | World Risk Report | Beck, M.W. and C.C. Shepard | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Coastal habitats shield people and property from sea-level rise and storms | Nature Climate Change | Arkema, Katie K.; Guannel, Greg; Verutes, Gregory; Wood, Spencer A.; Guerry, Anne; Ruckelshaus, Mary; Kareiva, Peter; Lacayo, Martin; Silver, Jessica M. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Coastal Issues | | Caldwell, Margaret R.; Hartge, Eric H.; Ewing, Lesley C.; Griggs, Gary; Kelly, Ryan P.; Moser, Susanne C.; Newkirk, Sarah G.; Smyth, Rebecca A.; Woodson, C. Brock | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Coeur d'Alene salamander (Plethodon idahoensis) | Natural Areas Journal | Groves, CR; Cassirer, EF; Genter, DL; Reichel, JD | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Collaborative Planning Fosters Multiple-benefit Restoration Projects on the Sacramento River. | Conservation Biology | Gregory H. Golet, Beverley Anderson, Ryan A. Luster, Gregg Werner. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | We were pleased that Buckley and Crone (2008) highlight the importance of understanding societal impacts of restoration in their article entitled ñNegative Off-Site Impacts of Ecological Restoration: Understanding and Addressing the Conflict.î This is an important issue that deserves attention in the conservation science literature. We were disappointed, however, in their characterization of how these issues are being dealt with in the context of Sacramento River restoration efforts. Their article overlooks important steps that have been taken over the past two decades to deal with the concerns of agricultural landowners and local communities. They use the Sacramento River as an example of where unaddressed conflicts have shut down restoration efforts. Yet in reality, this is an area where cutting-edge science and stakeholder engagement practices have supported implementation of some of the most progressive river restoration projects ever undertaken. Although Sacramento River riparian restoration has faced some local opposition, the stakeholder engagement forums in the area have fostered a suite of multiple-benefit projects that simultaneously benefit society and the ecosystem. | Restoration, Sacramento River | |
| Collaborative scenario modeling reveals potential advantages of blending strategies to achieve conservation goals in a working forest landscape | LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY | Price, Jessica M.; Silbernagel, Janet; Nixon, Kristina; Swearingen, Amanda; Swaty, Randy; Miller, Nicholas | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Context Broad-scale land conservation and management often involve applying multiple strategies in a single landscape. However, the potential outcomes of such arrangements remain difficult to evaluate given the interactions of ecosystem dynamics, resource extraction, and natural disturbances. The costs and potential risks of implementing these strategies make robust evaluation critical. Objectives We used collaborative scenario modeling to compare the potential outcomes of alternative management strategies in the Two Hearted River watershed in MichiganÍs Upper Peninsula to answer key questions: Which management strategies best achieve conservation goals of maintaining landscape spatial heterogeneity and conserving mature forests and wetlands? And how does an increase in wildfire and windthrow disturbances influence these outcomes? Methods Scenarios were modeled using the VDDT/TELSA state-and-transition modeling suite, and resulting land cover maps were analyzed using ArcGIS, FRAGSTATS, and R statistical software. Results Results indicate that blending conservation strategies, such as single-ownership forest reserves and working forest conservation easements in targeted areas of the landscape, may better achieve these goals than applying a single strategy across the same area. However, strategies that best achieve these conservation goals may increase the sensitivity of the landscape to changes in wildfire and windthrow disturbance regimes. Conclusions These results inform decision-making about which conservation strategy or combination of strategies to apply in specific locations on the landscape to achieve optimum conservation outcomes, how to best utilize scarce financial resources, and how to reduce the financial and ecological risks associated with the application of innovative strategies in an uncertain future. | Landscape scenarios Forest landscape modeling State and transition modeling Working forest conservation easement Conservation planning Stakeholder engagement | |
| Colonization projects: field work | Economics Of Deforestation In The Amazon: Dispelling The Myths | Campari, Joao S. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Comanaging fresh produce for nature conservation and food safety | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Karp, Daniel S.; Gennet, Sasha; Kilonzo, Christopher; Partyka, Melissa; Chaumont, Nicolas; Atwill, Edward R.; Kremen, Claire | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Combined impacts of native grass competition and introduced weevil herbivory on Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) | Rangeland Ecology & Management | Ferrero-Serrano, Angel; Collier, Timothy R.; Hild, Ann L.; Mealor, Brian A.; Smith, Thomas | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Combined long-term effects of variable tree regeneration and timber management on forest songbirds and timber production | Forest Ecology and Management | Millington, James D. A.; Walters, Michael B.; Matonis, Megan S.; Laurent, Edward J.; Hall, Kimberly R.; Liu, Jianguo | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Combining a Spatial Model and Demand Forecasts to Map Future Surface Coal Mining in Appalachia | PLOS ONE | Strager, Michael P.; Strager, Jacquelyn M.; Evans, Jeffrey S.; Dunscomb, Judy K.; Kreps, Brad J.; Maxwell, Aaron E. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Predicting the locations of future surface coal mining in Appalachia is challenging for a number of reasons. Economic and regulatory factors impact the coal mining industry and forecasts of future coal production do not specifically predict changes in location of future coal production. With the potential environmental impacts from surface coal mining, prediction of the location of future activity would be valuable to decision makers. The goal of this study was to provide a method for predicting future surface coal mining extents under changing economic and regulatory forecasts through the year 2035. This was accomplished by integrating a spatial model with production demand forecasts to predict (1 km2) gridded cell size land cover change. Combining these two inputs was possible with a ratio which linked coal extraction quantities to a unit area extent. The result was a spatial distribution of probabilities allocated over forecasted demand for the Appalachian region including northern, central, southern, and eastern Illinois coal regions. The results can be used to better plan for land use alterations and potential cumulative impacts. | | |
| Combining precision conservation technologies into a flexible framework to facilitate agricultural watershed planning | Journal of Soil and Water Conservation | Tomer, Mark D.; Porter, Sarah A.; James, David E.; Boomer, Kathleen M. B.; Kostel, Jill A.; McLellan, Eileen | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, nutrients, water quality | |
| Comment on Using ecological thresholds to evaluate the costs and benefits of set-asides in a biodiversity hotspot | Science | Finney, Christopher | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Comments on the type status of Laemolyta (Characiformes: Anostomidae) specimens described by Garman 1890 and Borodin 1931 | Neotropical Ichthyology | Petry, P., K. C. Mautari, N. A. Menezes & K. E. Hartel | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Commodity production as restoration driver in the Brazilian Amazon? Pasture re-agro-forestation with cocoa (Theobroma cacao) in southern Para | SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE | Schroth, Goetz; Garcia, Edenise; Griscom, Bronson Winthrop; Teixeira, Wenceslau Geraldes; Barros, Lucyana Pereira | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Community context and the influence of non-indigenous species on juvenile salmon survival in a Columbia River reservoir | Biological Invasions | Harvey, CJ; Kareiva, PM | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Non-indigenous species (NIS) have been called biological pollutants, which implies that reducing their numbers should reduce negative impacts. To test this hypothesis, we used food web models, parameterized with data from field studies, to ask ho | | |
| Community Participation and Benefits in REDD plus : A Review of Initial Outcomes and Lessons | Forests | Lawlor, Kathleen; Madeira, Erin Myers; Blockhus, Jill; Ganz, David J. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Community-based climate vulnerability and adaptation tools: A review of tools and their applications | Coastal Management | Mcleod, E., S. Margles, S. Wongbusarakum, M. Gombos, A. Daz_, A. Otzelberger, A. Hammill, V. Agostini, D.U. Cot, and M. Wiggins | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation and development organizations conduct vulnerability and adaptation assessments to assess the vulnerability of coastal communities and ecosystems to climate change and to identify adaptation strategies to address these impacts. Local assessments are needed to provide this information at the scale of communities and critical habitats. Over the last decade, there has been a proliferation of tools developed to assess climate vulnerability and adaptation at the community level. However, there has been limited synthesis of the available tools across disciplines in the peer-reviewed literature and limited guidance provided to help conservation practitioners and development planners select which tool is most appropriate for a given application. This article reviews a number of tools designed for community-level climate vulnerability and adaptation assessments and highlights their advantages and limitations to help managers make informed decisions about tool selection. Selection of tools will involve tradeoffs in terms of the capacity and resources needed to apply the tools and the aspects of social and ecological vulnerability that they address. | | |
| Community-based conservation results in the recovery of reef fish spawning aggregations in the Coral Triangle | Biological Conservation | Hamilton, R. J.; Potuku, T.; Montambault, J. R. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Comparative behavior of root pathogens in stems and roots of southeastern Pinus species | FUNGAL BIOLOGY | Matusick, George; Nadel, Ryan L.; Walker, David M.; Hossain, Mohammad J.; Eckhardt, Lori G. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Comparative efficiency and effectiveness of trapping and shooting in removing locally breeding brown-headed cowbirds | Wildlife Society Bulletin | Summers, S. G., R. M. Kostecke, and G. L. Norman | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Comparative genetics of seven plants endemic to FloridaÍs Lake Wales Ridge. | Castanea | Menges, E.S. R.W. Dolan, R.Yahr, and D.R. Gordon. | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Comparative multi-locus phylogeography confirms multiple vicariance events in co-distributed rainforest frogs | Proceedings Of The Royal Society B-Biological Sciences | Bell, Rayna C.; MacKenzie, Jason B.; Hickerson, Michael J.; Chavarria, Krystle L.; Cunningham, Michael; Williams, Stephen; Moritz, Craig | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Comparative primate obstetrics: Observations of 15 diurnal births in wild gelada monkeys (Theropithecus gelada) and their implications for understanding human and nonhuman primate birth evolution | AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY | Nguyen, Nga; Lee, Laura M.; Fashing, Peter J.; Nurmi, Niina O.; Stewart, Kathrine M.; Turner, Taylor J.; Barry, Tyler S.; Callingham, Kadie R.; Goodale, C. Barret; Kellogg, Bryce S.; Burke, Ryan J.; Bechtold, Emily K.; Claase, Megan J.; Eriksen, G. Anita; Jones, Sorrel C. Z.; Kerby, Jeffrey T.; Kraus, Jacob B.; Miller, Carrie M.; Trew, Thomas H.; Zhao, Yi; Beierschmitt, Evan C.; Ramsay, Malcolm S.; Reynolds, Jason D.; Venkataraman, Vivek V. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Comparing alternative management strategies of fire, grazing, and weed control using spatial modeling | Ecological Modelling | Provencher, Louis; Forbis, Tara A.; Frid, Leonardo; Medlyn, Gary | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Modeling can be used to resolve controversies generated by differing opinions about the effects of livestock grazing, fire management, and herbicide application on western public lands. We used spatial simulations of 10 potential vegetation types to compa | agriculture, ranching | |
| Comparing geographic boundaries in songbird demography data with vegetation boundaries: A new approach to delineating habitat quality | Environmental and Ecological Statistics | Hall, K.R | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Comparing Locally Derived and LANDFIRE Geo-Layers in the Great Basin, USA | Fire Ecology | Louis Provencher, Kori Blankenship, Jim Smith, Jeff Campbell, Mike Polly | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Locally derived maps of pre-European settlement vegetation patterns (Biophysical Setting-BpS) and Fire Regime Condition Class (FRCC) were compared to concomitant products from LANDFIRE for the Wassuk Range in western Nevada, USA. While Biophysical Settings between the two sources matched approximately half of the time, only 2.5% of the area matched both FRCC and BpS simultaneously. The poor FRCC performance is largely due to undetected and extensive cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) cover, overestimation of perennial native grass in extensive shrublands, and mapping confusion between true pinyon-juniper woodlands and areas where trees have encroached into native shrublands. LANDFIRE National products should be useful to resource-limited managers where sufficient training plots were available to the project, but we include practical guidance for using LANDFIRE spatial products in areas where the LANDFIRE project had insufficient ground plot information. | | |
| Comparing Locally Derived BpS and LANDFIRE Geo-Layers in the Wassuk Range, NV | Fire Ecology | Provencher, L, K. Blankenship, J. Smith, J. Campbell, and M. Polly | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Comparing the conservation effectiveness of private water transactions and public policy reforms in the conserving California landscapes initiative | Water Policy | Duane, Timothy P.; Opperman, Jeff J. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Comparison of Bayesian Clustering and Edge Detection Methods for Inferring Boundaries in Landscape Genetics | International Journal Of Molecular Sciences | Safner, Toni; Miller, Mark P.; McRae, Brad H.; Fortin, Marie-Josee; Manel, Stephanie | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Comparison of Burning and Mowing Treatments in a Remnant Willamette Valley Wet Prairie, Oregon, 2001-2007 | Northwest Science | Nuckols, Jason L.; Rudd, Nathan T.; Alverson, Edward R.; Voss, Gilbert A. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Comparison of hand-pollinated and naturally pollinated Puget Balsamroot (Balsamorhiza deltoidea Nutt) to determine pollinator limitations on South Puget Sound lowland prairies | | Fazzino, L., H.E. Kirkpatrick, and C. Fimbel | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Comparison Of Juvenile Grouper Populations In Southern Florida And The Central Bahamas | Bulletin of Marine Science | Sluka, R; Chiappone, M; Sullivan, Km | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | Visual surveys conducted in shallow-water (Epinephelus cruentatus), red hind (E. guttatus), red grouper (E. moria), and black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci) comprised the majority of individuals observed. At the ECLSP sites, Nassau grouper (E. striatus) an | | |
| Comparison of population genetic patterns in two widespread freshwater mussels with contrasting life histories in western North America | Molecular Ecology | Mock, K. E.; Box, J. C. Brim; Chong, J. P.; Furnish, J.; Howard, J. K. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Comparison of Preliminary Herpetofaunas of the Sierras la Madera (Oposura) and Bacadehuachi with the Mainland Sierra Madre Occidental in Sonora, Mexico | | Van Devender, T.R., E.F. Enderson, D.S. Turner, R.A. Villa, S.F. Hale, G.M. Ferguson, and C. Hedgcock | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Compensating for extinction | Current Biology | Kareiva, P | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Compensatory mitigation for marine bycatch will do harm,notgood | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Doak, Daniel; Bakker, Victoria; Finkelstein, Myra; Sullivan, Ben; Lewison, Rebecca; Keitt, Bradford; Arnold, Jennifer; Croxall, John; Micheli, Fiorenza; Sanjayan, M. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Competitive effects of grassland annuals on soil water and blue oak (Quercus douglasii) seedlings | Ecology | Gordon, D.R. and K.J. Rice | 1993 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Competitive outcomes between two exotic invaders are modified by direct and indirect effects of a native conifer | Oikos | Metlen, Kerry L.; Aschehoug, Erik T.; Callaway, Ragan M. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Competitive suppression of Quercus douglasii (Fagaceae) seedling establishment and growth | American Journal of Botany | Gordon, D.R. and K.J. Rice. | 2000 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Completing the system: opportunities and challenges for a National Habitat Conservation System | BioScience | Jocelyn L. Aycrigg, Craig Groves, Jodi A. Hilty, J. Michael Scott, Paul Beier, D. A. Boyce Jr., Dennis Figg, Healy Hamilton, Gary Machlis, Kit Muller, K. V. Rosenberg, Raymond M. Sauvajot, Mark Shaffer and Rand Wentworth | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | The United States has achieved significant conservation goals to date, but the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem processes is accelerating. We evaluate opportunities and challenges to conserving our biodiversity by completing a national habitat conservation system, which could stem losses of natural resources and ecosystem services and proactively prepare for climate-change impacts. Lessons learned from two international conservation systems and the infrastructure of national bird conservation partnerships provide examples for completing a national habitat conservation system. One option is to convene a national forum of interested public and private parties to undertake four key actions; develop a common conservation vision and set measureable goals, complete a conservation assessment, use an adaptive management framework to monitor progress toward this vision, and implement strategies to complete a national habitat conservation system. Completing a national habitat conservation system is key to meeting the challenges of conserving habitats and biodiversity of the United States. | national habitat conservation system conservation planning biodiversity conservation areas publicÐprivate partnerships | |
| Conceptual ecological model of the Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, Quintana Roo, Mexico | Wetlands | Mazzotti, FJ; Fling, HE; Merediz, G; Lazcano, M; Lasch, C; Barnes, T | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Located on the Caribbean Coast in the State of Quintana Roo, the Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve (RBSK) is one of Mexico's largest protected areas. The ecosystems of Sian Ka'an and the Greater Everglades are similar in many respects. The natural sys | | |
| Conceptual ecological models for the Long Island pitch pine barrens: implications for managing rare plant communities | Forest Ecology and Management | Jordan, MJ; Patterson, WA; Windisch, AG | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Fire dependent pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) and scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia Wang.) barrens are found on coarse-textured, droughty soils in the northeastern United States. These communities are globablly rare and, in many areas, dependent on active . | | |
| Conceptualization of Social-Ecological Systems of the California Current: An Examination of Interdisciplinary Science Supporting Ecosystem-Based Management | COASTAL MANAGEMENT | Levin, Phillip S.; Breslow, Sara J.; Harvey, Chris J.; Norman, Karma C.; Poe, Melissa R.; Williams, Gregory D.; Plummer, Mark L. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Concordance of freshwater and terrestrial biodiversity | Conservation Letters | Abell, Robin; Thieme, Michele; Ricketts, Taylor H.; Olwero, Nasser; Ng, Rebecca; Petry, Paulo; Dinerstein, Eric; Revenga, Carmen; Hoekstra, Jonathan | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Condition of remote reefs off southwest Cuba | Ciencias Marinas | Alcolado, P. M.; Morgan, I. E.; Kramer, P. A.; Ginsburg, R. N.; Blanchon, P.; de la Guardia, E.; Kosminin, V.; Gonzalez-Ferrer, S.; Hernandez, M. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conducting a long-term water quality monitoring project: A case study on the McCloud River, California | Journal of Soil and Water Conservation | Bolda, KS; Meyers, WJ | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | Monitoring efforts at The McCloud River Preserve, California, exemplify an effective long-term approach to monitoring the effects of timber harvest activities on water quality. Data collection began two years before timber harvesting activities | | |
| Conducting an interdisciplinary workshop on climate change: facilitating awareness and adaptation in Sajama National Park, Bolivia | | Yager, K., D. Ulloa, and S. R. P. Halloy | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conference Summary: Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago III: Closing Remarks and Notes From the Concluding Session | | Turner D.S., and A. Castellanos | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Confirmed nesting of a Lazuli with an Indigo Bunting on Fort Hood, Bell County | Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society | Kostecke, R. M., S. G. Summers, J. W. Bailey, and D. A. Cimprich | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conflict management, decentralization and agropastoralism in dryland West Africa | World Development | Turner, M.D., A.A. Ayantunde, K.P. Patterson, and E.D. Patterson | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection | Ecology Letters | Hoekstra, JM; Boucher, TM; Ricketts, TH; Roberts, C | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Human impacts on the natural environment have reached such proportions that in addition to an 'extinction crisis', we now also face a broader 'biome crisis'. Here we identify the world's terrestrial biomes and, at a finer spatial scale, ecoregion | | |
| Confronting and resolving competing values behind conservation objectives | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Karpa, Daniel S.; Mendenhall, Chase D.; Callaway, Elizabeth; Frishkoff, Luke O.; Kareiva, Peter M.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Daily, Gretchen C. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Connecting MPAs - eight challenges for science and management | Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems | Lagabrielle, Erwann; Crochelet, Estelle; Andrello, Marco; Schill, Steven R.; Arnaud-Haond, Sophie; Alloncle, Neil; Ponge, Benjamin | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Connecting people and places: the emerging role of network governance in large landscape conservation | FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT | Scarlett, Lynn; McKinney, Matthew | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | The most important land and water issues facing North America and the world Ð including land-use patterns, water management, biodiversity protection, and climate adaptation Ð require innovative governance arrangements. Most of these issues need to be addressed at several scales simultaneously, ranging from local to global. They require action at the scale of large landscapes given that the geographic scope of the issues often transcends the legal and geographic reach of existing jurisdictions and institutions. No single entity has the authority to address these types of cross-boundary issues, resulting in gaps in governance and a corresponding need to create formal and informal ways work more effectively across administrative boundaries, land ownerships, and political jurisdictions. In response to this challenge, numerous models of Ònetwork governanceÓ are emerging. These approaches vary in terms of purpose, spatial scale, composition, organization, and complexity. This article explains what network governance is, why it is emerging, how it compares to other models of natural resource governance, and the different ways in which it develops and evolves. | | |
| Connecting the dots: Connectivity mapping for tigers in central India | Regional Environmental Change | Dutta, T., S. Sharma, R. DeFries, B.H. McRae, and P.S. Roy | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Connecting the dots: mapping habitat connectivity for tigers in central India | REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE | Dutta, Trishna; Sharma, Sandeep; McRae, Brad H.; Roy, Parth Sarathi; DeFries, Ruth | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Connectivity Planning to Address Climate Change | Conservation Biology | Nunez, Tristan A.; Lawler, Joshua J.; Mcrae, Brad H.; Pierce, D. John; Krosby, Meade B.; Kavanagh, Darren M.; Singleton, Peter H.; Tewksbury, Joshua J. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Connectivity restoration in large landscapes: Modeling landscape condition and ecological flows | Ecological Restoration | Baldwin, R.F., S.E. Reed, B.H. McRae, D.M. Theobald, and R.W. Sutherland | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Connectivity: science, people and policy in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary | | Salm, R.V. and E. McLeod | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Consequences of a Government-Controlled Agricultural Price Increase on Fishing and the Coral Reef Ecosystem in the Republic of Kiribati | PLoS ONE | Reddy, Sheila M. W.; Groves, Theodore; Nagavarapu, Sriniketh | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Consequences of climate variability for the performance of bison in tallgrass prairie | Global Change Biology | Craine, Joseph M.; Towne, E. Gene; Joern, Anthony; Hamilton, Robert G. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Climate variability is a major structuring factor in grassland ecosystems, yet there is great uncertainty in how changes in precipitation affect grazing herbivores. We determined how interannual variation in the timing and magnitude of precipitat | | |
| Consequences of severe habitat fragmentation on density, genetics, and spatial capture-recapture analysis of a small bear population | PLOS ONE | Murphy, Sean M.; Augustine, Ben C.; Ulrey, Wade A.; Guthrie, Joseph M.; Scheick, Brian K.; McCown, J. Walter; Cox, John J. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Consequences of tropical forest conversion to oil palm on soil bacterial community and network structure | Soil Biology and Biochemistry | Wood, Stephen A.; Gilbert, Jack A.; Leff, Jonathan W.; Fierer, Noah; D'Angelo, Heather; Bateman, Carling; Gedallovich, Seren M.; Gillikin, Caitlyn M.; Gradoville, Mary R.; Mansor, Patahayah; Massmann, Audrey; Yang, Nina; Turner, Benjamin L.; Brearley, Francis Q.; McGuire, Krista L. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Tropical forest conversion to agriculture is a major global change process. Understanding of the ecological consequences of this conversion are limited by poor knowledge of how soil microorganisms respond. We analyzed the response of soil bacteria to conversion from primary rain forest to oil palm plantation and regenerating logged forest in Malaysia. Bacterial diversity increased by approximately 20% with conversion to oil palm because of higher pH due to liming by plantation managers. Phylogenetic clustering indicated that bacterial communities were determined by environmental filtering. Regenerating logged forests did not have significantly different soil chemistry, which did not correspond with significant differences in bacterial richness, diversity, or the relative abundances of particular taxa. However, there were significant differences in the structure of bacterial community networks between regenerating logged forests and primary forests, highlighting previously unobserved effects of these two land uses. Network analysis highlighted taxa that are potentially central to bacterial networks, but have low relative abundances, suggesting that these rare taxa could play an ecological role and therefore warrant further research. | bacteria; microbial diversity; microbial networks; oil palm; rare microbes; tropical deforestation; agriculture | |
| Conservation and Management of Ornamental Fish Resources of the Rio Negro Basin. Amazon, Brazil - Project Piaba | | | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation biology, discipline of | Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, second edition | Dobson, A.P., K. Nowak, and J.P. RodrÍguez. Conservation biology, discipline of | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation biology: Beyond marine protected areas | Current Biology | Kareiva, Peter | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Socioeconomic and ecological analyses of eleven coral reef conservation efforts make clear that marine protected areas are not the answer, and that in fact support of local communities is far more important than some government mandated 'fishing closure'. | | |
| Conservation Catalysts: The Academy as Nature's Agent. | JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION | Monroe, Ashley | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation chemistry | Chemistry & Industry | Molnar, J.L. & Kareiva, P. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation Covenants on Private Land: Issues with Measuring and Achieving Biodiversity Outcomes in Australia | Environmental Management | Fitzsimons, James A.; Ben Carr, C. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation Easements in California Blue Oak Woodlands: Testing the Assumption of Livestock Grazing as a Compatible Use | Natural Areas Journal | Reiner, Rich; Craig, Andrea | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, ranching | |
| Conservation easements in context: a quantitative analysis of their use by The Nature Conservancy | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Kiesecker, Joseph M.; Comendant, Tosha; Grandmason, Terra; Gray, Elizabeth; Hall, Christine; Hilsenbeck, Richard; Kareiva, Peter; Lozier, Lynn; Naehu, Patrick; Rissman, Adena; Shaw, M. Rebecca; Zankel, Mark | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation easements have become the principal tool used by land trusts to preserve habitat and open space. However, anecdotal evidence has led some to question whether easements actually deliver conservation value. Our analysis of data from 119 easemen | | |
| Conservation easements: Biodiversity protection and private use | Conservation Biology | Rissman, Adena R.; Lozier, Lynn; Comendant, Tosha; Kareiva, Peter; Kiesecker, Joseph M.; Shaw, M. Rebecca; Merenlender, Adina M. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation easements are one of the primary tools for conserving biodiversity on private land. Despite their increasing use, little quantitative data are available on what species and habitats conservation easements aim to protect, how much st | | |
| Conservation for Cities | | Robert I. McDonald | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | ItÍs time to think differently about cities and nature. More people than ever live in urban areas, and all of this growth, along with challenges of adapting to climate change, will require a new approach to infrastructure in order to create liveable urban | urban, natural infrastructure | |
| Conservation for the people | Scientific American | Kareiva, P and M Marvier | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Environment. Scientific American (October 2007), 297, 50-57 doi :10.1038/scientificamerican1007-50. Conservation for the People. Peter Kareiva and Michelle Marvier.Abstract. Pitting nature and biodiversity against people makes little sense. ... | | |
| Conservation in a changing climate: A new paradigm for land management | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Lawler, J., T. Tear, C. Pyke, M. R. Shaw, P. Gonzalez, P. Kareiva, L. Hansen, L. Hannah, K. Klausmayer, L. Hansen, A. Aldous, and C. P. Bienz, S | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | The Nature Conservancy takes a strategic and systematic approach to conservation planning. Ecoregional assessments are used to set goals and identify geographical priorities, and Conservation Action Planning is used to develop strategic plans for | | |
| Conservation in a cup of water: estimating biodiversity and population abundance from environmental DNA | Molecular Ecology | Lodge, David M.; Turner, Cameron R.; Jerde, Christopher L.; Barnes, Matthew A.; Chadderton, Lindsay; Egan, Scott P.; Feder, Jeffrey L.; Mahon, Andrew R.; Pfrender, Michael E. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation in a Wicked Complex World; Challenges and Solutions | Conservation Letters | Game, Edward T.; Meijaard, Erik; Sheil, Douglas; McDonald-Madden, Eve | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation in the Context of Climate Change: Practical Guidelines for Land Protection at Local Scales | PLoS ONE | Ruddock, Kevin; August, Peter V.; Damon, Christopher; LaBash, Charles; Rubinoff, Pamela; Robadue, Donald | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation in tropical Pacific Island countries: Case studies of successful programmes | Parks | Keppel, G., C. Morrison, H. Hardcastle, I.A. Rounds, I.K. Wilmott, F. Hurahura, and P.K. Shed | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation of biodiversity in coffee agroecosystems: a tri-taxa comparison in southern Mexico | Biodiversity and Conservation | Perfecto, I.; Mas, A; Dietsch, T.; Vandermeer, J. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation of urban biodiversity under climate change: Climate-informed management for Chicago green spaces | | Lewis, A.D.,¾R.K. Moseley, K.R. Hall, and J.J. Hellmann | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation Organizations Need to Consider Adaptive Capacity: Why Local Input Matters | CONSERVATION LETTERS | Mcleod, Elizabeth; Szuster, Brian; Hinkel, Jochen; Tompkins, Emma L.; Marshall, Nadine; Downing, Thomas; Wongbusarakum, Supin; Patwardhan, Anand; Hamza, Mo; Anderson, Cheryl; Bharwani, Sukaina; Hansen, Lara; Rubinoff, Pamela | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation outside Protected Areas and the Effect of Human-Dominated Landscapes on Stress Hormones in Savannah Elephants | Conservation Biology | Ahlering, M. A.; Maldonado, J. E.; Eggert, L. S.; Fleischer, R. C.; Western, D.; Brown, J. L. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation perspectives | | Jensen, DB | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation planning for connectivity across marine, freshwater, and terrestrial realms | Biological Conservation | Beger, Maria; Grantham, Hedley S.; Pressey, Robert L.; Wilson, Kerrie A.; Peterson, Eric L.; Dorfman, Daniel; Mumby, Peter J.; Lourival, Reinaldo; Brumbaugh, Daniel R.; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation planning for ecosystem services | Plos Biology | Chan, Kai M. A.; Shaw, M. Rebecca; Cameron, David R.; Underwood, Emma C.; Daily, Gretchen C. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Despite increasing attention to the human dimension of conservation projects, a rigorous, systematic methodology for planning for ecosystem services has not been developed. This is in part because flows of ecosystem services remain poorly ... | | |
| Conservation planning within the Great Plains | | Chaplin, Sj; Ostlie, Wr; Schneider, Re; Kenney, Js | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation planning within the Great Plains | | |
| Conservation planning: informed decisions for a healthier planet | | Groves, Craig R.; Game, Edward T. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation priorities - The state of US plants and animals | Environment | Stein, BA; Flack, SR | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) lands provide ecosystem service benefits that exceed land rental payment costs | Ecosystem Services | Johnson, Kris A.; Dalzell, Brent J.; Donahue, Marie; Gourevitch, Jesse; Johnson, Dennis L.; Karlovits, Greg S.; Keeler, Bonnie; Smith, Jason T. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Global demand for commodities prompted the expansion of row crop agriculture in the Upper Midwest, USA with unknown consequences for multiple ecosystem services. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) was designed to protect these services by paying farmers to retire environmentally sensitive land. Here we assessed whether the benefits provided by CRP's targeted retirement of agricultural land are equal to or greater in value than the cost of rental payments to farmers. We quantified the benefits of CRP lands for reducing flood damages, improving water quality and air-quality, and contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation in the Indian Creek watershed in Iowa. We found that for all assessed scenarios of CRP implementation, the ecosystem service benefits provided by CRP lands exceed the cost of payments to farmers. Expanding CRP implementation under one of three potential scenarios would require an average per-acre payment of $1311 over the life of a 10-year contract but would generate benefits with a net present value of between $1710 and $6401. This analysis suggests that investment in CRP in Indian Creek, and likely in other watersheds in the Upper Midwest, is justified based upon the value of public and private benefits provided by CRP lands. | agriculture; Conservation Reserve Program; ecosystem services; cost-benefit analysis; water quality; valuation | |
| Conservation reserve program benefits on henslow's sparrows within the united states | Journal of Wildlife Management | Herkert, James R. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Henslow's sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) is one of North America's fastest declining songbirds. Population declines combined with a small global population have led to heightened conservation concern. I used data from the North American Breeding | | |
| Conservation Science Trade-In To Trade-Up | Nature | Kareiva, Peter | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation science: a 20 year report card. | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Lawler, J, et al (TNC Smith Fellows and P. Kareiva) | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation status and natural history of Mitchell's satyr, Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii French (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) | Natural Areas Journal | Shuey, JA | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation status of the Tomales Bay Isopod Caecidotea tomalensis (Malacostraca: Isopoda) | California Fish And Game | Graening, G. O.; Fong, Darren; Serpa, Larry; Sharma, Navneet S.; Graening, Guy J. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation Stories, Conservation Science, and the Role of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services | Conservation Biology | Redford, Kent H.; Groves, Craig; Medellin, Rodrigo A.; Robinson, John G. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conservation Without Borders: Building Communication and Action Across Disciplinary Boundaries for Effective Conservation | Environmental Management | Margles, Shawn W.; Peterson, Richard B.; Ervin, Jamison; Kaplin, Beth A. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| ConserveOnline and Fortaleza: Sharing conservation success and failure on the internet | Conservation Ecology | Adams, J; Brugger, C; Ding, YL; Flores, M | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | ConserveOnline and Fortaleza are Internet libraries of conservation science, practice, and institutional development. Open to anyone with relevant conservation data or experience, these libraries are designed to foster sharing successes and fai | | |
| ConserveOnline, a new online resource for conservation | Oryx | Adams, J | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | ConserveOnline, a new online resource for conservation. Jonathan Adams. Article first publishedonline: 28 JUN 2008. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.0208g.x. Issue. Oryx. ... How to Cite. Adams,J. (2001), ConserveOnline, a new online resource for conserv | | |
| Conserving biodiversity in the face of climate change: A call to action | Conservation Biology | Hunter, M., E. Dinerstein, J. Hoekstra, and D. Lindenmayer | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conserving biodiversity coldspots - Recent calls to direct conservation funding to the world's biodiversity hotspots may be bad investment advise | American Scientist | Kareiva, P; Marvier, M | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conserving biodiversity efficiently: What to do, where, and when | Plos Biology | Wilson, Kerrie A.; Underwood, Emma C.; Morrison, Scott A.; Klausmeyer, Kirk R.; Murdoch, William W.; Reyers, Belinda; Wardell-Johnson, Grant; Marquet, Pablo A.; Rundel, Phil W.; McBride, Marissa F.; Pressey, Robert L.; Bode, Michael; Hoekstra, Jon M.; And | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation priority-setting schemes have not yet combined geographic priorities with a framework that can guide the allocation of funds among alternate conservation actions that address specific threats. We develop such a framework, and apply i | | |
| Conserving biodiversity in production landscapes | Ecological Applications | Wilson, K., E. Meijaard, S. Drummond, H. Grantham, L. Boitani, G. Catullo, L. Christie, R. Dennis, I. Dutton, A. Falcucci, L. Maiorano, H. Possingham, C. Rondinini, W. Turner, O. Venter, and M. Watts | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conserving Biodiversity: Practical Guidance about Climate Change Adaptation Approaches in Support of Land-use Planning | Natural Areas Journal | Schmitz, Oswald J.; Lawler, Joshua J.; Beier, Paul; Groves, Craig; Knight, Gary; Boyce, Douglas A., Jr.; Bulluck, Jason; Johnston, Kevin M.; Klein, Mary L.; Muller, Kit; Pierce, D. John; Singleton, William R.; Strittholt, James R.; Theobald, David M.; Tro | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conserving Connectivity: Some Lessons from Mountain Lions in Southern California | Conservation Biology | Morrison, Scott A.; Boyce, Walter M. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conserving migratory mule deer through the umbrella of sage-grouse | Ecosphere | Copeland, H. E., H. Sawyer, K. L. Monteith, D. E. Naugle,¾A. Pocewicz, N. Graf, and M. J. Kauffman | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conserving small natural features with large ecological roles: A synthetic overview | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Hunter, Malcolm L., Jr.; Acuna, Vicenc; Bauer, Dana Marie; Bell, Kathleen P.; Calhoun, Aram J. K.; Felipe-Lucia, Maria R.; Fitzsimons, James A.; Gonzalez, Eduardo; Kinnison, Michael; Lindenmayer, David; Lundquist, Carolyn J.; Medellin, Rodrigo A.; Nelson, Erik J.; Poschlod, Peter | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds | Auk | Mehlman, DW; Mabey, SE; Ewert, DN; Duncan, C; Abel, B; Cimprich, D; Sutter, RD; Woodrey, M | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Commentary 1282[Auk, Vol. 122 al. 2002, Tankersley and Orvis 2003). Given that migration may constitute the most vulnerable and unpredictable period of the annual cycle (Moore 2000, Sille and Holmes 2002, Berthold et al. 2003), we suggest that if the cons | | |
| Conserving the largest habitat on earth: protected areas in the pelagic ocean | Marine Protected Areas: Effects, networks and monitoring - A multidisciplinary approach | Hobday, A. J., E. T. Game, H. S. Grantham and A. J. Richardson | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conserving the sacred medicine mountains: A vegetation analysis of Tibetan sacred sites in Northwest Yunnan | Biodiversity And Conservation | Anderson, DM; Salick, J; Moseley, RK; Ou, XK | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Mount Kawa Karpo of the Menri ('Medicine Mountains' in Tibetan), in the eastern Himalayas, is one of the most sacred mountains to Tibetan Buddhists. Numerous sacred sites are found between 1900 and 4000 m, and at higher elevations the area as a | | |
| Conserving the Stage: Climate Change and the Geophysical Underpinnings of Species Diversity | PLoS ONE | Anderson M.G., Ferree CE | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Conserving the World's Finest Grassland Amidst Ambitious National Development | Conservation Biology | Batsaikhan, Nyamsuren; Buuveibaatar, Bayarbaatar; Chimed, Bazaar; Enkhtuya, Oidov; Galbrakh, Davaa; Ganbaatar, Oyunsaikhan; Lkhagvasuren, Badamjav; Nandintsetseg, Dejid; Berger, Joel; Calabrese, Justin M.; Edwards, Ann E.; Fagan, William F.; Fuller, Todd | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Considering the impact of climate change on human communities significantly alters the outcome of species and site-based vulnerability assessments | DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS | Segan, Daniel B.; Hole, David G.; Donatti, Camila I.; Zganjar, Chris; Martin, Shaun; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Watson, James E. M. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Aim Human activities are largely responsible for the processes that threaten biodiversity, yet potential changes in human behaviour as a response to climate change are ignored in most species and site-based vulnerability assessments (VAs). Here we assess how incorporation of the potential impact of climate change on humans alters our view of vulnerability when using well-established site and species VA methodologies. Location Southern Africa. Methods Our baseline was two published studies that used accepted VA methodologies aimed at examining the direct impacts of climate changes on species and sites. The first identified potential shifts in the distributions of 164 restricted-range avian species, the second forecasted species turnover in 331 Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs). We used a published spatially explicit assessment of potential climate change impacts on people to evaluate which species and sites overlap with human populations most likely to be impacted. By doing this, we were able to assess how the integration of potential climate impacts on human populations changes our perception of which species and sites are most vulnerable to climate change. Results We found no correlation between species and sites most likely to be impacted directly by climate change and those where the potential response of human populations could drive major indirect impacts. The relative vulnerability of individual species and sites shifted when potential impacts of climate change on human communities were considered, with more than one-fifth of species and one-tenth of sites moving from ïlowÍ to ïhighÍ risk. Main conclusions Standard VA methodologies that fail to consider how people are likely to respond to climate change will result in systematically biased assessments. This may lead to the implementation of inappropriate management actions, and a failure to address those species or sites that may be uniquely, or additionally, imperilled by the impacts of human responses to climate change. | | |
| Consistent accuracy of the Australian Weed Risk Assessment system across varied geographies. | Canadian Journal of Forest Research | Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, and R.K. Stocker. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Consolidation Drainage and Climate Change May Reduce Piping Plover Habitat in the Great Plains | JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT | McCauley, Lisa A.; Anteau, Michael J.; van der Burg, Max Post | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Constraints of philanthropy on determining the distribution of biodiversity conservation funding | CONSERVATION BIOLOGY | Larson, Eric R.; Howell, Stephen; Kareiva, Peter; Armsworth, Paul R. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Construcci„n del Catˆlogo Digital de las plantas vasculares, briofitas y lÍquenes para los sitios pilotos Gloria-Andes - Propuesta para Discusi„n | | Salgado, P. S., F. Cuesta, M. T. Becerra, B. Le„n, S. Beck, S. Halloy, M. Gottfried, and H. Pauli | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Contemporary Approaches For Small-Scale Oyster Reef Restoration To Address Substrate Versus Recruitment Limitation: A Review And Comments Relevant For The Olympia Oyster, Ostrea Lurida Carpenter 1864 | Journal of Shellfish Research | Brumbaugh, Robert D.; Coen, Loren D. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Contemporary Drought and Future Effects of Climate Change on the Endangered Blunt-Nosed Leopard Lizard, Gambelia sila | PLOS ONE | Westphal, Michael F.; Stewart, Joseph A. E.; Tennant, Erin N.; Butterfield, H. Scott; Sinervo, Barry | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Contemporary evolution of an invasive grass in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 at a Mojave Desert FACE site | Ecology Letters | Grossman, Judah D.; Rice, Kevin J. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Context-dependent seed dispersal by a scatter-hoarding corvid | Journal of Applied Ecology | Pesendorfer, Mario B.; Sillett, T. Scott; Morrison, Scott A.; Kamil, Alan C. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Corvids (crows, jays, magpies and nutcrackers) are important dispersers of large‐seeded plants. Studies on captive or supplemented birds suggest that they flexibly adjust their scatter‐hoarding behaviour to the context of social dynamics and relative seed availability. Because many corvid‐dispersed trees show high annual variation in seed production, context‐dependent foraging can have strong effects on natural corvid scatter‐hoarding behaviour.
We investigated how seed availability and social dynamics affected scatter‐hoarding in the island scrub jays (Aphelocoma insularis). We quantified rates of scatter‐hoarding behaviour and territorial defence of 26 colour‐marked birds over a three‐year period with variable acorn crops.
We tested whether caching parameters were correlated with variation in annual seed production of oaks as predicted by the predator dispersal hypothesis, which states that caching rates and distances should vary with seed abundance in ways that benefit tree fitness. We also tested whether antagonistic interactions with conspecifics would affect scatter‐hoarding adversely, as found in experimental studies.
Caching behaviour varied with acorn availability. Caching distances correlated positively with annual acorn crop size, increasing by as much as 40% between years. Caching rates declined over time in years with small acorn crops, but increased when crops were large. Acorn foraging and caching rates were also negatively correlated with rates of territorial aggression. Overall foraging rates, however, were not associated with aggression, suggesting that reduced dispersal rates were not simply due to time constraints.
Our field results support laboratory findings that caching rates and distances by scatter‐hoarding corvids are context‐dependent. Furthermore, our results are consistent with predictions of the predator dispersal hypothesis and suggest that large seed crops and social interactions among scatter‐hoarders affect dispersal benefits for oaks and other masting tree species. | Aphelocoma; context dependence; Corvidae; Quercus; scatter-hoarding; seed dispersal; species interactions | |
| Controls and references in forestry: the role of old growth and retrospective studies | Journal of Forestry | Frelich, L.E., M.W. Cornett, and M. A.White | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Convergence of bark investment according to fire and climate structures ecosystem vulnerability to future change | ECOLOGY LETTERS | Pellegrini, Adam F. A.; Anderegg, William R. L.; Paine, C. E. Timothy; Hoffmann, William A.; Kartzinel, Tyler; Rabin, Sam S.; Sheil, Douglas; Franco, Augusto C.; Pacala, Stephen W. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Convergent conservation | | Morrison, S. A | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Copperheads Are Common When Kingsnakes Are Not: Relationships Between The Abundances Of A Predator And One Of Their Prey | Herpetologica | Steen, David A.; McClure, Christopher J. W.; Sutton, William B.; Rudolph, D. Craig; Pierce, Josh B.; Lee, James R.; Smith, Lora L.; Gregory, Beau B.; Baxley, Danna L.; Stevenson, Dirk J.; Guyer, Craig | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Coprophagy in a cave-adapted salamander; the importance of bat guano examined through nutritional and stable isotope analyses | Proceedings Of The Royal Society B-Biological Sciences | Fenolio, DB; Graening, GO; Collier, BA; Stout, JF | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | During a two year population ecology study in a cave environment, 15 Eurycea (= Typhlotriton) spelaea were observed ingesting bat guano. Furthermore, E. spelaea capture numbers increased significantly during the time that grey bats (Myotis grises | | |
| Coral mortality associated with thermal fluctuations in the Phoenix Islands, 2002-2005 | Coral Reefs | Obura, D.; Mangubhai, S. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Coral mortality versus structural collapse as drivers of corallivorous butterflyfish decline. | Biodiversity and Conservation | Graham, N.A.J., S.K. Wilson, M.S. Pratchett, N.V.C. Polunin, M.D. Spalding | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | As climate change increasingly threatens biodiversity, identifying specific drivers of species loss as well as the attributes of species most vulnerable to climatic disturbances is a key challenge to ecologists and conservationists. Here we assess the effects of coral loss versus declines in structural complexity on obligate and facultative coral feeding butterflyfishes on coral reefs in the central and western Indian Ocean. In the inner Seychelles, the abundance of the obligate coral feeding group declined markedly in response to live coral mortality (r 2 = 0.48), but showed no further decline with respect to erosion of the physical matrix of the reef. Conversely, the facultative feeding group showed no decline in response to live coral loss, reflecting their feeding versatility; however they did decline in response to structural erosion of the reef framework (r 2 = 0.26). There were no significant changes in either obligate or facultative corallivore abundances at a reference location (Chagos archipelago), highlighting that butterflyfish populations are stable in the absence of habitat disturbance. While specialised coral dependant fishes are highly vulnerable to coral loss caused by climate-induced coral bleaching, the structural collapse of dead coral colonies may have significant, but more variable, impacts across a wide range of fishes. If conservation and mitigation planning are to be effective, there is a clear need to better understand the mechanisms of reef structural collapse and the dynamics of system recovery following large-scale disturbance. | | |
| Coral Reefs and People in a High-CO2 World: Where Can Science Make a Difference to People? | PLOS ONE | Pendleton, Linwood; Comte, Adrien; Langdon, Chris; Ekstrom, Julia A.; Cooley, Sarah R.; Suatoni, Lisa; Beck, Michael W.; Brander, Luke M.; Burke, Lauretta; Cinner, Josh E.; Doherty, Carolyn; Edwards, Peter E. T.; Gledhill, Dwight; Jiang, Li-Qing; van Hooidonk, Ruben J.; Teh, Louise; Waldbusser, George G.; Ritter, Jessica | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Costs of Achieving Current Protected Area Conservation Goals Under Future Climate Change | Conservation Biology | Shaw, M.R., K. Klausmeyer, D.R. Cameron, J.B. MacKenzie, P. Roehrdanz | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Costs, Benefits and Challenges of Sustainable Livestock Intensification in a Major Deforestation Frontier in the Brazilian Amazon | Sustainability | Garcia, Edenise; Vianna Ramos Filho, Fabio Sampaio; Mallmann, Giovanni Matheus; Fonseca, Francisco | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Extensive livestock production is a major deforestation driver in the Brazilian Amazon. This study presents an assessment of the economic and environmental feasibility of sustainable livestock intensification in São Félix do Xingu municipality, a deforestation frontier with an area of more than 8.5 million hectares, and home to the largest cattle herd in Brazil. Proposed intensification was limited to approximately three animal units per hectare to avoid negative environmental impacts. Transition costs to sustainable cattle intensification were estimated for thirteen pilot farms taking into account adoption of good agriculture practices, pasture maintenance/restoration, and restoration of environmental liabilities. To move to sustainable intensification practices, a mean total annual investment of US$1335/ha ± US$619/ha would be necessary, varying from US$750 to US$2595/ha. Internal rate of return and net present value estimates indicated that the sustainable livestock intensification approach proposed was profitable in farms with more than 400 hectares of pastureland, but not in those where the pasture areas were smaller than 150 hectares. Livestock sustainable intensification also had the potential to promote social and environmental benefits, including a 54% increase in the number of contract workers, improvement of landowners’ managerial skills, and workers’ training, in addition to avoiding emission of 1.9 Mt CO2eq and sequestration of 0.36 Mt CO2eq. We conclude that the sustainable intensification of pasture areas has the potential to prevent further deforestation in the Amazon while generating social and other environmental benefits. | livestock; sustainable intensification; Amazon; deforestation; agriculture | |
| Costs, cobenefits, and community responses to REDD plus : a case study from Nepal | ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY | Sharma, Bishnu P.; Shyamsundar, Priya; Nepal, Mani; Pattanayak, Subhrendu K.; Karky, Bhaskar S. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Coverage Provided by the Global Protected-Area System: Is It Enough? | BioScience | Brooks, T., Mohamed B., Boucher, T., Da Fonseca, G.A.B., Hilton-Taylor, C., Hoekstra, J.M., Moritz, T., Olivieri, S., Parrish, J., Pressey, R.L., Rodrigues, A.S.S., Sechrest, W., Stattersfield, A., Strahm, W., Stuart, S | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Protected-area targets of 10% of a biome, of a country, or of the planet have often been used in conservation planning. The new World Database on Protected Areas shows that terrestrial protected-area coverage now approaches 12% worldwide. Does th | | |
| Cows, cockies and atlases: Use and abuse of biodiversity monitoring in environmental decision making | Biodiversity Monitoring in Australia | Fitzsimons, J | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Creating advocates for mammal conservation through citizen science | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Forrester, Tavis D.; Baker, Megan; Costello, Robert; Kays, Roland; Parsons, Arielle W.; McShea, William J. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Creating biodiversity partnerships: The nature conservancy's perspective | Environmental Management | Sawhill, JC | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | The Nature Conservancy is an international organization dedicated to the mission of conserving biodiversity throughout the world. By working in a nonconfrontational manner, an approach that has promoted both government and corporate sponsorship o | | |
| Cross-boundary cooperation: A mechanism for sustaining ecosystem services from private lands | Journal of Soil and Water Conservation | Rickenbach, Mark; Schulte, Lisa A.; Kittredge, David B.; Labich, William G.; Shinneman, Doug J. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Crossing And Morphological Relationships Among Native Clovers Of Eastern North-America | Crop Science | Taylor, Nl; Gillett, Jm; Campbell, Jjn; Berger, S | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ctenotus regius (Regal Striped Skunk): Predation | Herpetological Review | Fitzsimons, J.A. and J.L. Thomas | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Cuddly animals don't persuade poor people to back conservation | Nature | Meijaard, Erik; Sheil, Douglas | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | In your Editorial'Two symbols, one solution'(Nature 453, 427; 2008) on symbols used to publicize the challenges of global warming, you caution against focusing on animals rather than people. But symbols can be powerfulŠ—”so perhaps what we need instead is | | |
| Culicidae | | Evenhuis, N.; Gon III, S. M. | 1989 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Cultural Consideration in Landslide Risk Perception | | Harmsworth, G. and B. Raynor | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Some cultural groups have a unique dependence on or intimate relationship with their natural environment, distinctive from other cultural groups, which often results in cultural differences and perspectives. This difference in the way people understand, i | | |
| Cultural erosion and biodiversity: Canoe-making knowledge in Pohnpei, Micronesia | Conservation Biology | Brosi, Berry J.; Balick, Michael J.; Wolkow, Robert; Lee, Roberta; Kostka, Mark; Raynor, William; Gallen, Robert; Raynor, Ally; Raynor, Pelihter; Ling, Dana Lee | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Current state of the art for statistical modeling of species distributions | | Hegel, T., S. A. Cushman, F. Huettmann, and J. S. Evans | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Current velocity and habitat patchiness shape stream herbivore movement | Oikos | Hoffman, A.L., J.D. Olden, J.B. Monroe, N.L. Poff, T. Wellnitz, and J.A. Wiens | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Animal movements are influenced by the structure and arrangement of patches in a landscape. Most movement studies occur in terrestrial landscapes, though aquatic landscapes are equally heterogeneous and feature patches that differ in resistance to ... | | |
| Daily energy expenditure in free-ranging Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) | Copeia | Jodice, PGR; Epperson, DM; Visser, GH | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Studies of ecological energetics in chelonians are rare. Here, we report the first measurements of daily energy expenditure (DEE) and water influx rates (WIRs) in free-ranging adult Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus). We used the doubly label | | |
| Dam choices: Analyses for multiple needs | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Kareiva, Peter M. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Dam reoperation in an era of climate change | Marine And Freshwater Research | Watts, R. J.; Richter, B. D.; Opperman, J. J.; Bowmer, K. H. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Damming the rivers of the Amazon basin | Nature 546 | Edgardo M. Latrubesse, Eugenio Y. Arima, Thomas Dunne, Edward Park, Victor R. Baker, Fernando M. dÕHorta, Charles Wight, Florian Wittmann, Jansen Zuanon, Paul A. Baker, Camila C. Ribas, Richard B. Norgaard, Naziano Filizola, Atif Ansar, Bent Flyvbjerg, Jose C. Stevaux | | 2017/12/14 | More than a hundred hydropower dams have already been built in the Amazon basin and numerous proposals for further dam constructions are under consideration. The accumulated negative environmental effects of existing dams and proposed dams, if constructed, will trigger massive hydrophysical and biotic disturbances that will affect the Amazon basinÕs floodplains, estuary and sediment plume. We introduce a Dam Environmental Vulnerability Index to quantify the current and potential impacts of dams in the basin. The scale of foreseeable environmental degradation indicates the need for collective action among nations and states to avoid cumulative, far-reaching impacts. We suggest institutional innovations to assess and avoid the likely impoverishment of Amazon rivers. | Sustainability Ecosystem ecology Limnology Environmental impact At a glance | |
| Dancing with fire: ecosystem dynamics, management, and the Karner blue (Lycaeides melissa samuelis Nabokov) | | Shuey, J. A. | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Decaying wood and tree regeneration in the Acadian Forest of Maine, USA | Forest Ecology and Management | Weaver, Jamie K.; Kenefic, Laura S.; Seymour, Robert S.; Brissette, John C. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Decision Support System for Water and Environmental Resources in the Connecticut River Basin | JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT | Julian, David W.; Hickey, John T.; Fields, Woodrow L.; Ostadrahimi, Leila; Maher, Katherine M.; Barker, Townsend G.; Hatfield, Christopher L.; Lutz, Kim; Marks, Christian O.; Sandoval-Solis, Samuel; Lund, Jay R. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Decision Tools and Approaches to Advance Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in the Twenty-First Century | | Adam W. Whelchel, Michael W. Beck | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Organisations and governments around the globe are developing methodologies to cope with increasing numbers of disasters and climate change as well as implementing risk reducing measures across diverse socio-economic and environmental sectors and scales. What is often overlooked and certainly required for comprehensive planning and programming are better tools and approaches that include ecosystems in the equations. Collectively, these mechanisms can help to enhance societiesÍ abilities to capture the protective benefits of ecosystems for communities facing disaster and climate risks. As illustrated within this chapter, decision support tools and approaches are clearly improving rapidly. Despite these advancements, factors such as resistance to change, the cautious approach by development agencies, governance structure and overlapping jurisdictions, funding, and limited community engagement remain, in many cases, pre-requisites to successful implementation of ecosystem-based solutions. Herein we provide case studies, lessons learned and recommendations from applications of decision support tools and approaches that advance better risk assessments and implementation of ecosystem-based solutions. The case studies featured in this chapter illustrate opportunities that have been enhanced with cutting edge tools, social media and crowdsourcing, cost/benefit comparisons, and scenario planning mechanisms. Undoubtedly, due to the large areas and extent of exposure to natural hazards, ecosystems will increasingly become a critical part of societiesÍ overall responses to equitably solve issues of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. | Ecosystem-based solutions Community resilience building Risk matrix Floodplain by design Water funds Connecticut Resilience planning to action framework | Series: Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research |
| DECISION-MAKING INPUTS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF THE WESTERN AMAZON BASIN | EcologÕa Aplicada | Josse, C., B. Young, R. Lyons-Smyth, T. Brroks, A. Frances, P. Petry, H. Balslev, B. Bassuner, B. Goettsch, J. Hak, P. Jorgensen, D. Larrea-Alcàzar, G. Navarro, S. Saatchi, A. Sanchez de Lozana, J. C. Svenning, L. A. Tovar & A. Moscoso | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Decline And Recovery Of Small Mammals After Flooding: Implications For Pest Management And Floodplain Community Dynamics | River Research And Applications | Golet, G. H.; Hunt, J. W.; Koenig, D. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Declining populations of the Javan warty pig Sus verrucosus | Oryx | Semiadi, G; Meijaard, E | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | We conducted an interview-based survey for the Javan warty pig Sus verrucosus, endemic to the islands of Java and Bawean in Indonesia. The species occurs in 10 isolated areas, although some additional, probably very small populations, may remain. | | |
| Declining winter chill for fruit and nut trees in California | PLoS ONE | Luedeling, E., M. Zhang, and E. H. Girvetz | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Deer on the lookout: how hunting, hiking and coyotes affect white-tailed deer vigilance | JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY | Schuttler, S. G.; Parsons, A. W.; Forrester, T. D.; Baker, M. C.; McShea, W. J.; Costello, R.; Kays, R. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Defining corridor functions for endemic birds in fragmented south-temperate rainforest | Conservation Biology | Sieving, KE; Willson, MF; De Santo, TL | 2000 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Defining Ecological Drought for the 21st Century | Journal of the American Meteorological Society | Crausbay, Shelly D.; Ramirez, Aaron R.; Carter, Shawn L.; Cross, Molly S.; Hall, Kimberly R.; Bathke, Deborah J.; Betancourt, Julio L.; Colt, Steve; Cravens, Amanda E.; Dalton, Melinda S.; Dunham, Jason, B.; Hay, Lauren E.; Hayes, Michael J.; McEvoy, Jamie; McNutt, Chad A.; Moritz, Max A.; Nislow, Keith H.; Raheem, Nejem; Sanford, Todd | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Deforestation and its myths | Economics Of Deforestation In The Amazon: Dispelling The Myths | Campari, Joao S. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Deforestation and land re-concentration in the Amazon frontier | Economics Of Deforestation In The Amazon: Dispelling The Myths | Campari, Joao S. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Deforestation and the rules of land allocation | Economics Of Deforestation In The Amazon: Dispelling The Myths | Campari, Joao S. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Deforestation facilitates widespread stream habitat and flow alteration in the Brazilian Amazon | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Pocewicz, Amy; Garcia, Edenise | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Deglacial delta O-18 and hydrologic variability in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans | Earth And Planetary Science Letters | Gibbons, Fern T.; Oppo, Delia W.; Mohtadi, Mahyar; Rosenthal, Yair; Cheng, Jun; Liu, Zhengyu; Linsley, Braddock K. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Delineating the Coral Triangle | Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies | Veron, J.E.N., DeVantier, L.M., Turak, E., Green, A.L., Kininmonth, S., Peterson, N | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Demographic changes and epidermal browning in two protected populations of saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) | Desert Plants | Turner, D.S., and C.S. Funicelli | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Demographic differences of black-capped vireos in two habitat types in central Texas | Journal of Wildlife Management | Noa, L.A., D.H. Hirth, T.M. Donovan, and D. Cimprich | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Demography linked to climate change projections in an ecoregional case study: integrating forecasts and field data | Ecosphere | Mclaughlin, B. C.; Morozumi, C. N.; MacKenzie, J.; Cole, A.; Gennet, S. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Demonstration of a fully-coupled end-to-end model for small pelagic fish using sardine and anchovy in the California Current | PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY | Rose, Kenneth A.; Fiechter, Jerome; Curchitser, Enrique N.; Hedstrom, Kate; Bernal, Miguel; Creekmore, Sean; Haynie, Alan; Ito, Shin-ichi; Lluch-Cota, Salvador; Megrey, Bernard A.; Edwards, Chris A.; Checkley, Dave; Koslow, Tony; McClatchie, Sam; Werner, Francisco; MacCall, Alec; Agostini, Vera | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Den use and selection by northern flying squirrels in fragmented landscapes | Journal of Mammalogy | Pyare, S., W. P. Smith, and C. S. Shanley | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Density-dependent effects on initial growth of a branching coral under restoration | Restoration Ecology | Griffin, J. N., Schrack, E. C., Lewis, K.-A., Baums, I. B., Soomdat, N. and Silliman, B. R | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.12173/abstract | | |
| Density-dependent woody detritus accumulation in an even-aged, single-species forest | CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH | Schaedel, Michael S.; Larson, Andrew J.; Weisbrod, Cullen J.; Keane, Robert E. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Der Schabrackentapir (Tapirus indicus) | Die Tapire | Meijaard, E. and van Strien, N | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | Filander Verlag, Fôrth, Germany |
| Desert outlook and options for action | Global Deserts Outlook | Herrmann, S.M., C.F. Hutchinson, C. Nellemann, K. Nagatani, A. Warren, D. Dent, S. Morrison, A. Abdukadir, H. Ahlenius, R. Alkemade, M. Bakkenes, B. Brink, E. Ezcurra, O. StËen, B.P. Kaltenborn, L. Miles, T. Tekelenburg, M. Seely, I. Vistnes, and A. Warre | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | This chapter considers alternative futures for deserts in the coming decades. These futures depend both on how we manage the deserts and on global economic developments and environmental policies. Taking into account trends in the numbers of the people, t | | |
| Deserts and the planet _ linkages between deserts and non-deserts | United Nationals Environment Programme | Safriel, U., E. Ezcurra, I. Tegen, W.H. Schlesinger, C. Nellemann, N.H. Batjes, D. Dent, E. Groner, S. Morrison, D. Rosenfeld, U. Avner, N. Brosch, A. Golan-Goldhirsh, P. Alpert, B.A. Portnov, R. Cates, R.P. White, A. Tsonis, M. Schwartz, Y. Ayal, B. Pins | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Designing a network of marine protected areas in California: Achievements, costs, lessons learned, and challenges ahead | Ocean and Coastal Management | Gleason, Mary; Fox, Evan; Ashcraft, Susan; Vasques, Jason; Whiteman, Elizabeth; Serpa, Paulo; Saarman, Emily; Caldwell, Meg; Frimodig, Adam; Miller-Henson, Melissa; Kirlin, John; Ota, Becky; Pope, Elizabeth; Weber, Mike; Wiseman, Ken | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Designing a resilient network of marine protected areas for Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea | Oryx | Green, Alison; Smith, Scott E.; Lipsett-Moore, Geoff; Groves, Craig; Peterson, Nate; Sheppard, Stu; Lokani, Paul; Hamilton, Richard; Almany, Jeanine; Aitsi, Joseph; Bualia, Leo | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | The Nature Conservancy takes a strategic and systematic approach to conservation planning. Ecoregional assessments are used to set goals and identify geographical priorities, and Conservation Action Planning is used to develop strategic plans for | | |
| Designing coastal conservation to deliver ecosystem and human well-being benefits | PLOS ONE | Annis, Gust M.; Pearsall, Douglas R.; Kahl, Katherine J.; Washburn, Erika L.; May, Christopher A.; Taylor, Rachael Franks; Cole, James B.; Ewert, David N.; Game, Edward T.; Doran, Patrick J. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation scientists increasingly recognize that incorporating human values into conservation planning increases the chances for success by garnering broader project acceptance. However, methods for defining quantitative targets for the spatial representation of human well-being priorities are less developed. In this study we employ an approach for identifying regionally important human values and establishing specific spatial targets for their representation based on stakeholder outreach. Our primary objective was to develop a spatially-explicit conservation plan that identifies the most efficient locations for conservation actions to meet ecological goals while sustaining or enhancing human well-being values within the coastal and nearshore areas of the western Lake Erie basin (WLEB). We conducted an optimization analysis using 26 features representing ecological and human well-being priorities (13 of each), and included seven cost layers. The influence that including human well-being had on project results was tested by running five scenarios and setting targets for human well-being at different levels in each scenario. The most important areas for conservation to achieve multiple goals are clustered along the coast, reflecting a concentration of existing or potentially restorable coastal wetlands, coastal landbird stopover habitat and terrestrial biodiversity, as well as important recreational activities. Inland important areas tended to cluster around trails and high quality inland landbird stopover habitat. Most concentrated areas of importance also are centered on lands that are already conserved, reflecting the lower costs and higher benefits of enlarging these conserved areas rather than conserving isolated, dispersed areas. Including human well-being features in the analysis only influenced the solution at the highest target levels. | conservation science; lakes; habitats; freshwater ecology; wetlands; coastal ecology; conservation biology; surface water | |
| Designing marine protected area networks to address the impacts of climate change | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | McLeod, Elizabeth; Salm, Rodney; Green, Alison; Almany, Jeanine | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Designing Marine Reserves for Fisheries Management, Biodiversity Conservation, and Climate Change Adaptation | Coastal Management | Green, Alison L.; Fernandes, Leanne; Almany, Glenn; Abesamis, Rene; McLeod, Elizabeth; Alino, Porfirio M.; White, Alan T.; Salm, Rod; Tanzer, John; Pressey, Robert L. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Designing virtuous socio-ecological cycles for biodiversity conservation | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Morrison, Scott A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Designing, implementing and managing marine protected areas: Emerging trends and opportunities for coral reef nations | Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology | Ban, Natalie C.; Adams, Vanessa M.; Almany, Glenn R.; Ban, Stephen; Cinner, Josh E.; McCook, Laurence J.; Mills, Morena; Pressey, Robert L.; White, Alan | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Detecting and mapping western pine beetle infestations with airborne videography, global positioning system and geographic information system technologies | Southwestern Entomologist | Everitt, JH; Richerson, JV; Karges, J; Alaniz, MA; Davis, MR; Gomez, A | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | Detecting and mapping western pine beetle infestations with airborne videography, globalpositioning system and geographic information system technologies. ... | | |
| Detecting and monitoring coral bleaching events. | Ecological Studies | Spalding, M.D. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Detecting and monitoring coral bleaching is considered across three broad spatial scales: remote sensing; field studies; and individual coral colonies and polyps. Remote sensing observations have limitations, although aerial photography offers sufficient resolution for detecting and quantifying bleaching. Much lower resolution SST anomalies have also proved valuable as short-term predictors of bleaching and in post hoc bleaching likelihood indicators for un-surveyed areas. Field based observations offer reliability at the expense of reduced spatial coverage. Nested sampling may allow for generalised observations across all reef zones, while allowing for more accurate quantification at fixed locations. Methods should be devised to facilitate comparison with other monitoring; and must include measures of mortality, recovery and recruitment over time. At the scale of individual colonies a broad array of techniques are available for in situ and field laboratory observations, strengthening our understanding of underlying mechanisms and supporting better predictive modelling of future impacts. | coral bleaching | |
| Detecting regional anthropogenic trends in ocean acidification against natural variability | Nature Climate Change | Friedrich, T.; Timmermann, A.; Abe-Ouchi, A.; Bates, N. R.; Chikamoto, M. O.; Church, M. J.; Dore, J. E.; Gledhill, D. K.; Gonzalez-Davila, M.; Heinemann, M.; Ilyina, T.; Jungclaus, J. H.; McLeod, E.; Mouchet, A.; Santana-Casiano, J. M. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Detection of Asian carp DNA as part of a Great Lakes basin-wide surveillance program | Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences | Jerde, Christopher L.; Chadderton, W. Lindsay; Mahon, Andrew R.; Renshaw, Mark A.; Corush, Joel; Budny, Michelle L.; Mysorekar, Sagar; Lodge, David M. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Determinants of reproductive costs in the long-lived Black-legged Kittiwake: a multiyear experiment | Ecological Monographs | Golet G.H., J.A. Schmutz, D.B. Irons and J.A. Estes | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | We studied reproductive costs of Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) in Prince William Sound, Alaska (USA) by removing entire clutches from randomly selected nests over four successive years, and then contrasting survival and fecundity of adults fr | | |
| Determining The Effects Of Dams On Subdaily Variation In River Flows At A Whole-Basin Scale | River Research And Applications | Zimmerman, Julie K. H.; Letcher, Benjamin H.; Nislow, Keith H.; Lutz, Kimberly A.; Magilligan, Francis J. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Developing a framework for assessing coastal vulnerability to sea level rise in Southern New England, USA | | Gilmer, B. and Z. Ferda_a | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Developing a marine conservation program in temperate Australia: determining priorities for action | Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs | JA Fitzsimons, L Hale, B Hancock, MW Beck | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Developing and Implementing Climate Change Adaptation Options in Forest Ecosystems: A Case Study in Southwestern Oregon, USA | FORESTS | Halofsky, Jessica E.; Peterson, David L.; Metlen, Kerry L.; Myer, M. Gwyneth; Sample, V. Alaric | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Climate change will likely have significant effects on forest ecosystems worldwide. In Mediterranean regions, such as that in southwestern Oregon, USA, changes will likely be driven mainly by wildfire and drought. To minimize the negative effects of climate change, resource managers require tools and information to assess climate change vulnerabilities and to develop and implement adaptation actions. We developed an approach to facilitate development and implementation of climate change adaptation options in forest management. This approach, applied in a southwestern Oregon study region, involved establishment of a scienceÐmanager partnership, a science-based assessment of forest and woodland vulnerabilities to climate change, climate change education in multiple formats, hands-on development of adaptation options, and application of tools to incorporate climate change in planned projects. Through this approach, we improved local manager understanding of the potential effects of climate change in southwestern Oregon, and enabled evaluation of proposed management activities in the context of climatic stressors. Engaging managers throughout the project increased ownership of the process and outcomes, as well as the applicability of the adaptation options to on-the-ground actions. ScienceÐmanagement partnerships can effectively incorporate evolving science, regardless of the socio-political environment, and facilitate timely progress in adaptation to climate change. | adaptation; climate change; resource management; vegetation; vulnerability assessment; southwestern Oregon; Klamath-Siskiyou ecoregion | |
| Developing ecological criteria for sustainable water management in Minnesota | The Nature Conservancy | Blann K, Kendy E | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Developing indicators of ecosystem condition using geographic information systems and remote sensing | Regional Environmental Change | Revenga, Carmen | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Improvements in remote sensing technologies and the use of geographic information system (GIS), are increasingly allowing us to develop indicators that can be used to monitor and assess ecosystem condition and change at multiple scales. This pape | | |
| Developing locally managed marine areas: Lessons learnt from Kenya | OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT | Kawaka, Joan A.; Samoilys, Melita A.; Murunga, Michael; Church, Julie; Abunge, Carolyne; Maina, George Waweru | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Developing Marine Protected Area Networks in the Coral Triangle: Good Practices for Expanding the Coral Triangle Marine Protected Area System | Coastal Management | Weeks, Rebecca; Alino, Porfirio M.; Atkinson, Scott; Beldia, Pacifico, II; Binson, Augustine; Campos, Wilfredo L.; Djohani, Rili; Green, Alison L.; Hamilton, Richard; Horigue, Vera; Jumin, Robecca; Kalim, Kay; Kasasiah, Ahsanal; Kereseka, Jimmy; Klein, Ca | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Development and Application of a Method to Identify Salt Marsh Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise | ESTUARIES AND COASTS | Ekberg, Marci L. Cole; Raposa, Kenneth B.; Ferguson, Wenley S.; Ruddock, Kevin; Watson, Elizabeth Burke | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Development and application of a video-mosaic survey technology to document the status of coral reef communities | Environmental Monitoring And Assessment | Lirman, Diego; Gracias, Nuno Ricardo; Gintert, Brooke Erin; Gleason, Arthur Charles Rogde; Reid, Ruth Pamela; Negahdaripour, Shahriar; Kramer, Philip | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The recent decline in the condition of coral reef communities worldwide has fueled the need to develop innovative assessment tools to document coral abundance and distribution rapidly and effectively. While most monitoring programs rely primarily | | |
| Development by Design in Colombia: Making Mitigation Decisions Consistent with Conservation Outcomes | PLOS ONE | Saenz, Shirley, Walschburger, Tomas; Gonzalez, Juan Carlos; Leon, Jorge; McKenney, Bruce; Kiesecker, Joseph | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | Mitigation policy and regulatory frameworks are consistent in their strong support for the mitigation hierarchy of: (1) avoiding impacts, (2) minimizing impacts, and then (3) offsetting/compensating for residual impacts. While mitigation frameworks require developers to avoid, minimize and restore biodiversity on-site before considering an offset for residual impacts, there is a lack of quantitative guidance for this decision-making process. What are the criteria for requiring impacts be avoided altogether? Here we examine how conservation planning can guide the application of the mitigation hierarchy to address this issue. In support of the Colombian government's aim to improve siting and mitigation practices for planned development, we examined five pilot projects in landscapes expected to experience significant increases in mining, petroleum and/or infrastructure development. By blending landscape-level conservation planning with application of the mitigation hierarchy, we can proactively identify where proposed development and conservation priorities would be in conflict and where impacts should be avoided. The approach we outline here has been adopted by the Colombian Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development to guide licensing decisions, avoid piecemeal licensing, and promote mitigation decisions that maintain landscape condition. | conservation science; biodiversity; ecosystems; pilot studies; terrestrial ecology; marine ecology; oils; spatial and landscape ecology | |
| Development by Design in Western Australia: Overcoming offset obstacles | Land | Fitzsimons, J., M. Heiner, B. McKenney, K. Sochi, and J. Kiesecker | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Development by design: blending landscape-level planning with the mitigation hierarchy | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Kiesecker, J. M., H. Copeland, A. Pocewicz, and B. McKenney | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | 1. A systematic conservation planning approach using benthic habitat and imperilled species data along with the site prioritization algorithm, MARXAN, was used to identify a spatially efficient portfolio of marine and estuarine sites around Flori | | |
| Development by Design: Mitigating Wind Development's Impacts on Wildlife in Kansas | PLoS ONE | Obermeyer, Brian; Manes, Robert; Kiesecker, Joseph; Fargione, Joseph; Sochi, Kei | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | Wind energy, if improperly sited, can impact wildlife through direct mortality and habitat loss and fragmentation, in contrast to its environmental benefits in the areas of greenhouse gas, air quality, and water quality. Fortunately, risks to wildlife from wind energy may be alleviated through proper siting and mitigation offsets. Here we identify areas in Kansas where wind development is incompatible with conservation, areas where wind development may proceed but with compensatory mitigation for impacts, and areas where development could proceed without the need for compensatory mitigation. We demonstrate that approximately 10.3 million ha in Kansas (48 percent of the state) has the potential to provide 478 GW of installed capacity while still meeting conservation goals. Of this total, approximately 2.7 million ha would require no compensatory mitigation and could produce up to 125 GW of installed capacity. This is 1,648 percent higher than the level of wind development needed in Kansas by 2030 if the United States is to get 20 percent of its electricity from wind. Projects that avoid and offset impacts consistent with this analysis could be awarded “Green Certification.” Certification may help to expand and sustain the wind industry by facilitating the completion of individual projects sited to avoid sensitive areas and protecting the industry's reputation as an ecologically friendly source of electricity. | wind power; conservation science; grasslands; animal migration; wildlife; alternative energy; habitats; Kansas; | |
| Development by Design: Using a revisionist history to guide a sustainable future | Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, second edition | Kiesecker, J., K. Sochi, M. Heiner, B. McKenney, J. Evans, and H. Copeland | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Development of a Shared Vision for Groundwater Management to Protect and Sustain Baseflows of the Upper San Pedro River, Arizona, USA | Water | Richter, H.E., B. Gungle, L.J. Lacher, D.S. Turner, and B.M. Bushman | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Development of an integrated multiplatform approach for assessing brush management conservation efforts in semiarid rangelands (vol 9, 096057, 2015) | JOURNAL OF APPLIED REMOTE SENSING | Collins, Chandra D. Holifield; Kautz, Mark A.; Tiller, Ronald; Lohani, Sapana; Ponce-Campos, Guillermo; Hottenstein, John; Metz, Loretta J. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Development of direct seeding techniques to restore native groundcover in a sandhill ecosystem | | Hattenbach, M.J., D.R. Gordon, G.S. Seamon, and R.G. Studenmund | 1998 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Developmental stability across the breeding distribution of the scissor-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus forficatus) | Ecology Letters | Gonzalez-Guzman, LI; Mehlman, DW | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| DGVM responses to the latest IPCC future climate scenarios | Global And Planetary Change | Bachelet, Dominique; Price, David | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Diccionario de la Biodiversidad. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) & Cooperaci„n Espa_ola (AECI). Including 5,739 terms | INBio Press, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica | Kappelle, M | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Dictyostelid cellular slime molds from caves | Journal Of Cave And Karst Studies | Landolt, JC; Stephenson, SL; Slay, ME | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Dictyostelid cellular slime molds (dictyostelids) are singlecelled, eukaryotic, phagotrophic bacterivores usually present and often abundant in terrestrial ecosystems (Raper, 1984). These organisms represent a normal component of the microflora in soils a | | |
| Did land protection in Silicon Valley reduce the housing stock? | Biological Conservation | Denning, Carrie A.; Mcdonald, Robert I.; Christensen, Jon | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Diel variation of larval fish abundance in the Amazon and Rio Negro | Braz. J. Biol | Araujo-Lima, C.A.R.M., V.V da Silva, P.Petry E.C. Oliveira and S.M.L. Moura | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Diel Variation Related to Thermal Mixing in a Subtropical and in a North-Temperate Shallow Floodplain Lake | Journal Of Freshwater Ecology | Lemke, Michael J.; Pagioro, Thomaz A.; Lemke, A. Maria; Thomaz, Sidinei M. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Diet of Powerful Owls Ninox strenua in inner city Melbourne parks, Victoria | Australian Field Ornithology | Fitzsimons, J.A. and A.B. Rose | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Diet of the Speckled Boobook Ninox punctulata in north Sulawesi, Indonesia | Forktail | Fitzsimons, James A.; Meijaard, Erik; Hunowu, Iwan; Prawiradilaga, Dewi; Thomas, Janelle L.; Tasirin, Johny S. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Diet preferences of goats in a subtropical dry forest and implications for habitat management | TROPICAL ECOLOGY | Fleming, Genie M.; Wunderle, Joseph M., Jr.; Ewert, David N. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | As part of an experimental study of using controlled goat grazing to manage winter habitat of the KirtlandÕs warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii), an endangered Nearcticneotropical migratory bird, we evaluated diet preferences of domesticated goats within earlysuccessional subtropical dry forest in The Bahamas. We expected goats would show a low preference for two plants (Lantana involucrata, Erithalis fruticosa) important to the birdÕs winter diet and that occur in abundance in goat-grazed areas throughout the region. Contrary to our expectations, the plants were among a set of species, including Acacia choriophylla, Passiflora spp., and Thrinax morrisii, with moderate to high palatability during the mid-late dry season. Thus, strict avoidance of the two warbler food plants by goats is not a direct mechanism promoting their abundance in grazed areas. Nonetheless, grazing may still prove an economically viable means of managing existing warbler habitat by delaying succession toward a mature forest community where important food resources may be lacking. | | |
| Diet selection is related to breeding status in two frugivorous hornbill species of Central Africa | Journal of Tropical Ecology | Lamperti, A.M. A.R. French, E.S. Dierenfeld, M.K. Fogiel, K.D. Whitney, D.J. Stauffer, K.M. Holbrook, B.D. Hardesty, C.J. Clark, J.R. Poulsen, B.C. Wang, T.B. Smith, and V.T. Parker | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Differential effects of food availability and nest predation risk on avian reproductive strategies | Behavioral Ecology | Sofaer, Helen R.; Sillett, T. Scott; Peluc, Susana I.; Morrison, Scott A.; Ghalambor, Cameron K. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Differential matrix use by Neotropical birds based on species traits and landscape condition | ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS | Kennedy, Christina M.; Zipkin, Elise F.; Marra, Peter P. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1.0 | NatureServe, Arlington, VA | Ridgely, R.S., T. F. Allnutt, T. Brooks, D.K. McNicol, D.W. Mehlman, B.E. Young, and J.R. Zook | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Diminishing return on investment for biodiversity data in conservation planning | Conservation Letters | Grantham, Hedley S.; Moilanen, Atte; Wilson, Kerrie A.; Pressey, Robert L.; Rebelo, Tony G.; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | It is generally assumed that gathering more data is a good investment for conservation planning. However, the benefits of additional data have seldom been evaluated by analyzing the return on investment. If there are diminishing returns in terms of improved planning, then resources might be better directed toward other actions, depending on their relative costs and benefits. Our aim was to determine the return on investment from spending different amounts on survey data before undertaking a program of implementing new protected areas. We estimated how much protea data is obtained as a function of dollars invested in surveying. We then simulated incremental protection and loss of habitat to determine the benefit of investment in that data on the protection of proteas. We found that, after an investment of only US$100,000 (_780,000 South Africa Rand [ZAR]), there was little increase in the effectiveness of conservation prioritizations, despite the full data set costing at least 25 times that amount. | | |
| Diminishing sea ice - Response | Science | Halpern, Benjamin S.; Kappel, Carrie V.; Micheli, Fiorenza; Selkoe, Kimberly A.; D'Agrosa, Caterina; Bruno, John; Casey, Kenneth S.; Ebert, Colin M.; Fox, Helen E.; Fujita, Rod; Heinemann, Dennis; Lenihan, Hunter S.; Madin, Elizabeth M. P.; Perry, Matt; S | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Disappearing jewels: the status of new world amphibians | | Young, B. E., S. N. Stuart, J. S. Chanson, N. A. Cox, T. M. Boucher | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | In recent years scientists and conservationists have raised the alarm that amphibians are disappearing before our very eyes. Even in seemingly pristine habitats, more and more of these dazzling denizens of our forests, deserts, streams, and wetlands have gone missing. But reports so far have been limited in geographic and taxonomic scope. Are these declines widespread or are they limited to a few localized areas? Are amphibians suffering from the general biodiversity crisis in the same manner as other well-publicized groups such as birds or mammals, or is something fundamentally different happening to amphibians? | | |
| Disaster loss and social media: Can online information increase flood resilience? | WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH | Allaire, Maura C. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Discard Estimates from Self-Reported Catch Data: an Example from the US Northeast Shelf | NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT | Bell, Richard J.; Gervelis, Brian; Chamberlain, Glenn; Hoey, John | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Discovering Ecologically Relevant Knowledge from Published Studies through Geosemantic Searching | BioScience | Karl, Jason W.; Herrick, Jeffrey E.; Unnasch, Robert S.; Gillan, Jeffrey K.; Ellis, Erle C.; Lutters, Wayne G.; Martin, Laura J. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Discrete variants of Evening Grosbeak flight calls | Condor | Sewall, K., Kelsey, R., & Hahn, T. P. | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Dise_o de una red ecol„gica de conservaci„n entre la Reserva de Biosfera La Amistad y las ˆreas protegidas del rea de Conservaci„n Osa, Costa Rica | Recursos Naturales y Ambiente | C_spedes, M. V., B. Finegan, B. Herrera, L. D. Delgado, S. Velˆsquez, and J. J. Campos | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Dispelling other myths about the Amazon | Economics Of Deforestation In The Amazon: Dispelling The Myths | Campari, Joao S. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Dispersal of Grouper Larvae Drives Local Resource Sharing in a Coral Reef Fishery | Current Biology | Almany, Glenn R.; Hamilton, Richard J.; Bode, Michael; Matawai, Manuai; Potuku, Tapas; Saenz-Agudelo, Pablo; Planes, Serge; Berumen, Michael L.; Rhodes, Kevin L.; Thorrold, Simon R.; Russ, Garry R.; Jones, Geoffrey P. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Dissecting indices of aridity for assessing the impacts of global climate change | Climatic Change | Girvetz, E.H., and C. Zganjar | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Distal impacts of aquarium trade: Exploring the emerging sandhopper (Orchestoidea tuberculata) artisanal shore gathering fishery in Chile | AMBIO | Tapia-Lewin, Sebastian; Vergara, Karina; De La Barra, Christian; Godoy, Natalio; Carlos Castilla, Juan; Gelcich, Stefan | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Distribution and abundance of shallow water echinoderms from Cocos Island, Costa Rica, Eastern Pacific. | Revista De Biologia Tropical | Jose Alvarado, Juan; Chiriboga, Angel | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Distribution and conservation of Javan Warty Pig (Sus verrucosus) | Oryx | Semiadi, G. and Meijaard, E | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan (Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain? | Oryx | Wich, Serge A.; Meijaard, Erik; Marshall, Andrew J.; Husson, Simon; Ancrenaz, Marc; Lacy, Rolfrt C.; van Schaik, Carel P.; Sugardjito, Jito; Simorangkir, Togu; Traylor-Holzer, Kathy; Doughty, Matt; Supriatna, Jatna; Dennis, Rona; Gumal, Melvin; Knott, Che | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | In recognition of the fact that orang-utans (Pongo spp.) are severely threatened, a meeting of orang-utan experts and conservationists, representatives of national and regional governmental and non-governmental organizations, and other stakeholde | | |
| Distribution And Diet Of Bison And Pocket Gophers In A Sandhills Prairie | Ecological Applications | Steuter, Aa; Steinauer, Em; Hill, Gl; Bowers, Pa; Tieszen, Ll | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | Native herbivores are generally preferred over introduced species for managing prairie preserves. However, contemporary prairies are fragments of the original ecosystem, and their size and management may not match the foraging and/or social behavior of na | | |
| Distribution and habitat of unionid mussels and invasive sea lamprey larvae in the Paw Paw River, a tributary of Lake Michigan | Freshwater Biology | Gruber, Bridget L.; Gonzalez, Sara A. Alderstein; Badra, Peter J.; Herbert, Matthew E. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Distribution of adult Odonata among localized wetlands in east-central Mississippi | Southeastern Naturalist | Bried, JT; Ervin, GN | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | We measured species richness and composition of adult Odonata and inferred habitat preferences among man-made wetland sites and surrounding tracts of natural bottomland forest. Cumulative species richness and composition were described by ... | | |
| Distribution of Mangrove Habitats of Grenada and the Grenadines | Journal Of Coastal Research | Moore, Gregg E.; Gilmer, Ben F.; Schill, Steven R. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Distribution Of Migratory Landbirds Along The Northern Lake Huron Shoreline | Wilson Journal of Ornithology | Ewert, David N.; Hamas, Michael J.; Smith, Robert J.; Dallman, Matt E.; Jorgensen, Scott W. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Distribution of the black-capped vireo at Fort_Hood, Texas, USA_ | The Southwestern Naturalist | Cimprich, D. A., and R. M. Kostecke | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Distribution of the long-footed potoroo (Potorous longipes) and spot-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) in the Goolengook Forest, East Gippsland, Victoria | Australian Mammalogy | Elsner, W.K., Mitchell, A.T. & Fitzsimons, J.A | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Distribution, Habitat, And Field Biology Of Somatochlora-Hineana (Odonata, Corduliidae) | Annals of the Entomological Society Of America | Vogt, Te; Cashatt, Ed | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Distributions of Indo-Pacific lionfishes Pterois spp. in their native ranges: Implications for the Atlantic invasion | Marine Ecology Progress Series | Kulbicki, M., J. Beets, P. Chabanet, K. Cure, E. Darling, S.R. Floeter, R. Galzin, A. Green et al | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Disturbance frequency and patch structure from pre-European settlement to present in the Mixed Forest Province of Minnesota, USA | Canadian Journal of Forest Research | White, M.A., and Host, G.E | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Disturbance Type and Plant Successional Communities in Bahamian Dry Forests | Biotropica | Larkin, Claire C.; Kwit, Charles; Wunderle, Joseph M., Jr.; Helmer, Eileen H.; Stevens, M. Henry H.; Roberts, Montara T. K.; Ewert, David N. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Diversity and distribution of small terrestrial rodents in disturbed and old growth montane oak forests in Costa Rica | Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Oak Forests | Van den Bergh, M. & M. Kappelle | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Diversity, conservation status and threats to native oysters (Ostreidae) around the Atlantic and Caribbean coasts of South America | Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems | A Carranza, O Defeo, M Beck | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Do Golden-cheeked Warblers select nest locations on the basis of patch vegetation? | Auk | Dearborn, DC; Sanchez, LL | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | Proper management of endangered species requires an understanding of habitat use at a variety of spatial scales, and information on nesting habitat is especially important in that regard. We examined vegetation features associated with nest patch | | |
| Do Habitat Characteristics Influence American Alligator Occupancy of Barrier Islands in North Carolina? | SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST | Parlin, Adam; Dinkelacker, Steve; McCall, Aaron | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Do landscape processes predict phylogeographic patterns in the wood frog? | Molecular Ecology | Lee-Yaw, Julie A.; Davidson, Andrew; McRae, Brad H.; Green, David M. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | The recovery of benthic communities inside the western Gulf of Maine fishing closure area was evaluated by comparing invertebrate assemblages at sites inside and outside of the closure four to six years after the closure was established. The majo | | |
| Do not stop: The importance of seamless monitoring and enforcement in an Indonesian marine protected area | Journal of Marine Biology | Mangubhai, S., M. Saleh, Suprayitno, A. Muljadi, Purwanto, K. L. Rhodes, and K. Tjandra | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Do private conservation activities match science-based conservation priorities? | PLoS ONE | Fisher, J. and B. Dills | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Do protected areas reduce blue carbon emissions? A quasi-experimental evaluation of mangroves in Indonesia | Ecological Economics | Miteva, D.A., Murray, B.C., Pattanayak, S.K. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Do small, patchy, constructed intertidal oyster reefs reduce salt marsh erosion as well as natural reefs? | Gulf and Caribbean Research | Stricklin, A. G., M. S. Peterson, J. D. Lopez, C. A. May, C. F. Mohrman, and M. S. Woodrey | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Documenting diversity: The Madrean Archipelago Biodiversity Assessment (MABA) | Journal of Biocommunication | Hedgcock, C., and D. Turner | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Documenting hurricane impacts on coral reefs using two-dimensional video-mosaic technology | Marine Ecology-An Evolutionary Perspective | Gleason, Arthur C. R.; Lirman, Diego; Williams, Dana; Gracias, Nuno R.; Gintert, Brooke E.; Madjidi, Hossein; Reid, R. Pamela; Boynton, G. Chris; Negahdaripour, Shahriar; Miller, Margaret; Kramer, Philip | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Documenting the biodiversity of a local sandhill flora using DNA barcodes: an investigation into the patterns of resolution in polytypic taxa | GENOME | Silvis, Scott D.; Ballenger, Julie; Elmore, Michele; Burgess, Kevin | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Does conservation need landscape ecology? A perspective from both sides of the divide | Managing and Designing Landscapes for Conservation. Moving from Perspectives to Principles | Wiens, J.A | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | As the emphasis of conservation has shifted from protecting species to include entire ecological systems or 'functional landscapes', the need for closer linkages between conservation and landscape ecology has become obvious. Several emerging prin | | |
| Does conserving biodiversity work to reduce poverty? A state of knowledge review | | Leisher, C., Sanjayan, M., Blockhus, J., Larsen, N. and Kontoleon, A | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Does hunting or hiking affect wildlife communities in protected areas? | JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY | Kays, Roland; Parsons, Arielle W.; Baker, Megan C.; Kalies, Elizabeth L.; Forrester, Tavis; Costello, Robert; Rota, Christopher T.; Millspaugh, Joshua J.; McShea, William J. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | 1. Managed public wild areas have dual mandates to protect biodiversity and provide recreational opportunities for people. These goals could be at odds if recreation, ranging from hiking to legal hunting, disrupts wildlife enough to alter their space use or community structure. 2. We evaluated the effect of managed hunting and recreation on 12 terrestrial wildlife species by employing a large citizen science camera trapping survey at 1947 sites stratified across different levels of human activities in 32 protected forests in the eastern USA. 3. Habitat covariates, especially the amount of large continuous forest and local housing density, were more important than recreation for affecting the distribution of most species. The four most hunted species (white-tailed deer, raccoons, eastern grey and fox squirrels) were commonly detected throughout the region, but relatively less so at hunted sites. Recreation was most important for affecting the distribution of coyotes, which used hunted areas more compared with unhunted control areas, and did not avoid areas used by hikers. 4. Most species did not avoid human-made trails, and many predators positively selected them. Bears and bobcats were more likely to avoid people in hunted areas than unhunted preserves, suggesting that they perceive the risk of humans differently depending on local hunting regulations. However, this effect was not found for the most heavily hunted species, suggesting that human hunters are not broadly creating ïfearÍ effects to the wildlife community as would be expected for apex predators. 5. Synthesis and applications. Although we found that hiking and managed hunting have measureable effects on the distribution of some species, these were relatively minor in comparison with the importance of habitat covariates associated with land use and habitat fragmentation. These patterns of wildlife distribution suggest that the present practices for regulating recreation in the region are sustainable and in balance with the goal of protecting wildlife populations and may be facilitated by decades of animal habituation to humans. The citizen science monitoring approach we developed could offer a long-term monitoring protocol for protected areas, which would help managers to detect where and when the balance between recreation and wildlife has tipped. | | |
| Does Stem Injection of Glyphosate Control Invasive Knotweeds (Polygonum spp.)? A Comparison of Four Methods | Invasive Plant Science and Management | Hagen, Erin N.; Dunwiddie, Peter W. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Japanese knotweed, Sakhalin knotweed, and their hybrid, Bohemian knotweed, are invasive across much of the United States. Monocultures formed by these species threaten natural riparian areas, and effective methods of control are being sought. Inj | | |
| Does the gender composition of forest and fishery management groups affect resource governance and conservation outcomes? A systematic map | Environmental Evidence | Leisher, Craig; Temsah, Gheda; Booker, Francesca; Day, Michael; Samberg, Leah; Prosnitz, Debra; Agarwal, Bina; Matthews, Elizabeth; Roe, Dilys; Russell, Diane; Sunderland, Terry; Wilkie, David | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Women often use natural resources differently than men yet frequently have minimal influence on how local resources are managed. An emerging hypothesis is that empowering more women in local resource decision-making may lead to better resource governance and conservation. Here we focus on the forestry and fisheries sectors to answer the question: What is the evidence that the gender composition of forest and fisheries management groups affects resource governance and conservation outcomes? We present a systematic map detailing the geographic and thematic extent of the evidence base and assessing the quality of the evidence, as per a published a priori protocol. | community based; conservation; equity; gender mainstreaming; livelihoods; sustainability; systematic review | |
| Does the Shoe Fit? Real versus Imagined Ecological Footprints | Plos Biology | Blomqvist, Linus; Brook, Barry W.; Ellis, Erle C.; Kareiva, Peter M.; Nordhaus, Ted; Shellenberger, Michael | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Domesticated nature: Shaping landscapes and ecosystems for human welfare | Science | Kareiva, Peter; Watts, Sean; McDonald, Robert; Boucher, Tim | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Like all species, humans have exercised their impulse to perpetuate and propagate themselves. In doing so, we have domesticated landscapes and ecosystems in ways that enhance our food supplies, reduce exposure to predators and natural dangers, an | | |
| Don't Be Such a Scientist Talking Substance in an Age of Style | Science | Kareiva, Peter | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Don't Discount Economic Valuation for Conservation | CONSERVATION LETTERS | Scharks, Tim; Masuda, Yuta J. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Drawing Management Conclusions In Conservation Biology | Conservation Biology | Warren, P | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | Wiley Online Library. Conservation BiologyVolume 8, Issue4, Article first published online: 13 MAY 2002. ... | | |
| Drought, and Host-Plant Mortality. In: Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil: Fertility, Structure, and Carbon Storage | | Gehring, C.A., Swaty, R.L. and Deckert, R. Mycorrhizas | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil: Fertility, Structure, and Carbon Storage offers a better understanding of mycorrhizal mediation that will help inform earth system models and subsequently improve the accuracy of global carbon model predictions. Mycorrhizas transport tremendous quantities of plant-derived carbon below ground and are increasingly recognized for their importance in the creation, structure, and function of soils. Different global carbon models vary widely in their predictions of the dynamics of the terrestrial carbon pool, ranging from a large sink to a large source. This edited book presents a unique synthesis of the influence of environmental change on mycorrhizas across a wide range of ecosystems, as well as a clear examination of new discoveries and challenges for the future, to inform land management practices that preserve or increase below ground carbon storage. | | |
| Droughts, floods and freshwater ecosystems: evaluating climate change impacts and developing adaptation strategies | Marine And Freshwater Research | Aldous, Allison; Fitzsimons, James; Richter, Brian; Bach, Leslie | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Duration And Rate Of Spring Migration Of Kirtland'S Warblers | Wilson Journal of Ornithology | Ewert, David N.; Hall, Kimberly R.; Wunderle, Joseph M., Jr.; Currie, Dave; Rockwell, Sarah M.; Johnson, Scott B.; White, Jennifer D. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Dynamic conservation for migratory species | Science Advances | Reynolds, Mark D.; Sullivan, Brian L.; Hallstein, Eric; Matsumoto, Sandra; Kelling, Steve; Merrifield, Matthew; Fink, Daniel; Johnston, Alison; Hochachka, Wesley M.; Bruns, Nicholas E.; Reiter, Matthew E.; Veloz, Sam; Hickey, Catherine; Elliott, Nathan; Martin, Leslie; Fitzpatrick, John W.; Spraycar, Paul; Golet, Gregory H.; McColl, Christopher; Morrison, Scott A. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | In an era of unprecedented and rapid global change, dynamic conservation strategies that tailor the delivery of habitat to when and where it is most needed can be critical for the persistence of species, especially those with diverse and dispersed habitat requirements. We demonstrate the effectiveness of such a strategy for migratory waterbirds. We analyzed citizen science and satellite data to develop predictive models of bird populations and the availability of wetlands, which we used to determine temporal and spatial gaps in habitat during a vital stage of the annual migration. We then filled those gaps using a reverse auction marketplace to incent qualifying landowners to create temporary wetlands on their properties. This approach is a cost-effective way of adaptively meeting habitat needs for migratory species, optimizes conservation outcomes relative to investment, and can be applied broadly to other conservation challenges. | | |
| Dynamic Disturbance Processes Create Dynamic Lek Site Selection in a Prairie Grouse | PLOS ONE | Hovick, Torre J.; Allred, Brady W.; Elmore, R. Dwayne; Fuhlendorf, Samuel D.; Hamilton, Robert G.; Breland, Amber | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | It is well understood that landscape processes can affect habitat selection patterns, movements, and species persistence. These selection patterns may be altered or even eliminated as a result of changes in disturbance regimes and a concomitant management focus on uniform, moderate disturbance across landscapes. To assess how restored landscape heterogeneity influences habitat selection patterns, we examined 21 years (1991, 1993_2012) of Greater Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido) lek location data in tallgrass prairie with restored fire and grazing processes. Our study took place at The Nature ConservancyÍs Tallgrass Prairie Preserve located at the southern extent of Flint Hills in northeastern Oklahoma. We specifically addressed stability of lek locations in the context of the fire-grazing interaction, and the environmental factors influencing lek locations. We found that lek locations were dynamic in a landscape with interacting fire and grazing. While previous conservation efforts have treated leks as stable with high site fidelity in static landscapes, a majority of lek locations in our study (i.e., 65%) moved by nearly one kilometer on an annual basis in this dynamic setting. Lek sites were in elevated areas with low tree cover and low road density. Additionally, lek site selection was influenced by an interaction of fire and patch edge, indicating that in recently burned patches, leks were located near patch edges. These results suggest that dynamic and interactive processes such as fire and grazing that restore heterogeneity to grasslands do influence habitat selection patterns in prairie grouse, a phenomenon that is likely to apply throughout the Greater Prairie-ChickenÍs distribution when dynamic processes are restored. As conservation moves toward restoring dynamic historic disturbance patterns, it will be important that siting and planning of anthropogenic structures (e.g., wind energy, oil and gas) and management plans not view lek locations as static points, but rather as sites that shift around the landscape in response to shifting vegetation structure. Acknowledging shifting lek locations in these landscapes will help ensure conservation efforts are successful by targeting the appropriate areas for protection and management. | | |
| Dynamic marine protected areas can improve the resilience of coral reef systems | Ecology Letters | Game, Edward T.; Bode, Michael; McDonald-Madden, Eve; Grantham, Hedley S.; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Marine Protected Areas are usually static, permanently closed areas. There are, however, both social and ecological reasons to adopt dynamic closures, where reserves move through time. Using a general theoretical framework, we investigate whether | | |
| Dynamic social system in Nubian ibex: can a second mating season develop in response to arid climate? | Journal Of Zoology | Massolo, A.; Spalton, J. A.; Tear, T. H.; Lawrence, M. W.; Al Harsusi, L. Said; Lovari, S. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | We studied a population of Nubian ibex Capra ibex nubiana in the eastern extreme of its range, the hyper-arid central desert of the Sultanate of Oman. Long-term data were collected from January 1983 to December 1997 by direct observation, as well | | |
| Dynamics Of A Northern Barrier Beach - Nauset Spit, Cape-Cod, Massachusetts | Geological Society Of America Bulletin | Leatherman, Sp; Zaremba, Re | 1986 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Early detection monitoring for aquatic non-indigenous species: Optimizing surveillance, incorporating advanced technologies, and identifying research needs | JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT | Trebitz, Anett S.; Hoffman, Joel C.; Darling, John A.; Pilgrim, Erik M.; Kelly, John R.; Brown, Emily A.; Chadderton, W. Lindsay; Egan, Scott P.; Grey, Erin K.; Hashsham, Syed A.; Klymus, Katy E.; Mahon, Andrew R.; Ram, Jeffrey L.; Schultz, Martin T.; Stepien, Carol A.; Schardt, James C. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Early Detection Of New Plant Invaders In New England: Your Help Is Needed! | Rhodora | Lombard, Karen; Boettner, Cynthia | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Early Differential Responses of Co-dominant Canopy Species to Sudden and Severe Drought in a Mediterranean-climate Type Forest | FORESTS | Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Matusick, George; Hardy, Giles E. St J. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Eastern Hemlock Conservation: A Collaborative Approach to Prioritization through a Diverse Partnership | ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICE | Johnson, Sarah; Bearer, Scott; Hille, Andrea; Stout, Susan; Turcotte, Rick | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecological and Behavioral Methods for the Study of Bats, 2nd edition | | Walsh, A. L., and P. A. Morton | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecological Change on California's Channel Islands from the Pleistocene to the Anthropocene | BioScience | Rick, Torben C.; Sillett, T. Scott; Ghalambor, Cameron K.; Hofman, Courtney A.; Ralls, Katherine; Anderson, R. Scott; Boser, Christina L.; Braje, Todd J.; Cayan, Daniel R.; Chesser, R. Terry; Collins, Paul W.; Erlandson, Jon M.; Faulkner, Kate R.; Fleisch | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecological checklist of the Missouri flora for Floristic Quality Assessment | Phytoneuron | Ladd, Douglas, Justin R Thomas | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecological Connectivity for a Changing Climate | Conservation Biology | Krosby, Meade; Tewksbury, Joshua; Haddad, Nick M.; Hoekstra, Jonathan | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecological connectivity or Barrier Fence? Critical choices on the agricultural margins of Western Australia | Ecological Management and Restoration | Bradby, K.,¾J.A. Fitzsimons, A. Del Marco, D.A. Driscoll, E.G. Ritchie, J. Lau, C.J.A. Bradshaw & R.J. Hobbs | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Ecological consequences of ontogenetic shifts in predator diet: Seasonal constraint of a behaviorally mediated indirect interaction | Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology | Melanie J. Bishop, Stephanie L. Wear | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Predators play an important role in structuring assemblages through direct and cascading indirect effects. While there has been recent interest in how the strength and direction of trophic cascades vary spatially, seasonal variability in trophic links is seldom considered. In North Carolina, recruitment-failure of bay scallops typically occurs following the spring but not the fall spawning despite the presence in each of these seasons of predatory blue crabs. One explanation for this pattern is that in the fall, seasonally abundant predators of blue crabs reduce the foraging efficiency of crabs on scallops and thus the overall magnitude of top-down effects. Quantification of bay scallop consumption by blue crabs in closed mesocosms with or without pinfish supported the hypothesis that seasonally abundant adult pinfish indirectly increase survivorship of bay scallop recruits in fall by reducing predation by blue crabs. Despite voracious consumption of bay scallops during both the day and night in mesocosms to which only small blue crabs were added, blue crabs in mesocosms with visually-foraging adult pinfish consumed bay scallops only by night. Juvenile pinfish that dominate estuarine populations in spring did not impede consumption of bay scallops by blue crabs. In mesocosms from which animals could not emigrate, the addition of neither adult nor juvenile pinfish increased the mortality of blue crabs, indicating a behaviorally mediated interaction. Blue crabs restricted by adult pinfish to nocturnal feeding did not compensate for lost feeding time by increasing their night-time consumption of bay scallops. These results strongly suggest that greater survivorship of bay scallops in fall than spring is due to adult pinfish, potential predators of small blue crabs, restricting blue crab foraging to hours of dark. In spring, when pinfish are small and incapable of consuming blue crabs, blue crabs consume bay scallops by day and by night. Such seasonal variation in the number of trophic links in a system may have important evolutionary implications. By timing reproduction to occur in fall when the pinfish_crab_scallop cascade is in operation, bay scallops maximize recruitment. | Behavioral mediation; Indirect effect; Mortality; Predation; Trophic cascade | |
| Ecological effects of bottom trawling on the structural attributes of fish habitat in unconsolidated sediments along the central California outer continental shelf | Fishery Bulletin | Lindholm, James; Gleason, Mary; Kline, Donna; Clary, Larissa; Rienecke, Steve; Cramer, Alli; Huertos, Marc Los | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecological Functions of an Impounded Marsh and Three Natural Estuarine Marshes along Woodbridge River, NY/NJ Harbor | Urban Ecosystems | Sturdevant, A., C. Craft, and J. Sacco | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecological notes on the East Gippsland Burrowing Crayfish (Engaeus orientalis), including burrow structure and associated fauna | Australian Zoologist | Fitzsimons, J.A. & Antos, M.J | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecological resilience, climate change and the Great Barrier Reef | | McCook, L.J., Folke, C., Hughes, T., Nystr_m, M., Obura, D., Salm, R | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The vulnerability assessments in this volume frequently refer to the resilience of various ecosystem elements in the face of climate change. This chapter provides an introduction to the concept of ecological resilience, and its application as part of a ma | | |
| Ecological responses to altered flow regimes: a literature review to inform the science and management of environmental flows | Freshwater Biology | Poff, N. LeRoy; Zimmerman, Julie K. H. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecological Risk Assessment for the Paraguay River Basin: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay | | Petry, P., S. T. Rodrigues, M. B. R. Neto, M. Matsumoto, G. Kimura, M. Becker, P. Rebolledo, A. AraÏjo, B. C. Oliveira, M. S. Soares, M. G. Oliveira & J. GuimarÜes | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecological thresholds: The key to successful environmental management or an important concept with no practical application? | Ecosystems | Groffman, P; Baron, J; Blett, T; Gold, A; Goodman, I; Gunderson, L; Levinson, B; Palmer, M; Paerl, H; Peterson, G; Poff, N; Rejeski, D; Reynolds, J; Turner, M; Weathers, K; Wiens, J | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | An ecological threshold is the point at which there is an abrupt change in an ecosystem quality, property or phenomenon, or where small changes in an environmental driver produce large responses in the ecosystem. Analysis of thresholds is complic | | |
| Ecologically Functional Floodplains: Connectivity, Flow Regime, and Scale | Journal of the American Water Resources Association | Opperman, Jeffrey J.; Luster, Ryan; McKenney, Bruce A.; Roberts, Michael; Meadows, Amanda Wrona | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecologically Sustainable Water Management: Managing River Flows for Ecological Integrity | Ecological Applications | Richter, B. D., R. Mathews, D. L. Harrison and R. Wigington | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Human demands on the world's available freshwater supplies continue to grow as the global population increases. In the endeavor to manage water to meet human needs, the needs of freshwater species and ecosystems have largely been neglected, and the ecolog | | |
| Ecology - Harvesting data from genetically engineered crops | Science | Marvier, Michelle; Carriere, Yves; Ellstrand, Norman; Gepts, Paul; Kareiva, Peter; Rosi-Marshall, Emma; Tabashnik, Bruce E.; Wolfenbarger, L. LaReesa | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecology and Conservation of the Endangered Legume Crotalaria avonensis in Florida Scrub | SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST | Menges, Eric S.; Pace-Aldana, Beatriz; Haller, Sarah J.; Smith, Stacy A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecology and use of old-growth and recovering montane oak forest in the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica | | H_lscher, D., L. K_hler, M. Kappelle, and C. Leuschner | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecology of migratory landbirds during migration in the midwest | | Ewert, D.N. and M.J. Hamas | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecology-poverty considerations for developing sustainable biomass energy options | Integrating Ecology and Poverty Reduction | Ganz, D.J., D.S. Saah, J. Blockhus, and C. Leisher | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Economic Impacts of Invasive Species in Forests Past, Present, and Future | | Holmes, Thomas P.; Aukema, Juliann E.; Von Holle, Betsy; Liebhold, Andrew; Sills, Erin | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Economic Valuation of Coastal and Marine Resources: Bohol Marine Triangle, Philippines | Coastal Management | Samonte-Tan G.P.B., A.T. White, M.A. Tercero, J. Diviva, E. Tabara, C. Caballes | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | This article provides results on the net benefits generated from the natural resources in the Bohol Marine Triangle (BMT) in the Philippines. The BMT spans over 112,000 ha and its coastal ecosystems are rich in biodiversity and provide economic opportunit | | |
| Economic valuation of ecosystem services provided by oyster reefs | BioScience | Grabowski, J. H., R. Brumbaugh, R. Conrad, A. Keeler, J.J. Opaluch, C.H. Peterson, M. Piehler, S.P. Powers and A.R. Smyth | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Economic value of a large marine ecosystem: Danajon double barrier reef, Philippines | OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT | Samonte, Giselle P. B.; Eisma-Osorio, Rose-Liza; Amolo, Rizaller; White, Alan | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecoregional planning in marine environments: identifying priority sites for conservation in the northern Gulf of Mexico | Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems | MW Beck, M Odaya | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecoregions of Arizona (poster): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1141, with map, scale 1:1,325,000 | | Griffith, G.E., J.M. Omernik, C.B. Johnson, and D.S. Turner | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecoregions with crop wild relatives are less well protected | Biodiversity & Agriculture | Sue Stolton, Tim Boucher, Nigel Dudley, Jonathan Hoekstra, Nigel Maxted & Shelagh Kell | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | In situ conservation of crop wild relatives (CWR) is recognised as an important factor in maintaining global food security; however, until now there has been no systematic global assessment of the protection status of this vital source of agrobiodiversity. CWR are not spread evenly across the world, but are concentrated in relatively small regions often referred to as ïcentres of food crop diversityÍ. To assess their global conservation status, we compared levels of habitat protection and habitat loss in centres of crop diversity against global averages for terrestrial ecoregions. Habitat protection in 34 of the world's 825 ecoregions with the highest levels of agrobiodiversity is significantly lower than the global average - 29 ecoregions had less than 10% protection and six had less than 1% of their area under protection. Some of these ecoregions are also undergoing rapid losses in natural habitat. We outline the importance of protected areas in conserving CWR. In light of the findings, we recommend increased commitments by governments, conservation organizations and the agricultural industry to improve in situ protection of CWR in the world's centres of crop diversity in order to protect agrobiodiveristy and improve future food security. | agriculture | |
| Ecosistemas del rea de ConservaciÑn La Amistad PacÕfico, Costa Rica. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), Ministerio de Ambiente y EnergÍa (MINAE), & CooperaciÑn Holandesa (DGIS). Including 86 ecosystems | | Kappelle, M., M. Castro, A. Garita, L. Gonzˆlez, H. Monge & F. Quesada | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecosystem service demand and supply along the urban-to-rural gradient | Journal of Conservation Planning | McDonald, R. I | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecosystem dynamics and pollution effects in an Ozark cave stream | Journal of the American Water Resources Association | Graening, GO; Brown, AV | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecosystem effects of environmental flows: modelling and experimental floods in a dryland river | Freshwater Biology | Shafroth, Patrick B.; Wilcox, Andrew C.; Lytle, David A.; Hickey, John T.; Andersen, Douglas C.; Beauchamp, Vanessa B.; Hautzinger, Andrew; McMullen, Laura E.; Warner, Andrew | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecosystem management in eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan: a case history | Landscape and Urban Planning | Beyer, Jr., D.E., L. Homan, D.N. Ewert | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecosystem management: A landscape ecology perspective | Water Resources Bulletin | Jensen, ME; Bourgeron, P; Everett, R; Goodman, I | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecosystem restoration at the landscape-scale: Assessing conservation success at the Efroymson Restoration | S. Fore, editor, Proceedings of the 18th North American Prairie Conference: Promoting Prairie. Truman State University Press | Shuey, J. A. and C. OêLeary | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecosystem restoration at the landscape-scale: Design and implementation at the Efroymson Restoration | | OêLeary, C. and J. A. Shuey | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecosystem services | Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, second edition | Tallis, H., A. Guerry, and G.C. Daily | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecosystem services | Current Biology | Tallis, H; Kareiva, P | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecosystem services and resource management: Institutional issues, challenges, and opportunities in the public sector | ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS | Scarlett, Lynn; Boyd, James | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecosystem services in decision making: time to deliver | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Daily, Gretchen C.; Polasky, Stephen; Goldstein, Joshua; Kareiva, Peter M.; Mooney, Harold A.; Pejchar, Liba; Ricketts, Taylor H.; Salzman, James; Shallenberger, Robert | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Over the past decade, efforts to value and protect ecosystem services have been promoted by many as the last, best hope for making conservation mainstream-attractive and commonplace worldwide. In theory, if we can help individuals and institutions to reco | | |
| Ecosystem services of Lake Erie: Spatial distribution and concordance of multiple services | JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH | Allan, J. David; Manning, Nathan F.; Smith, Sigrid D. P.; Dickinson, Caitlin E.; Joseph, Christine A.; Pearsall, Douglas R. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecosystem services related to oyster restoration | Marine Ecology Progress Series | Coen, LD, RD Brumbaugh, D Bushek, R Grizzle, MW Luckenbach, MH Posey, SP Powers, and SG Tolley | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The importance of restoring filter-feeders, such as the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, to mitigate the effects of eutrophication (eg in Chesapeake Bay) is currently under debate. The argument that bivalve molluscs alone cannot control .. | | |
| Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Marine and Coastal Ecosystems. | Renewable Resources Journal | Hale, L.Z., I. Meliane, S. Davidson, T. Sandwith, M. Beck, J. Hoekstra, M. Spalding, S. Murawski, N. Cyr, K. Osgood, M. Hatziolos, P.V. Eijk, N. Davidson, W. Eichbaum, C. Dreus, D. Obura, J. Tamelander, D. Herr, C. McClennen, P. Marshall, | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Climate change is already impacting the 50% of humanity that lives along coasts Population densities in coastal regions are about three times higher than the global average, with 23 per cent of the world's population living both within 100 kilometer distance of the coast and less than 100 meters above sea level. Sixty percent of the world's cities with a population of over 5 million are located within 100 kilometers of the coast. Many of the world's poorest communities also live along the coast and rely on mangrove and reef-based fisheries for food security and on tourism for foreign exchange, particularly in small islands and tropical developing countries. This, coupled with poor adaptive capacity of the local populations and the governments, makes these areas highly vulnerable. | Marine ecosystems, Coastal ecosystems | |
| Ecosystem-Level Conservation At The Nature-Conservancy - Growing Needs For Applied-Research In Conservation Biology | Journal of the North American Benthological Society | Richter, Bd | 1993 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ecosystem-service based metrics of sustainability as tools for promoting conservation and food security | | Fisher, J.R.B. and Kareiva, P. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, metrics, corporate, green labels, sustainability | |
| Ecosystem-service science and the way forward for conservation | Conservation Biology | Armsworth, P. R.; Chan, K. M. A.; Daily, G. C.; Ehrlich, P. R.; Kremen, C.; Ricketts, T. H.; Sanjayan, M. A. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ectomycorrhizal abundance and community composition shifts with drought: predictions from tree rings | Ecology | Swaty RL, Deckert RJ, Whitham TG and CA Gehring | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Mycorrhizae play a key role in ecosystem dynamics, and it is important to understand how environmental stress and climate change affect these symbionts. Several climate models predict that the intercontinental western United States will experience an incr | | |
| Edge effects reduce the nesting success of Acadian Flycatchers in a moderately fragmented forest | Journal of Field Ornithology | Hoover, Jeffrey P.; Tear, Timothy H.; Baltz, Michael E. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Forest fragmentation can create negative edge effects that reduce the reproductive success of birds nesting near the forest/nonforest interface, and threaten bird populations deeper in remnant forest habitats. Negative edge effects may be more . | | |
| Effect of count duration on abundance estimates of Black-capped Vireos | Journal of Field Ornithology | Cimprich, D. A | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effect of a reduction in cattle stocking rate on brown-headed cowbird activity | Wildlife Society Bulletin | Kostecke, RM; Koloszar, JA; Dearborn, DC | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Brood-parasitic cowbirds (Molothrus spp.) can severely impact host populations. Cowbird removal is the primary means of reducing parasitism. As an alternative to removal, we evaluated the reduction of cattle stocking rate as a tool to shift cowbird-breedi | agriculture, ranching | |
| Effect of Biological Control on Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) and Diversity of Associated Grasslands Over 14 Years | Invasive Plant Science and Management | Lesica, Peter; Hanna, Dave | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effect of count duration on abundance estimates of Black-capped Vireos | Journal of Field Ornithology | Cimprich, David A. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effect of marine reserve establishment on non-cooperative fisheries management | ECOLOGICAL MODELLING | Takashina, Nao; Lee, Joung-Hun; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effect of sea-level rise on piping plover (Charadrius melodus) breeding habitat | Biological Conservation | Seavey, Jennifer R.; Gilmer, Ben; McGarigal, Kevin M. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effective conservation planning requires learning and adaptation | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Grantham, H. S., M. Bode, E. McDonald-Madden, E. T. Game, A. T. Knight, and H. P. Possing- ham | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effective landscape management of Brown-headed Cowbirds at Fort Hood, Texas | | Eckrich, GH; Koloszar, TE; Goering, MD | 1999 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effective Monitoring to Evaluate Ecological Restoration in the Gulf of Mexico | | National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Ocean Studies Board; Water Science and Technology Board | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Gulf Coast communities and natural resources suffered extensive direct and indirect damage as a result of the largest accidental oil spill in US history, referred to as the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill. Notably, natural resources affected by this major spill include wetlands, coastal beaches and barrier islands, coastal and marine wildlife, seagrass beds, oyster reefs, commercial fisheries, deep benthos, and coral reefs, among other habitats and species. Losses include an estimated 20% reduction in commercial fishery landings across the Gulf of Mexico and damage to as much as 1,100 linear miles of coastal salt marsh wetlands. | | |
| Effective Strategies for Landscape-Scale Weed Control: a Case Study of the Skagit Knotweed Working Group, Washington | Natural Areas Journal | Holman, M.L., R.G. Carey, and P.W. Dunwiddie | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effectiveness of China's National Forest Protection Program and nature reserves | CONSERVATION BIOLOGY | Ren, Guopeng; Young, Stephen S.; Wang, Lin; Wang, Wei; Long, Yongcheng; Wu, Ruidong; Li, Junsheng; Zhu, Jianguo; Yu, Douglas W. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effectiveness of China's nature reserves in representing ecological diversity | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Wu, Ruidong; Zhang, Shuang; Yu, Douglas W.; Zhao, Peng; Li, Xinhai; Wang, Longzhu; Yu, Qian; Ma, Jian; Chen, Ai; Long, Yongcheng | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effectiveness of conservation easements for reducing development and maintaining biodiversity in sagebrush ecosystems | Biological Conservation | Pocewicz, Amy; Kiesecker, Joseph M.; Jones, George P.; Copeland, Holly E.; Daline, Jody; Mealor, Brian A. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effectiveness of low-grade weirs for nutrient removal in an agricultural landscape in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley | Agricultural Water Management | Littlejohn, K. A.; Poganski, B. H.; Kroeger, R.; Ramirez-Avila, J. J. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Effectiveness of marine protected areas in the Philippines for biodiversity conservation | Conservation Biology | Weeks, R., G. R. Russ, A. C. Alcala, and A. T. White | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of climate on occurrence and size of large fires in a northern hardwood landscape: historical trends, forecasts, and implications for climate change in T_miscamingue, Qu_bec | Applied Vegetation Science | Drever, C. R., Y. Bergeron, M. C. Drever, M. Flannigan, T. Logan, and C. Messier | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of a large fishing closure on benthic communities in the western Gulf of Maine: Recovery from the effects of gillnets and otter trawls | Fisheries Bulletin | Grizzle, R.E., Ward, L.G., Mayer, L.A., Cooper, A.B., Abeels, H.A., Greene, J.K., Brodeur, M.A., Malik, M.A., Rosenberg, A.A. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | The recovery of benthic communities inside the western Gulf of Maine fishing closure area was evaluated by comparing invertebrate assemblages at sites inside and outside of the closure four to six years after the closure was established. The majo | | |
| Effects of agricultural drainage on aquatic ecosystems: a review | Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology | Blann, K. L., J. L. Anderson, G. R. Sands, and B. Vondracek | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Effects of Air Pollution on Ecosystems and Biological Diversity in the Eastern United States | | Lovett, Gary M.; Tear, Timothy H.; Evers, David C.; Findlay, Stuart E. G.; Cosby, B. Jack; Dunscomb, Judy K.; Driscoll, Charles T.; Weathers, Kathleen C. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of alternative forest management on biomass and species diversity in the face of climate change in the northern Great Lakes region (USA) | Canadian Journal of Forest Research | Duveneck, Matthew J.; Scheller, Robert M.; White, Mark A. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of browsing control on establishment and recruitment of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) at Cathedral Grove in the Lake Superior Highlands, Minnesota | Natural Areas Journal | Anderson C.E., K.A. Chapman, M.A. White, and M.W. Cornett | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of Browsing Control on Establishment and Recruitment of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) at Cathedral Grove in the Lake Superior Highlands, Minnesota, USA | Natural Areas Journal | Anderson, C.E., Chapman, K. A., M. A. White, and M. Cornett | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of cattle grazing on diversity in ephemeral wetlands | Conservation Biology | Marty, JT | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Cattle are usually thought of as a threat to biodiversity. In regions threatened by exotic species invasion and lacking native wild grazers, however, cattle may produce the type of disturbance that helps maintain diverse communities. Across 72 v | agriculture, ranching | |
| Effects of Climate Change on Exposure to Coastal Flooding in Latin America and the Caribbean | PLoS ONE | BG Reguero, IJ Losada, P DÕaz-Simal, FJ M_ndez, MW Beck | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of dam impoundment on the flood regime of natural floodplain communities in the upper Connecticut river | Journal of the American Water Resources Association | Nislow, KH; Magilligan, FJ; Fassnacht, H; Bechtel, D; Ruesink, A | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of experimental food supplementation on movements of juvenile northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus) | Oecologia | Kennedy, PL; Ward, JM | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Food availability is thought to strongly influence the leaving phase of natal dispersal in animals with condition-dependent dispersal. We conducted a food supplementation experiment to determine the influence of extra food on the onset of ... | | |
| Effects of experimental manipulation of light and nutrients on establishment of seedlings of native and invasive woody species in Long Island, NY forests | Biological Invasions | Gurevitch, Jessica; Howard, Timothy G.; Ashton, Isabel W.; Leger, Elizabeth A.; Howe, Katherine M.; Woo, Eliza; Lerdau, Manuel | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | While earlier studies on the process of invasion often focused on single factors or on the general explanation of 'disturbance,'recent work has attempted to move towards a more mechanistic understanding of the factors that promote plant community | | |
| Effects Of Fire Frequency On Tree Canopy Cover At Allison-Savanna, Eastcentral Minnesota, Usa | Natural Areas Journal | Faberlangendoen, D; Davis, Ma | 1995 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of floristic and structural features of shade agroforestry plantations on the migratory bird community in Colombia | Agroforestry Systems | Gabriel J. Colorado Z.; David Mehlman; Giovany Valencia-C. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | How habitat mediates the distribution and habitat selection of migratory birds that winter in agroforestry systems is still poorly known. In this research, we evaluated how different habitat characteristics in shade agroforestry plantations influenced the richness and abundance of the overwintering migratory bird community. We examined migratory bird diversity and habitat structure in nine farms with coffee agroforestry systems with different shading regimes during two wintering seasons in southwestern Antioquia Department, Colombia. 15.9 ± 3.69 species of migratory birds were found on the 9 farms (range 11Ð21 species). While we found little support for a strong association between richness of migratory birds and habitat variables, abundance of migratory birds was best explained by the combined effect of habitat characteristics. Particularly, the total number of individuals of migratory birds was positively related to structural attributes such as shrub density, canopy cover, tree density and diameter at breast height, suggesting that a denser and closed shading system might be beneficial for migratory birds, which may both increase the horizontal and vertical complexity of the agroforestry system and the variety of food resources for birds. Our surveys showed additional evidence that shaded systems can provide overwinter habitat to Neotropical migrant birds in the Colombian Andes. Moreover, we suggest that migratory birds can benefit by managing structurally and floristically diverse agroforestry and silvopastoral systems. | Colombia Agroforestry Shade coffee Nearctic-Neotropical migratory birds | |
| Effects of Fuel Treatments on Fire Severity in an Area of Wildland-Urban Interface, Angora Fire, Lake Tahoe Basin, California | Forest Ecology and Management | Safford, H. D., D. A. Schmidt, and C. H. Carlson | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of fuelwood collection and timber harvesting on giant panda habitat use | Biological Conservation | Bearer, Scott; Linderman, Marc; Huang, Jinyan; An, Li; He, Guangming; Liu, Jianquo | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Timber harvesting and fuelwood collection have dramatically reduced the total amount of forestland around the world, including in China. To understand how timber harvesting and fuelwood collection activities affect use by wildlife, we examined giant panda | | |
| Effects of grazing exclusion on rangeland vegetation and soils, East Central Idaho | Western North American Naturalist | Yeo, JJ | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Nineteen exclosures on sagebrush steppe and shadscale rangelands, varying in age from 18 to 38 years, were sampled for plant species richness, plant composition, indicators of soil erosion, ground cover, vegetative cover, and herb-low shrub layer screenin | agriculture, ranching | |
| Effects of groundwater decline on riparian vegetation of semiarid regions: The San Pedro, Arizona | Ecological Applications | Stromberg, JC; Tiller, R; Richter, B | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | Groundwater depletion threatens many riparian ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The aquifer that sustains Arizona's San Pedro River riparian ecosystem, for example, is threatened by regional groundwater declines and localized pumping | | |
| Effects of Habitat Alterations on Bog Turtles (Glyptemys muhlenbergii): A Comparison of Two Populations | Journal Of Herpetology | Sirois, Angela Marie; Gibbs, James P.; Whitlock, Alison L.; Erb, Lori A. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of hardwood reduction on winter birds in northwest Florida longleaf pine sandhill forests | Auk | Provencher, L; Gobris, NM; Brennan, LA | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | Reversing decades of fire exclusion by hardwood midstory reduction is now used to recover populations of the federally endangered Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forest ecosystems. The effects of Red | | |
| Effects of hardwood reduction techniques on longleaf pine sandhill vegetation in northwest Florida | Restoration Ecology | Provencher, L., B. Herring, D. R. Gordon, H. L. Rodgers, K. E. M. Galley, G. W. Tanner, J. L. Hardesty, and L. A. Brennan | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of Human Population Density and Proximity to Markets on Coral Reef Fishes Vulnerable to Extinction by Fishing | Conservation Biology | Brewer, T. D.; Cinner, J. E.; Green, A.; Pressey, R. L. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of invasive, non-indigenous plant species in ecosystem processes: lessons from Florida. | Ecological Applications | Gordon, D.R. | 1998 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of Lead Exposure, Flock Behavior, and Management Actions on the Survival of California Condors (Gymnogyps californianus) | ECOHEALTH | Bakker, Victoria J.; Smith, Donald R.; Copeland, Holly; Brandt, Joseph; Wolstenholme, Rachel; Burnett, Joe; Kirkland, Steve; Finkelstein, Myra E. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of lead exposure, flock behavior, and management actions on the survival of California condors (Gymnogyps californianus). | EcoHealth | Victoria J. Bakker, Donald R. Smith, Holly Copeland, Joseph Brandt, Rachel Wolstenholme, Joe Burnett, Steve Kirkland, Myra E. Finkelstein | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Translocation is an increasingly important tool for managing endangered species, but factors influencing the survival of translocated individuals are not well understood. Here we examine intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of survival for critically endangered California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) whose wild population recovery is reliant upon releases of captively bred stock. We used known fate models and information-theoretic methods to compare the ability of hypothesized covariates, most of which serve as proxies for lead exposure risk, to predict survival rates of condors in California. Our best supported model included the following predictors of survival: age of the recovery program, precipitation, proportion of days observed feeding on proffered carcasses, maximum blood lead concentration over the preceding 18 months, and time since release. We found that as flocks have increased in size and age, condors are increasingly likely to range more widely and less likely to be observed feeding on proffered food, and these ÒwilderÓ behaviors were associated with lower survival. After accounting for these behaviors, we found a positive survival trend, which we attribute to ongoing improvements in management. Our findings illustrate that the survival of translocated animals, such as highly social California condors, is influenced by behaviors that change through time. | lead exposuresurvivalCalifornia condormanagement actionsflockprecipitationtranslocation | |
| Effects of outreach on the awareness and adoption of conservation practices by farmers in two agricultural watersheds of the Mackinaw River, Illinois | Journal of Soil and Water Conservation | Lemke, A. M.; Lindenbaum, T. T.; Perry, W. L.; Herbert, M. E.; Tear, T. H.; Herkert, J. R. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, nutrients, water quality | |
| Effects of overstory retention, herbicides, and fertilization on sub-canopy vegetation structure and functional group composition in loblolly pine forests restored to longleaf pine | Forest Ecology and Management | Knapp, Benjamin O.; Walker, Joan L.; Wang, G. Geoff; Hu, Huifeng; Addington, Robert N. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of prairie fragmentation on the nest success of breeding birds in the midcontinental United States | Conservation Biology | Herkert, JR; Reinking, DL; Wiedenfeld, DA; Winter, M; Zimmerman, JL; Jensen, WE; Finck, EJ; Koford, RR; Wolfe, DH; Sherrod, SK; Jenkins, MA; Faaborg, J; Robinson, SK | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Grassland fragmentation and habitat loss are hypothesized to be contributing to widespread grassland bird declines in North America due to the adverse effects of fragmentation on breeding bird abundance and reproductive success. To assess the . | | |
| Effects of prescribed fire and season of burn on recruitment of the invasive exotic plant, Potentilla recta, in a semiarid grassland | Restoration Ecology | Lesica, P; Martin, B | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Prescribed fire is often used to restore grassland systems to presettlement conditions; however, fire also has the potential to facilitate the invasion of exotic plants. Managers of wildlands and nature reserves must decide whether and how to app | | |
| Effects of Restoration Techniques on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Florida Longleaf Pine ( Pinus palustris) Sandhill Forests | Forests | Lavoie, Martin; Mack, Michelle C.; Hiers, John K.; Pokswinski, Scott; Barnett, Analie; Provencher, Louis | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of Riparian Restoration on Abundances of Small Mammal Agricultural Pest Species (California) | Ecological Restoration | Golet G.H., R.J. Bogiatto, J.W. Hunt, D. Koenig, G. Werner | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of silvicultural intensification on timber yields, carbon dynamics, and tree species composition in a dipterocarp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia: An individual-tree-based model simulation | FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT | Ruslandi; Cropper, W. F., Jr.; Putz, F. E. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of unpaved road soils on persistence of three non-native grass species. | Natural Areas Journal | Gordon, D.R., C.H. Greenberg, S.H. Crownover, and J.L. Slapcinsky. | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Effects of Weather and Land Management on the Western Prairie Fringed-orchid (Platanthera praeclara) at the Northern Limit of its Range in Manitoba, Canada | AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST | Bleho, Barbara I.; Koper, Nicola; Borkowsky, Christie L.; Hamel, Cary D. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Efficacy of Basal Girdling to Control Oak Wilt Fungal Mat Production in Texas Red Oak (Quercus buckleyi) in Central Texas | Southern Journal Of Applied Forestry | Greene, Thomas A.; Reemts, Charlotte M.; Appel, David N. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Efficacy of simple viability models in ecological risk assessment: Does density dependence matter? | Ecology | Sabo, JL; Holmes, EE; Kareiva, P | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | One commonly used PVA (population viability analysis) approach applies a diffusion approximation (DA) of population growth to time series of abundance data to estimate population parameters and various metrics of extinction risk. The simplest versions of | | |
| Efficacy of Three Vaccines in Protecting Western Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma californica) from Experimental Infection with West Nile Virus: Implications for Vaccination of Island Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma insularis) | Vector-Borne And Zoonotic Diseases | Wheeler, Sarah S.; Langevin, Stanley; Woods, Leslie; Carroll, Brian D.; Vickers, Winston; Morrison, Scott A.; Chang, Gwong-Jen J.; Reisen, William K.; Boyce, Walter M. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Egrets, ducks and... Brown Treecreepers? The importance of flooding and healthy floodplains for woodland birds | Birds of the Murray-Darling Basin | Fitzsimons, J., C. Tzaros, J. OêConnor, G. Ehmke, and K. Herman | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| El monitoreo de la efectividad del manejo de corredores biol„gicos. Una herramienta basada en la experiencia de los comit_s de gesti„n en Costa Rica | Recursos Naturales y Ambiente | Canet, L., B. Finegan, C. Bouroncle, I. Guti_rrez, and B. Herrera | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| El monitoreo ecol„gico como herramienta de manejo para la conservaci„n. Bases conceptuales y estructura del Programa de Monitoreo Ecol„gico Terrestre en reas Protegidas y Corredores Biol„gicos de Costa Rica | Recursos Naturales y Ambiente | Finegan, B., M. C_spedes Agôero, S. E. Sesnie, B. Herrera, G. Induni, J. Sˆenz, J. Ugalde, and G. Wong | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Eliciting expert knowledge to inform landscape modeling of conservation scenarios | Ecological Modelling | Price, Jessica; Silbernagel, Janet; Miller, Nicholas; Swaty, Randy; White, Mark; Nixon, Kristina | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Emerging marine protected area networks in the Coral Triangle: Lessons and way forward | Conservation and Society | Green, S.J., A.T. White, P. Christie, S. Kilarski, A.B.T. Meneses, G. Samonte-Tan, L.B. Karrer, H. Fox, S. Campbell, and J.D. Claussen | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Emerging Threats to Snow Leopards from Energy and Mineral Development | SNOW LEOPARDS: BIODIVERSITY OF THE WORLD: CONSERVATION FROM GENES TO LANDSCAPES | Heiner, Michael; Oakleaf, James; Davaa, Galbadrakh; Yunden, Bayarjargal; Kiesecker, Joseph | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | Amsterdam |
| Employing lidar data to identify butterfly habitat characteristics of four contrasting butterfly species across a diverse landscape | Remote Sensing Letters | Hess, Anna N.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Webster, Christopher R.; Storer, Andrew J.; Pocewicz, Amy; Martinuzzi, Sebastian | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Enabling conditions to support marine protected area network planning: California's Marine Life Protection Act Initiative as a case study | Ocean and Coastal Management | Fox, Evan; Miller-Henson, Melissa; Ugoretz, John; Weber, Mike; Gleason, Mary; Kirlin, John; Caldwell, Meg; Mastrup, Sonke | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Encouraging a Watershed-Based Approach to Mitigation Planning in the Etowah River Watershed | National Wetlands Newsletter | Owens, Katie and Sara Gottlieb | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| END-TO-END MODELING OF SARDINE AND ANCHOVY IN THE CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM | CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS REPORTS | Rose, Kenneth A.; Creekmore, Sean; Bernal, Miguel; Checkley, Dave; Fiechter, Jerome; Haynie, Alan; Megrey, Bernard A.; Koslow, Tony; Curchitser, Enrique N.; Ito, Shin-Ichi; McClatchie, Sam; Werner, Francisco; Hedstrom, Kate; Lluch-Cota Cibnor, Salvador; MacCal, Alec; Edwards, Chris A.; Agostini, Vera | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Endangered cactus restoration: Mitigating the non-target effects of a biological control agent (Cactoblastis cactorum) in Florida. | Restoration Ecology | Stiling, P., D. Moon, and D. Gordon. | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| ENDEMIC VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE INTERIOR HIGHLANDS, U.S.A. | SIDA | Zollner, Douglas, Michael H. MacRoberts, Barbara R. MacRoberts, Douglas Ladd | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Endemism lost: Lecanora pallidochlorina (Lecanorales, Lichenized Ascomycotina) in the Great Plains, U.S.A. | Opuscula Philolichenum | DOUGLAS LADD & CALEB MORSE | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Enduring a decade of drought: Patterns and drivers of vegetation change in a semi-arid grassland | JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS | Bodner, Gitanjali S.; Robles, Marcos D. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Energy sprawl or energy efficiency: Climate policy impacts on natural habitat for the United States of America | PLoS ONE | McDonald, R. I., J. Fargione, J. Kiesecker, W. M. Miller, and J. Powell | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Energy Boosting Biofuel Yields | Nature Climate Change | Fargione, Joseph | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Energy Development and Conservation Tradeoffs | Studies in Avian Biology | Doherty, Kevin E.; Naugle, David E.; Copeland, Holly E.; Pocewicz, Amy; Kiesecker, Joseph M. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Energy Development and Greater Sage-Grouse | Studies in Avian Biology | Naugle, David E.; Doherty, Kevin E.; Walker, Brett L.; Holloran, Matthew J.; Copeland, Holly E. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Energy Potential of Biomass from Conservation Grasslands in Minnesota, USA | PLoS ONE | Jungers, Jacob M.; Fargione, Joseph E.; Sheaffer, Craig C.; Wyse, Donald L.; Lehman, Clarence | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Energy Sprawl Is the Largest Driver of Land Use Change in United States | PLOS ONE | Trainor, Anne M.; McDonald, Robert I.; Fargione, Joseph | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Energy production in the United States for domestic use and export is predicted to rise 27% by 2040. We quantify projected energy sprawl (new land required for energy production) in the United States through 2040. Over 200,000 km2 of additional land area will be directly impacted by energy development. When spacing requirements are included, over 800,000 km2 of additional land area will be affected by energy development, an area greater than the size of Texas. This pace of development in the United States is more than double the historic rate of urban and residential development, which has been the greatest driver of conversion in the United States since 1970, and is higher than projections for future land use change from residential development or agriculture. New technology now places 1.3 million km2 that had not previously experienced oil and gas development at risk of development for unconventional oil and gas. Renewable energy production can be sustained indefinitely on the same land base, while extractive energy must continually drill and mine new areas to sustain production. We calculated the number of years required for fossil energy production to expand to cover the same area as renewables, if both were to produce the same amount of energy each year. The land required for coal production would grow to equal or exceed that of wind, solar and geothermal energy within 2_31 years. In contrast, it would take hundreds of years for oil production to have the same energy sprawl as biofuels. Meeting energy demands while conserving nature will require increased energy conservation, in addition to distributed renewable energy and appropriate siting and mitigation. | | |
| Energy Sprawl or Energy Efficiency: Climate Policy Impacts on Natural Habitat for the United States of America | PLoS ONE | McDonald, Robert I.; Fargione, Joseph; Kiesecker, Joe; Miller, William M.; Powell, Jimmie | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Energy, Water and Fish: Biodiversity Impacts of Energy-Sector Water Demand in the United States Depend on Efficiency and Policy Measures | PLoS ONE | McDonald, Robert I.; Olden, Julian D.; Opperman, Jeffrey J.; Miller, William M.; Fargione, Joseph; Revenga, Carmen; Higgins, Jonathan V.; Powell, Jimmie | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Enhanced conservation action planning: assessing landscape condition and predicting benefits of conservation strategies | Journal of Conservation Planning | Low, G., L. Provencher, and S. L. Abele | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Enhanced Innate Immune Responses in a Brood Parasitic Cowbird Species: Degranulation and Oxidative Burst | Avian Diseases | Hahn, D. Caldwell; Summers, Scott G.; Genovese, Kenneth J.; He, Haiqi; Kogut, Michael H. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Enhancing ecosystem restoration efficiency through spatial and temporal coordination | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Neeson, Thomas M.; Ferris, Michael C.; Diebel, Matthew W.; Doran, Patrick J.; O'Hanley, Jesse R.; McIntyre, Peter B. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Enhancing Garry Oak Seedling Performance in a Semiarid Environment | Northwest Science | Bakker, Jonathan D.; Colasurdo, Laura Blume; Evans, James R. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Enhancing Reef Recovery in Komodo National Park, Indonesia: Coral Reef Rehabilitation at Ecologically Significant Scales. (Mempercepat pemulihan terumbu karang di Taman Nasional Komodo, Indonesia: Rehabilitasi terumbu karang pada skala ekologis) | | Fox H.E, Mous P.J., Muljadi A., Purwanto & Pet J.S. | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Entry Points for Considering Ecosystem Services within Infrastructure Planning: How to Integrate Conservation with Development in Order to Aid Them Both | CONSERVATION LETTERS | Mandle, Lisa; Bryant, Benjamin P.; Ruckelshaus, Mary; Geneletti, Davide; Kiesecker, Joseph M.; Pfaff, Alexander | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | New infrastructure is needed globally to support economic development and improve human well-being. Investments that do not consider ecosystem services (ES) can eliminate these important societal benefits from nature, undermining the development benefits infrastructure is intended to provide. Such tradeoffs are acknowledged conceptually but in practice have rarely been considered in infrastructure planning. Taking road investments as one important case, here we examine where and what forms of ES information have the potential to meaningfully influence decisions by multilateral development banks (MDBs). Across the stages of a typical road development process, we identify where and how ES information could be integrated, likely barriers to the use of available ES information, and key opportunities to shift incentives and thereby practice. We believe inclusion of ES information is likely to provide the greatest development benefit in early stages of infrastructure decisions. Those strategic planning stages are typically guided by in-country processes, with MDBs playing a supporting role, making it critical to express the ES consequences of infrastructure development using metrics relevant to government decision makers. This approach requires additional evidence of the in-country benefits of cross-sector strategic planning and more tools to lower barriers to quantifying these benefits and facilitating ES inclusion. | | |
| Environmental complexity and social organization sculpt the brain in Lake Tanganyikan cichlid fish | Brain Behavior and Evolution | Pollen, AA, AP Dobberfuhl, MM Igulu, J Scace, SCP Renn, CA Shumway, and HA Hofmann | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Complex brains and behaviors have occurred repeatedly within vertebrate classes throughout evolution. What adaptive pressures drive such changes? Both environmental and social features have been implicated in the expansion of select brain structu | | |
| Environmental correlates for tropical tree diversity and distribution patterns in Borneo | Biodiversity and Conservation | Slik, J. W. F., N. Raes, S.-I. Aiba, F. Q. Brearley, C. H. Cannon, E. Meijaard, H. Nagamasu, R. Nilus, G. Paoli, A. D. Poulsen, D. Sheil, E. Suzuki, J. L. C. H. v. Valkenburg, C. O. Webb, P. Wilkie, and S. Wulffraat | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Environmental Correlates of Reproductive Success for Introduced Resident Whooping Cranes in Florida | Waterbirds | Spalding, Marilyn G.; Folk, Martin J.; Nesbitt, Stephen A.; Folk, Monica L.; Kiltie, Richard | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Environmental economics - Development and conservation goals in World Bank projects | Science | Kareiva, Peter; Chang, Amy; Marvier, Michelle | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Environmental regulation of annual schedules in opportunistically-breeding songbirds: adaptive specializations or variations on a theme of white-crowned sparrow? | General and Comparative Endocrinology | Hahn, T. P., Cornelius, J. M., Sewall, K. B., Kelsey, T. R., Hau, M., & Perfito, N. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Environmental service payments: Evaluating biodiversity conservation trade-offs and cost-efficiency in the Osa Conservation Area, Costa Rica | Journal Of Environmental Management | Barton, D. N.; Faith, D. P.; Rusch, G. M.; Acevedo, H.; Paniagua, L.; Castro, M. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | The cost-efficiency of payments for environmental services (PES) to private landowners in the Osa Conservation Area, Costa Rica, is evaluated in terms of the trade-off between biodiversity representation and opportunity costs of conservation to agricultur | agriculture | |
| Environmental, geographic and trophic influences on methylmercury concentrations in macroinvertebrates from lakes and wetlands across Canada | Ecotoxicology | Clayden, Meredith G.; Kidd, Karen A.; Chetelat, John; Hall, Britt D.; Garcia, Edenise | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Ephemeral floodplain habitats provide best growth conditions for juvenile Chinook salmon in a California river | Environmental Biology of Fishes | Jeffres, Carson A.; Opperman, Jeff J.; Moyle, Peter B. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Epidermal 'alarm substance' cells of fishes maintained by non-alarm functions: possible defence against pathogens, parasites and UVB radiation | Proceedings Of The Royal Society B-Biological Sciences | Chivers, Douglas P.; Wisenden, Brian D.; Hindman, Carrie J.; Michalak, TracyA.; Kusch, Robin C.; Kaminskyj, SusanG. W.; Jack, Kristin L.; Ferrari, Maud C. O.; Pollock, Robyn J.; Halbgewachs, Colin F.; Pollock, Michael S.; Alemadi, Shireen; James, Clayton | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Equipping the 22nd-Century Historical Ecologist | Trends in Ecology & Evolution | Morrison, Scott A.; Sillett, T. Scott; Funk, W. Chris; Ghalambor, Cameron K.; Rick, Torben C. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Although historical records have proved invaluable in addressing myriad societal challenges, societal investment in systematic collection and curation is widely recognized to be insufficient.
Such underinvestment creates gaps in data that will limit the ability of future historical ecologists to understand present-day conditions and trends, which is especially unfortunate given the degree of global change currently under way.
Individual scientists, resource managers, and citizen scientists can play a critical role in filling the gap, by taking the initiative to sample and archive the contemporary conditions of the places and resources to which they have access.
A crowdsourced initiative can be instrumental in generating the records needed to inform a wide array of current and future societal interests, including biodiversity conservation.
Historical ecology provides information needed to understand contemporary conditions and make science-based resource management decisions. Gaps in historical records, however, can limit inquiries and inference. Unfortunately, the patchiness of data that poses challenges for today’s historical ecologist may be similarly problematic for those in the future seeking to understand what are currently present-day conditions and trends, in part because of societal underinvestment in systematic collection and curation. We therefore highlight the generational imperative that contemporary scientists and managers individually have – especially in this era of tremendous global change – to ensure sufficient documentation of the past and current conditions of the places and resources to which they have access. | collection; conservation; crowdsourcing; historical ecology; horizon scan; museum | |
| Equitable Representation of Ecoregions is Slowly Improving Despite Strategic Planning Shortfalls | CONSERVATION LETTERS | Kuempel, Caitlin D.; Chauvenet, Alienor L. M.; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Essential Biodiversity Variables for measuring change in global freshwater biodiversity | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Turak, Eren; Harrison, Ian; Dudgeon, David; Abell, Robin; Bush, Alex; Darwall, William; Finlayson, C. Max; Ferrier, Simon; Freyhof, Joerg; Hermoso, Virgilio; Juffe-Bignoli, Diego; Linke, Simon; Nel, Jeanne; Patricio, Harmony C.; Pittock, Jamie; Raghavan, Rajeev; Revenga, Carmen; Simaika, John P.; De Weyer, Aaike | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Establishing a Functional Region-Wide Coral Triangle Marine Protected Area System | Coastal Management | Walton, Anne; White, Alan T.; Tighe, Stacey; Alino, Porfirio M.; Laroya, Lynette; Dermawan, Agus; Kasasiah, Ahsanal; Hamid, Shahima Abdul; Vave-Karamui, Agnetha; Genia, Viniu; Martins, Lino De Jesus; Green, Alison L. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Establishing a marine conservation baseline for the insular Caribbean | MARINE POLICY | Knowles, John E.; Doyle, Emma; Schill, Steven R.; Roth, Lynnette M.; Milam, Amy; Raber, George T. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Establishing a Standard of Practice for Natural Channel Design Using Design Criteria | Restoration of Puget Sound Rivers. | Miller, D and P. Skidmore | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | To date, no widely accepted standards of practice have emerged by which to conduct and evaluate natural channel design projects. Consistent application of design criteria to the channel design practice is an important first step toward the develo | | |
| Establishing IUCN Red List Criteria for Threatened Ecosystems | Conservation Biology | Paul Rodriguez, Jon; Rodriguez-Clark, Kathryn M.; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Ash, Neville; Benson, John; Boucher, Timothy; Brown, Claire; Burgess, Neil D.; Collen, Ben; Jennings, Michael; Keith, David A.; Nicholson, Emily; Revenga, Carmen; Reyers, Belinda; | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Establishing quantitative habitat targets for a 'Critically Endangered' Neotropical migrant (Golden-cheeked Warbler Dendroica chrysoparia) during the non-breeding season | Bird Conservation International | King, David I.; Chandler, Carlin C.; Rappole, John H.; Chandler, Richard B.; Mehlman, David W. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Estimated population size of the Island Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma insularis | Bird Conservation International | Kelsey, R., & Collins, C. T. | 2000 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Estimated supply of RED credits 2011-2035 | Climate Policy | Coren, Michael J.; Streck, Charlotte; Madeira, Erin Myers | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Estimates of historical ecosystem service provision can guide restoration efforts | | Zu Ermgassen, M.D. Spalding, R. Brumbaugh | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | Restoration is undertaken not only to reverse habitat losses but also to recover the many valuable ecosystem services associated with coastal habitats. While ecosystem services are increasingly being used to define restoration objectives for a number of marine and terrestrial habitats, historical estimates of ecosystem service delivery are rare, in part due to the difficulty of making such estimates. However, by combining historical data with an understanding of the habitat characteristics (e.g., density or habitat complexity) and environmental conditions (e.g., salinity, location relative to other habitats) that influence service provision, historical estimates of ecosystem services can be used to target restoration efforts and management practices toward the desired outcomes. Oyster reefs have suffered an estimated 85 percent decline globally over the past 150 years, and there are growing efforts to restore oyster reefs at a large scale to recover oyster fishery, fish production, water quality, and other ecosystem services. In this chapter, Philine zu Ermgassen, Mark D. Spalding, and Robert D. Brumbaugh explore the estimation of historical provision of ecosystem services in oyster reefs as a case study to understand the ecological and socially relevant reference points that these estimates provide for restoration goals. | ecosystem services, habitat, historical ecology, restoration ecology, estuaries | |
| Estimating Climate Resilience for Conservation across Geophysical Settings | Conservation Biology | Anderson, Mark G.; Clark, Melissa; Sheldon, Arlene Olivero | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Estimating orangutan densities using the standing crop and marked nest count methods: Lessons learned for conservation | Biotropica | Spehar, S. N., P. D. Mathewson, Nuzuar, S. Wich, A. J. Marshall, H. Kôhl, Nardiyono, and E. Meijaard | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Estimating plant biomass in early-successional subtropical vegetation using a visual obstruction technique | Applied Vegetation Science | Fleming, Genie M.; Wunderle, Joseph M.; Ewert, David N.; O'Brien, Joseph J. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Estimating reservoir sedimentation using bathymetric differencing and hydrologic modeling in data scarce Koga watershed, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia | JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT | Alemaw, Demesew; Ayana, Essayas K.; Legesse, Elias S.; Moges, Michael M.; Tilahun, Seifu A.; Moges, Mamaru A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Estimating the effect of cropland to prairie conversion on peak storm run-off | Restoration Ecology | Gerla, Philip J. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Estimating the effect of protected lands on the development and conservation of their surroundings | Conservation Biology | McDonald, Robert I.; Yuan-Farrell, Chris; Fievet, Charles; Moeller, Matthias; Kareiva, Peter; Foster, David; Gragson, Ted; Kinzig, Ann; Kuby, Lauren; Redman, Charles | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The fate of private lands is widely seen as key to the fate of biodiversity in much of the world. Organizations that work to protect biodiversity on private lands often hope that conservation actions on one piece of land will leverage the action | | |
| Estimating the impacts of conservation on ecosystem services and poverty by integrating modeling and evaluation | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Ferraro, Paul J.; Hanauer, Merlin M.; Miteva, Daniela A.; Nelson, Joanna L.; Pattanayak, Subhrendu K.; Nolte, Christoph; Sims, Katharine R. E. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Estimating watershed degradation over the last century and its impact on water-treatment costs for the world's large cities | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | McDonald, Robert I.; Weber, Katherine F.; Padowski, Julie; Boucher, Tim; Shemie, Daniel | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Urban water systems are impacted by land use within their source watersheds, as it affects raw water quality and thus the costs of water treatment. However, global estimates of the effect of land cover change on urban water-treatment costs have been hampered by a lack of global information on urban source watersheds. Here, we use a unique map of the urban source watersheds for 309 large cities (population > 750,000), combined with long-term data on anthropogenic land-use change in their source watersheds and data on water-treatment costs. We show that anthropogenic activity is highly correlated with sediment and nutrient pollution levels, which is in turn highly correlated with treatment costs. Over our study period (1900_2005), median population density has increased by a factor of 5.4 in urban source watersheds, whereas ranching and cropland use have increased by a factor of 3.4 and 2.0, respectively. Nearly all (90%) of urban source watersheds have had some level of watershed degradation, with the average pollutant yield of urban source watersheds increasing by 40% for sediment, 47% for phosphorus, and 119% for nitrogen. We estimate the degradation of watersheds over our study period has impacted treatment costs for 29% of cities globally, with operation and maintenance costs for impacted cities increasing on average by 53 ± 5% and replacement capital costs increasing by 44 ± 14%. We discuss why this widespread degradation might be occurring, and strategies cities have used to slow natural land cover loss. | | |
| Eucalyptus forest shows low structural resistance and resilience to climate change-type drought | JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE | Matusick, George; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Fontaine, Joseph B.; Hardy, Giles E. St. J. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Eucalyptus: Promising short-rotation energy crop or invasion invitation? | The Florida Forest Steward | Demers, C., D. Gordon, and D.L. Rockwood. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evaluating Agricultural Best Management Practices in Tile-Drained Subwatersheds of the Mackinaw River, Illinois | Journal Of Environmental Quality | Lemke, A. M.; Kirkham, K. G.; Lindenbaum, T. T.; Herbert, M. E.; Tear, T. H.; Perry, W. L.; Herkert, J. R. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, nutrients, water quality | |
| Evaluating alternative future sea-level rise scenarios | Natural Hazards | Shepard, Christine C.; Agostini, Vera N.; Gilmer, Ben; Allen, Tashya; Stone, Jeff; Brooks, William; Beck, Michael W. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evaluating combinations of on-and off-reserve conservation strategies for the Agulhas Plain, South Africa: a financial perspective | Biological Conservation | Pence, GQK; Botha, MA; Turpie, JK | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | This study investigates the practical and financial implications of alternative strategies for meeting explicit conservation goals on the Agulhas Plain, South Africa. This is an area of exceptional biodiversity increasingly threatened by alien plant infes | | |
| Evaluating conservation spending for species return: A retrospective analysis in California | Conservation Letters | Underwood, Emma C.; Klausmeyer, Kirk R.; Morrison, Scott A.; Bode, Michael; Shaw, M. Rebecca | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evaluating Dam Re-Operation For Freshwater Conservation In The Sustainable Rivers Project | River Research And Applications | Konrad, C. P.; Warner, A.; Higgins, J. V. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evaluating Head-of-Reservoir Water Temperature for Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Steelhead at Shasta Lake with Modeled Temperature Curtains | NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT | Clancey, Katherine; Saito, Laurel; Hellmann, Kurt; Svoboda, Connie; Hannon, John; Beckwith, Randy | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evaluating non-native species and wetland indicator status as components of wetlands floristic assessment | Wetlands | Ervin, G. N., B. D. Herman, J. T. Bried, and D. C. Holly | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | We evaluated a potential index for quantifying wetland floristic quality, based on the Floristic Quality Assessment Index (FQAI) developed and tested in other regions of the United States. Principal reasons for this study were 1) FQAI is based on | | |
| Evaluating orangutan census techniques using nest decay rates: Implications for population estimates | Ecological Applications | Mathewson, P. D.; Spehar, S. N.; Meijaard, E.; Nardiyono; Purnomo; Sasmirul, A.; Sudiyanto; Oman; Sulhnudin; Jasary; Jumali; Marshall, A. J. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | An accurate estimate for orangutan nest decay time is a crucial factor in commonly used methods for estimating orangutan population size. Decay rates are known to vary, but the decay process and, thus, the temporal and spatial variation in decay time are | | |
| Evaluating Perceived Benefits of Ecoregional Assessments | Conservation Biology | Bottrill, Madeleine C.; Mills, Morena; Pressey, Robert L.; Game, Edward T.; Groves, Craig | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evaluating predictors of local dabbling duck abundance during migration: Managing the spectrum of conditions faced by migrants. | Wildfowl | Kevin Aagaard, Shawn M. Crimmins, Wayne E. Thogmartin, Brian G. Tavernia, James E. Lyons | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | The development of robust modelling techniques to derive inferences from largescale migratory bird monitoring data at appropriate scales has direct relevance to their management. The Integrated Waterbird Management and Monitoring programme (IWMM) represents one of the few attempts to monitor migrating waterbirds across entire flyways using targeted local surveys. This dataset included 13,208,785 waterfowl (eight Anas species) counted during 28,000 surveys at nearly 1,000 locations across the eastern United States between autumn 2010 and spring 2013 and was used to evaluate potential predictors of waterfowl abundance at the wetland scale. Mixed-effects, loglinear models of local abundance were built for the Atlantic and Mississippi flyways during spring and autumn migration to identify factors relating to habitat structure, forage availability, and migration timing that influence target dabbling duck species abundance. Results indicated that migrating dabbling ducks responded differently to environmental factors. While the factors identified demonstrated a high degree of importance, they were inconsistent across species, flyways and seasons. Furthermore, the direction and magnitude of the importance of each covariate group considered here varied across species. Given our results, actionable policy recommendations are likely to be most effective if they consider species-level variation within targeted taxonomic units and across management areas. The methods implemented here can easily be applied to other contexts, and serve as a novel investigation into local-level population patterns using data from broad-scale monitoring programmes. | ducks, migration | Print ISSN: 0954-6324, Electronic ISSN: 2052-6458 |
| Evaluating terrestrial cumulative impacts of road improvement projects for long-term advanced mitigation assessment in California, USA | Environmental Management | Thorne, J. H., E. H. Girvetz, and M. C. McCoy | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evaluating the ecological niche of American chestnut for optimal hybrid seedling reintroduction sites in the Appalachian ridge and valley province | New Forests | Griscom, H. P.; Griscom, B. W. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evaluating the road-effect zone on wildlife distribution in a rural landscape | Ecosphere | Shanley, Colin S.; Pyare, Sanjay | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evaluating the role of coastal habitats and sea-level rise in hurricane risk mitigation: An ecological economic assessment method and application to a business decision | INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT | Reddy, Sheila M. W.; Guannel, Gregory; Griffin, Robert; Faries, Joe; Boucher, Timothy; Thompson, Michael; Brenner, Jorge; Bernhardt, Joey; Verutes, Gregory; Wood, Spencer A.; Silver, Jessica A.; Toft, Jodie; Rogers, Anthony; Maas, Alexander; Guerry, Anne; Molnar, Jennifer; DiMuro, Johnathan L. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evaluating the scientific support of conservation best management practices for shale gas extraction in the Appalachian Basin | Environmental Practice | Bearer, S., E. Nicholas, T. Gagnolet, M. DePhilip, T. Moberg, and N. Johnson | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evaluation Of Draba-Oligosperma, Draba-Pectinipila, And Draba-Juniperina Complex (Cruciferae) | Great Basin Naturalist | Lichvar, Rw | 1983 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evaluation of sand fence and vegetation for dune building following overwash by hurricane Opal on Santa Rosa Island, Florida | Journal Of Coastal Research | Miller, DL; Thetford, M; Yager, L | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | Santa Rosa Island, a barrier island located in the panhandle of Florida, was severely impacted by hurricane Opal's 3-4 m tidal surge in October 1995. Rapid reestablishment of the fragmented dune system through sand accumulation and stabilization is essent | | |
| Evaluation of stream water quality data generated from MODIS images in modeling total suspended solid emission to a freshwater lake | SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT | Ayana, Essayas K.; Worqlul, Abeyou W.; Steenhuis, Tammo S. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evidence for a recent Henslow's sparrow population increase in Illinois | Journal of Wildlife Management | Herkert, James R. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | The Henslow's sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) is a species of high conservation concern due to long-term population declines and a small global population. Habitat loss is considered to be the most likely cause of Henslow's sparrow declines and t | | |
| Evidence for genetic erosion of a California native tree, Platanus racemosa, via recent, ongoing introgressive hybridization with an introduced ornamental species | CONSERVATION GENETICS | Johnson, Matthew G.; Lang, Kylene; Manos, Paul; Golet, Greg H.; Schierenbeck, Kristina A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evidence For Population Bottlenecks And Subtle Genetic Structure In The Yellow Rail | Condor | Miller, Mark P.; Haig, Susan M.; Mullins, Thomas D.; Popper, Kenneth J.; Green, Michael | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evidence of alternative states in freshwater lakes: A spatially-explicit model of submerged and floating plants | ECOLOGICAL MODELLING | McCann, Michael J. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evidence of market-driven size-selective fishing and the mediating effects of biological and institutional factors | Ecological Applications | Reddy, Sheila M. W.; Wentz, Allison; Aburto-Oropeza, Octavio; Maxey, Martin; Nagavarapu, Sriniketh; Leslie, Heather M. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Evolutionary History of the Odd-Nosed Monkeys and the Phylogenetic Position of the Newly Described Myanmar Snub-Nosed Monkey Rhinopithecus strykeri | PLoS ONE | Liedigk, Rasmus; Yang, Mouyu; Jablonski, Nina G.; Momberg, Frank; Geissmann, Thomas; Lwin, Ngwe; Hla, Tony Htin; Liu, Zhijin; Wong, Bruce; Ming, Li; Long Yongcheng; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Nadler, Tilo; Zinner, Dietmar; Roos, Christian | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Examining the relationship between environmental factors and conflict in pastoralist areas of East Africa | SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT | Ayana, Essayas K.; Ceccato, Pietro; Fisher, Jonathan R. B.; DeFries, Ruth | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | The eastern Africa region has long been known for recurring drought, prolonged civil war and frequent pastoral conflicts. Several researchers have suggested that environmental factors can trigger conflicts among pastoralist communities, but quantitative support for this hypothesis is lacking. Here we use 29 years of georeferenced precipitation and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data to evaluate long term trends in scarcity of water and forage for livestock, and then ask whether these environmental stressors have any predictive power with respect to the location and timing of 11 years of conflict data based on Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) and Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP). Results indicate that environmental stressors were only partly predictive of conflict events. To better understand the drivers behind conflict, the contribution of other potential stressors to conflict need to be systematically quantified and be taken into consideration. | | |
| Exotic Weeds In North-American And Hawaiian Natural Areas - The Nature-Conservancys Plan Of Attack | | Randall, Jm | 1993 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Expanding marine protected areas to include degraded coral reefs | Conservation Biology | Abelson, A., Nelson, P. A., Edgar, G. J., Shashar, N., Reed, D. C., Belmaker, J., Krause, G., Beck, M. W., Brokovich, E., France, R. & Gaines, S.D. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | Coral reefs of the world face rapid degradation of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and marine protected areas (MPAs) are a commonly applied solution. Nevertheless, coral reefs continue to decline worldwide, raising questions about the adequacy of management and protection efforts. We argue that expanding the range of MPA targets to also include degraded reefs (i.e. 'DR-MPA'), could help reverse this trend. This approach requires new ecological criteria for MPA design, siting, and management. Rather than focusing solely on preserving healthy reefs, the proposed approach focuses on the potential for biodiversity recovery and renewal of ecosystem services. The new criteria highlight sites with the highest potential for recovery, the greatest resistance to future threats (e.g., temperature and acidification) and the largest contribution to connectivity of MPA networks. The DR-MPA approach is not a substitute for traditional MPA selection criteria; it is rather a complimentary framework when traditional approaches are inadequate. We believe that the DR-MPA approach can help to: 1. Enhance the natural, or restoration-assisted, recovery of degraded reefs and their ecosystem services, 2. Increase the total reef area available for protection, 3. Promote more resilient and better-connected MPA networks, and 4. More effectively contribute to improved conditions for human communities dependent on these ecosystem services. | | |
| Expanding the Global Network of Protected Areas to Save the Imperiled Mediterranean Biome | Conservation Biology | Underwood, Emma C.; Klausmeyer, Kirk R.; Cox, Robin L.; Busby, Sylvia M.; Morrison, Scott A.; Shaw, M. Rebecca | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Experimental approaches for evaluating the invasion risk of biofuel crops. | Environmental Research Letters | Flory, S.L., K.A. Lorenz, D.R. Gordon and L.E. Sollenberger. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Experimental assessment of coral reef rehabilitation following blast fishing | Conservation Biology | Fox, HE; Mous, PJ; Pet, JS; Muljadi, AH; Caldwell, RL | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | Illegal fishing with explosives has damaged coral reefs throughout Southeast Asia. In addition to killing fish and other organisms, the blasts shatter coral skeletons, leaving fields of broken rubble that shift in the current, abrading or buryin | | |
| Experimental Grazing and Grass-Specific Herbicide Application Benefit Rare FORB Recruitment | Natural Areas Journal | Vitt, Pati; Knight, Tiffany M.; Schutzenhofer, Michele; Kleiman, William; Havens, Kayri; Bittner, Todd | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Native ungulate grazers affect plant richness, with many studies examining grazer effects on community composition and structure. However, the effect of grazing on the demography of rare plant species is less well understood. Grazers are expected to benefit many plant species by suppressing the competitive dominant grasses and by scarifying and dispersing rare plant seeds. A goal in conservation biology is to quantify the most important threats to rare plant species and to determine how different types of management can improve their demographic outlook. Here, we provide results from two experimental studies that examine (1) the effect of ungulate grazer presence, and (2) the effect of a grass-specific herbicide treatment on the recruitment of a focal rare plant species. Our study demonstrates that both treatments effectively reduce the percent cover or height of the dominant grass species and increase the recruitment of the rare legume, Lespedeza leptostachya. If our results are generalizable to other grassland ecosystems and rare forb species, it suggests that reintroducing grazers may be critical to the management of rare plants in these ecosystems. However, in small remnant habitats where ungulate reintroductions are not possible, conservation efforts can more directly target the reduction of grass competitors using alternative methods. | grazing; legumes; rare plant demography; recruitment; agriculture | |
| Experimental translocation of the endangered shrub, Apalachicola rosemary Conradina glabra | Biological Conservation | Gordon, D.R. | 1996 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Experimental use of remote sensing by private range managers and its influence on management decisions | Rangeland Ecology & Management | Butterfield, H. Scott; Malmstrom, Carolyn A. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, ranching | |
| Experiments on the feeding behavior of the hematophagous candiru, Vandellia cf. plazaii | Environmental Biology of Fishes | Spotte, S., P. Petry, and J. A. S. Zuanon | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Explicitly incorporating socioeconomic criteria and data into marine protected area zoning | OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT | Mangubhai, Sangeeta; Wilson, Joanne R.; Rumetna, Lukas; Maturbongs, Yohanes; Purwanto | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Exploited species impacts on trophic linkages along reef-seagrass interfaces in the Florida keys | Ecological Applications | Valentine, J. F., Heck Jr, K. L., Blackmon, D., Goecker, M. E., Christian, J., Kroutil, R. M., ... & Beck, M. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Exploring the Permanence of Conservation Covenants | CONSERVATION LETTERS | Hardy, Mathew J.; Fitzsimons, James A.; Bekessy, Sarah A.; Gordon, Ascelin | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation on private land is a growing part of international efforts to stem the decline of biodiversity. In many countries, private land conservation policy often supports in perpetuity covenants and easements, which are legally binding agreements used to protect biodiversity on private land by restricting activities that may negatively impact ecological values. With a view to understand the long-term security of these mechanisms, we examined release and breach data from all 13 major covenanting programs across Australia. We report that out of 6,818 multi-party covenants, only 8 had been released, contrasting with approximately 130 of 673 single-party covenants. Breach data was limited, with a minimum of 71 known cases where covenant obligations had not been met. With a focus on private land conservation policy, we use the results from this case study to argue that multi-party covenants appear an enduring conservation mechanism, highlight the important role that effective monitoring and reporting of the permanency of these agreements plays in contributing to their long-term effectiveness, and provide recommendations for organizations seeking to improve their monitoring programs. The collection of breach and release data is important for the continuing improvement of conservation policies and practices for private land. | | |
| Exploring the potential role of public drain managers in motivating agricultural conservation practices | Journal of Great Lakes Research | Kerr, John M.; Meersman, Matt; Fuller, Erin; Fales, Mary K. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | A current lawsuit by the Des Moines Water Works against three upstream Iowa counties raises the prospect that agricultural drain managers nationwide will bear greater responsibility to promote conservation practices that protect downstream water quality. To date, however, an institutional and administrative approach for doing so is lacking. A pilot program in southwestern Michigan introduced a new method for apportioning drain management costs that rewards landowners who use conservation practices known to reduce sedimentation. The logic of the program is that as each parcel deposits less sediment into a drain, the cost of maintaining that drain will decline. We describe the program, review its performance relative to a number of criteria, and discuss its prospects for replication elsewhere. Several Michigan drain commissioners have expressed interest in replicating the approach which reduced participating landowners' drain assessments by 21 percent in the pilot program. The details of the program are quite specific to the case in Michigan, but institutionally it offers a way forward that could be applied widely. | incentive-based conservation; voluntary conservation; drain commissioner; drain assessment; best management practices; Des Moines Water Works; agriculture | |
| Facing the dilemma at eradication's end: uncertainty of absence and the Lazarus effect | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Morrison, Scott A.; Macdonald, Norman; Walker, Kelvin; Lozier, Lynn; Shaw, M. Rebecca | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Feral ungulates, such as pigs, are highly destructive to island ecosystems and are therefore often the target of eradication efforts. To succeed in eradication, however, managers must address a question made formidable by the great difficulty of detecting | | |
| Factors affecting avian species richness and density in riparian areas | Journal of Wildlife Management | Peak, RG; Thompson, FR | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Riparian areas are an important part of conservation efforts directed toward minimizing the effects of habitat loss on birds because riparian areas host a large number of bird species. We compared species richness and densities of breeding songbi | | |
| Factors affecting broadleaf woody vegetation in upland pine forests managed for longleaf pine restoration | FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT | Addington, Robert N.; Knapp, Benjamin O.; Sorrell, Geoffrey G.; Elmore, Michele L.; Wang, G. Geoff; Walker, Joan L. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Factors affecting fisherfolk's support for coastal resource management: The case of local government-initiated mangrove protection activities | Ocean and Coastal Management | Genio, Emmanuel L., Jr.; Rejesus, Roderick M.; Pomeroy, Robert S.; White, Alan; Smith, Becky | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | This article examines factors that influence support for local-government initiated mangrove protection activities. Using an ordered probit approach, we show how fisher characteristics and regional variation affect the level of support given to mangrove p | | |
| Factors Affecting Golden-Cheeked Warbler Nest Survival in Urban and Rural Landscapes | Journal of Wildlife Management | Reidy, Jennifer L.; Thompson, Frank R., III; Peak, Rebecca G. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Factors affecting media coverage of species rediscoveries | CONSERVATION BIOLOGY | Zablocki, John; Arora, Siddharth; Barua, Maan | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Factors affecting songbird nest survival in Riparian forests in a midwestern agricultural landscape | Auk | Peak, RG; Thompson, FR; Shaffer, TL | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | We investigated factors affecting nest success of songbirds in riparian forest and buffers in northeastern Missouri. We used an information-theoretic approach to determine support for hypotheses concerning effects of nest-site, habitat-patch, edg | agriculture | |
| Factors associated with variation in home-range size of appalachian ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) | Auk | Whitaker, Darroch M.; Stauffer, Dean F.; Norman, Gary W.; Devers, Patrick K.; Edwards, John; Giuliano, William M.; Harper, Craig; Igo, William; Sole, Jeff; Spiker, Harry; Tefft, Brian | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | From 1996 to 2001, researchers at 10 Appalachian study sites collected radiotracking data sufficient to delineate 1,054 seasonal home ranges of Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus; hereafter Š—“grouseŠ—). Using information-theoretic model selection a | | |
| Factors Impacting Condition And Spawning Of The Northern Quahog (Mercenaria Mercenaria): Implications For Restoration. | Journal of Shellfish Research | Doall, Michael H.; Padilla, Dianna K.; Lobue, Carl | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Factors influencing expansion of the breeding distribution of Bewick's wren into riparian forests of the rio grande in central New Mexico | Southwestern Naturalist | Taylor, RV | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | In central New Mexico, breeding populations of Bewick's wren (Thryomanes bewickii) recently colonized riparian forests of the Middle Rio Grande and have increased rapidly to become the sixth most abundant breeding bird species in bosque habitats. | | |
| Factors influencing local decisions to use habitats to protect coastal communities from hazards | OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT | Kochnower, Dana; Reddy, Sheila M. W.; Flick, Reinhard E. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Coastal hazard mitigation policy in the US has historically focused on construction of hardened, or gray, infrastructure. Recently, there is increased public interest and policy supporting the use of habitats, or natural infrastructure (NI), following decades of increasingly supportive ecological, engineering, and economic evidence. This trend suggests that behavioral and institutional factors may also be important for mainstreaming NI. To understand what factors affected decisions to use NI, we conducted semi-structured interviews with a total of 16 individuals associated with three NI cases: Ferry Point Park Living Shoreline, Maryland (MD); Surfer's Point Managed Retreat, California (CA); and Durant's Point Living Shoreline, North Carolina (NC). Our grounded theory analysis of the interview transcripts revealed four common themes across the decisions: 1) perception of benefits (N = 45) and costs (N = 31), 2) diffusion of innovation led by innovators (N = 34), 3) local champions (N = 46), and 4) social networks and norms (N = 30). This grounded theory suggests that the decisions to use NI were driven by innovators (citizens, local non-governmental organization (NGO) staff, and/or state government resource managers) who were influenced by seeing NI successes implemented by trusted experts and perceived NI benefits beyond protecting coastlines (e.g., maintaining coastal heritage and sense of place). Innovators also acted as local champions, getting others ñcomfortableî with NI and connecting to local interests. In addition, our analysis shows the role of regulatory permitting requirements in perpetuating or controlling biases against innovations like NI. In 2008, MD passed a policy that helped address biases against NI by changing NI from a preferred option to the required option except in places where scientific analysis suggested that gray infrastructure would be needed, while in CA and NC gray infrastructure remains only a preferred option. These results suggest an opportunity to harness heuristics, such as visual demonstrations and messaging from trusted persons, in addition to policy tools to mainstream NI in places where there is evidence that it would be effective. These results also suggest that heuristics could result in biases that not only lead to underuse but also to inappropriate use of NI; and, policies, similar to the policy in Maryland, are needed to control these biases. | | |
| Factors influencing the control of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) using Triclopyr on Santa Cruz Island, California, USA | Natural Areas Journal | Brenton, RK; Klinger, RC | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Factors influencing the use of decision support tools in the development and design of conservation policy | Environmental Science & Policy | Fiona L. Gibson, Abbie A. Rogers, Anthony D.M. Smith, Anna Roberts, Hugh Possingham, Michael McCarthy, David J. Pannell | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | There are many examples of decision support tools used to analyse information with the intention of assisting conservation managers and policy makers in their decision making. We used structured interviews to collect information on seven case studies from Australia and New Zealand to identify the factors that led to the use (or non-use) of decision support tools when developing conservation policies. The interviews explored hypotheses derived from existing literature on the use of decision support tools in conservation policy. Qualitative analysis of the interviews indicated that key factors influencing the uptake of a decision support tool in conservation policy include the alignment of the tool with the objectives and context of a policy, and its ability to be useful even in the presence of missing data. Two other factors that had been suggested in past literature were not perceived by interviewees to be as important as the above two: the presence of a champion for the decision support tool within the management agency, and the time required to apply the tool. The interviews also revealed a number of additional factors that influenced use or non-use of decision support tools that we had not extracted from existing literature: ambiguity about policy objectives, the autonomy of the agency, and the employee time costs of applying the decision support tool. | Decision making; Decision support tools; Conservation policy; Marxan | |
| Farm practices for food safety: an emerging threat to floodplain and riparian ecosystems | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Gennet, Sasha; Howard, Jeanette; Langholz, Jeff; Andrews, Kathryn; Reynolds, Mark D.; Morrison, Scott A. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Fat affects predator-avoidance behavior in gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis) during migratory stopover | Auk | Cimprich, David A.; Moore, Frank R. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | During migration, birds may store large quantities of fat to fuel long-distance flight. Because mass affects flight performance, fat migrants should behave with greater caution toward aerial predators than lean migrants. We tested a prediction of | | |
| Fauna in decline: A big leap to slavery | Science | Masuda, Yuta J.; Scharks, Tim | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fauna in decline: Global assessments | Science | Mooney, Harold; Tallis, Heather | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Featured collection on instream flows _ recent advances and the road ahead | Journal of the American Water Resources Association | Richter, B. D., K. Williams, and P. Aarrestad | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Feeling the cold in a warming climate: differential effects of low temperatures on co-occurring eucalypts | AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY | Matusick, George; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Pitman, Jason; Hardy, Giles E. St J. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Female Brown-headed Cowbird with partial male plumage | Wilson Bulletin | Summers, SG; Kostecke, RM | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | There are few records of functionally female birds exhibiting partial to total male plumages. On 26 March 2004, we collected a female Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) at Fort Hood, Texas, with a presumably functional ovary and whose back and | | |
| Field evidence that ecosystem service projects support biodiversity and diversify options | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Goldman, Rebecca L.; Tallis, Heather; Kareiva, Peter; Daily, Gretchen C. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Ecosystem service approaches to conservation are being championed as a new strategy for conservation, under the hypothesis that they will broaden and deepen support for biodiversity protection. Where traditional approaches focus on setting aside | | |
| Field-scale habitat complexity enhances avian conservation and avian-mediated pest-control services in an intensive agricultural crop | Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment | Kross, Sara M.; Kelsey, T. Rodd; McColl, Chris J.; Townsend, Jason M. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | The relationship between on-farm avian conservation measures and the potential provisioning of pest-control services by birds is poorly understood in intensive agricultural landscapes, especially in temperate regions. We used an exclusion experiment to test the effects of field- and landscape-scale habitat complexity on avian-provisioned pest-control services and assessed avian abundance and diversity across 32 conventional alfalfa (Medicago sativa) fields in winter and early spring in California. Alfalfa is a key forage crop around the world and is grown on approximately 30 million hectares globally each year. Bird foraging reduced the abundance of the most significant insect pests of alfalfa by over 33%. The presence of complex edge habitat (presence of at least two trees >1.5 m) led to higher avian abundance within fields, which in turn led to reduced pest insect populations at sampling points close to the field edge. Fields with complex edge habitat also harbored nearly three times as many bird species as those with simple edge habitat. The distance from the nearest riparian habitat, a measure of landscape diversity, did not affect bird abundance or diversity in winter alfalfa fields, which may be related to the homogenous landscape in which our study was based. Our results show that relatively simple conservation measures in intensively managed farming landscapes, such as planting small trees along a field edge, can result in increased abundance and diversity of over-wintering birds, with direct benefits to farmers through increased avian-mediated pest-control services. | ecosystem services; farm; alfalfa; lucerne; weevil; biodiversity; agriculture | |
| Fighting algae in Kaneohe Bay - Response | Science | Smith, Jennifer E.; Conklin, Eric J.; Smith, Celia M.; Hunter, Cynthia L. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fijiês collared kingfishers (Todiramphus chloris vitensis) do hunt for fish in inland waters | Notornis | Fitzsimons, J.A. and Thomas, J.L | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Filling Gaps In Life-History Data: Clutch Sizes For 21 Species Of North American Anurans | Herpetological Conservation And Biology | Mitchell, Joseph C.; Pague, Christopher A. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Financial and environmental consequences of a voluntary farm environmental assurance program in Michigan | Journal of Soil and Water Conservation | Vollmer-Sanders, C.; Wolf, C.; Batie, S. S. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture | |
| Finding Common Ground: How Advocacy Coalitions Succeed in Protecting Environmental Flows1 | Journal of the American Water Resources Association | Smith, Mark P. | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Finding solutions for bird restoration and livestock management: comparing grazing exclusion levels | Ecological Applications | Nelson, Kara S.; Gray, Elizabeth M.; Evans, James R. | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, ranching | |
| Finding solutions to water scarcity: Incorporating ecosystem service values into business planning at The Dow Chemical Company's Freeport, TX facility | ECOSYSTEM SERVICES | Reddy, Sheila M. W.; McDonald, Robert I.; Maas, Alexander S.; Rogers, Anthony; Girvetz, Evan H.; North, Jeffrey; Molnar, Jennifer; Finley, Tim; Leathers, Gena; DiMuro, Johnathan L. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | Water scarcity presents a major risk to businesses, but it can be hard to quantify. Ecosystem service valuation methods may help businesses better understand the financial impacts of water shortages and identify solutions. At The Dow Chemical CompanyÍs facility in Freeport, TX, we used natural capital asset valuation to assess the risk from future changes in industrial water supplies. We found that the value of industrial water rights may increase in the future with increased demand but that potential decreases in reliability of water rights due to demand growth and climate change could reduce their value. Using this information, experts identified 16 potential nature-based and collaborative (involving other water users) solutions to future water scarcity. We used multi-criteria analysis to select five of the 16 solutions for further analysis. Two solutions (marsh wastewater treatment, land management) were not cost-competitive and three solutions (reservoir flood pool reallocation/floodplain restoration, irrigation efficiency, municipal rebate program) were cost-competitive with the business-as-usual solution (expanding reservoir storage). However, these solutions have significant technical, legal, and political hurdles. We also found that these solutions provide substantial collective benefits to the public and biodiversity, suggesting that such solutions may be appropriate for implementation via multi-stakeholder collaboration. | | |
| Fine-scale group structure and demography of African savanna elephants recolonizing lands outside protected areas | Diversity and Distributions | Ahlering, M. A.; Maldonado, J. E.; Fleischer, R. C.; Western, David; Eggert, L. S. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fire and herbicides for exotic annual grass control: effects on native plants and microbiotic soil organisms | | Youtie, B; Ponzetti, J; Salzer, D | 1999 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fire and Invasive Plant Species | | Klinger, Robert C.; Brooks, Matthew L.; Randall, John M. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fire and Plant Interactions | | Fites-Kaufman, Joann; Bradley, Anne F.; Merrill, Amy G. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | Charcoal records show that fire has been present in California for millions of years (Weide 1968, Keeley and Rundel 2003), creating a long history of fire interacting with plants. In an ecological context, fire is neither Š—“goodŠ— nor Š—“badŠ— for biot | | |
| Fire effects on stable isotopes in a Sierran forested watershed | Journal Of Environmental Quality | Saito, Laurel; Miller, Wally W.; Johnson, Dale W.; Qualls, Robert G.; Provencher, Louis; Carroll, Erin; Szameitat, Peter | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | This study tested the hypothesis that stable C and N isotope values in surface soil and litter would be increased by fire due to volatilization of lighter isotopes. The hypothesis was tested by:(1) performing experimental laboratory burns of orga | | |
| Fire in California Grasslands | | Reiner, R. J | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fire in Paramo Ecosystems of Central and South America | | Horn, S. P., and M. Kappelle | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | We write to address an increasingly unsustainable paradox: a hallmark of modern science is frequent air travel, but the realities of global climate change will force us to find creative and constructive ways to reduce our carbon emissions (IPCC 1999; Paca | | |
| Fire in tropical pine ecosystems | | Myers, R. L., and D. A. RodrÍguez-Trejo | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fire Learning Network In The Arkansas Blackland Ecosystem | | Melnechuk, Maria; Anderson, McRee; Clark, Mark | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fire management on private conservation lands: knowledge, perceptions and actions of landholders in eastern Australia | International Journal of Wildland Fire | Halliday, Lucy G.; Castley, J. Guy; Fitzsimons, James A.; Cuong Tran; Warnken, Jan | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fire on Guadalupe Island reveals some old wounds _ and new opportunity | Fremontia | Oberbauer, T., L. Luna Mendoza, N. Citlali Oliveres, L. Barbosa Deveze, I. Granillo Duarte, and S. A. Morrison | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fire severity and cumulative disturbance effects in the post-mountain pine beetle lodgepole pine forests of the Pole Creek Fire | FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT | Agne, Michelle C.; Woolley, Travis; Fitzgerald, Stephen | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fire Synchrony and the Influence of Pacific Climate Variability on Wildfires in the Florida Keys, United States | Annals of the Association Of American Geographers | Harley, Grant L.; Grissino-Mayer, Henri D.; Horn, Sally P.; Bergh, Chris | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fire, ecosystems & people: threats and strategies for global biodiversity conservation | | Shlisky, A.; Waugh, J.; Gonzales, P.; Gonzalez, M.; Manta, M.; Santoso, H.; Alvarado, E.; Ainuddin Nuruddin, A.; Rodriguez-Trejo, D.A.; Swaty, R.; Schmidt, D.; Kaufmann, M.; Myers, R.; Alencar, A.; Kearns, F.; Johnson, D.; Smith, J.; Zollner, D.; Fulks, W. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Fire plays a major role in shaping our environment and maintaining biodiversity. When fire regimes are altered, they can contribute to climate-changing greenhouse gases into the environment, provide a pathway for harmful invasive species, alter the hydrology of a site, and present a direct risk to biodiversity and human habitation. Effective biodiversity conservation requires, among other things, that fire is allowed to play a natural role and at the same time that it does not pose a threat to biodiversity or human well-being. The Global Fire Partnership (GFP) includes The Nature Conservancy, World Conservation Union (IUCN), University of California at Berkeley Center for Fire Research and Outreach, and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). The GFP implemented 3 expert workshops between January and July 2006 covering four broad biogeographic realms to establish scientifically credible data consistently at coarse ecoregional levels for global biodiversity conservation. Results revealed that 25 percent of terrestrial area is intact relative to fire regime conditions. Ecoregions with degraded fire regimes cover 53 percent of global terrestrial area while ecoregions with very degraded fire regimes cover 8 percent. Assessment continues of the remaining 13 percent. Globally, boreal forests and taiga are the most intact systems relative to fire regime conditions, and Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub are the most degraded. Based on regional expert workshops, the top threats to maintaining an ecologically-acceptable role of fire include ecosystem conversion (e.g., livestock ranching, agriculture, urban development), resource extraction (e.g., energy production, mining, logging and wood harvesting), and human-caused fires or fire suppression. Effective biodiversity conservation depends on building global to local constituencies and partnerships focused on abating the leading causes of altered fire regimes, enabling public policies and local capacities to make a difference at ecologically-relevant scales, educating practitioners and policy- and decision-makers about the ecological role of fire and the ecological and social costs of altered fire regimes, implementing Integrated Fire Management, creating economic incentives for maintaining intact fire regimes, monitoring fires and changes in land use and land cover, enforcement of laws that support ecologically-appropriate fire prevention and fire use, and being adaptive to changing knowledge, social and political contexts, and ecological conditions. | | GFI Technical Report no. 2007-2 |
| Fire, nature, and humans: global challenges for conservation | Fire Management Today | Shlisky, A. J., R. L. Myers, J. Waugh, K. Blankenship | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fire, Watershed Resources, and Aquatic Ecosystems | | Thode, Andrea E.; Kershner, Jeffrey L.; Roby, Ken; Decker, Lynn M.; Beyers, Jan L. | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| FireScape: A Program for Whole-Mountain Fire Management in the Sky Island Region | | Gebow, B., C. Stetson, D.A. Falk, and C. Dolan | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| First integrative trend analysis for a great ape species in Borneo | Scientific Reports | Truly Santika, Marc Ancrenaz, Kerrie A. Wilson, Stephanie Spehar, Nicola Abram, Graham L. Banes, Gail Campbell-Smith, Lisa Curran, Laura dÕArcy, Roberto A. Delgado, Andi Erman, Benoit Goossens, Herlina Hartanto, Max Houghton, Simon J. Husson, Hjalmar S. KŸhl, Isabelle Lackman, Ashley Leiman, Karmele Llano Sanchez, Niel Makinuddin, Andrew J. Marshall, Ari Meididit, Kerrie Mengersen, Musnanda, Nardiyono, Anton Nurcahyo, Kisar Odom, Adventus Panda, Didik Prasetyo, Purnomo, Andjar Rafiastanto, Slamet Raharjo, Dessy Ratnasari, Anne E. Russon, Adi H. Santana, Eddy Santoso, Iman Sapari, Jamartin Sihite, Ahmat Suyoko, Albertus Tjiu, Sri Suci Utami-Atmoko, Carel P. van Schaik, Maria Voigt, Jessie Wells, Serge A. Wich, Erik P. Willems & Erik Meijaard | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | For many threatened species the rate and drivers of population decline are difficult to assess accurately: speciesÕ surveys are typically restricted to small geographic areas, are conducted over short time periods, and employ a wide range of survey protocols. We addressed methodological challenges for assessing change in the abundance of an endangered species. We applied novel methods for integrating field and interview survey data for the critically endangered Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), allowing a deeper understanding of the speciesÕ persistence through time. Our analysis revealed that Bornean orangutan populations have declined at a rate of 25% over the last 10 years. Survival rates of the species are lowest in areas with intermediate rainfall, where complex interrelations between soil fertility, agricultural productivity, and human settlement patterns influence persistence. These areas also have highest threats from human-wildlife conflict. Survival rates are further positively associated with forest extent, but are lower in areas where surrounding forest has been recently converted to industrial agriculture. Our study highlights the urgency of determining specific management interventions needed in different locations to counter the trend of decline and its associated drivers. | Biodiversity, Conservation biology, Population dynamics | |
| First record of Psilocarya scirpoides and a new record of Eleocharis flavescens (Cryperaceae) in Arkansas | Southwestern Naturalist | Walker, SA | 1997 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fish and Blue Crab Assemblages in the Shore Zone of Tidal Creeks in the Delaware Coastal Bays | Northeastern Naturalist | Boutin, Brian P.; Targett, Timothy E. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fish Assemblage of Cedar Fork Creek, Ohio, Unchanged for 28 Years | Ohio Journal of Science | Berra, T. M. & P. Petry | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fish Assemblage Response to a Small Dam Removal in the Eightmile River System, Connecticut, USA | Environmental Management | Poulos, Helen M.; Miller, Kate E.; Kraczkowski, Michelle L.; Welchel, Adam W.; Heineman, Ross; Chernoff, Barry | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fish community development during wetland restoration of an agriculturally impacted floodplain system, 1999-2003 | | Pegg, M.A., M.A. Herbert, and A.M. Lemke | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | Special Publication |
| Fish Passage Through Three Types of Structures in Diked Coastal Lake Erie Wetlands | NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT | Steinhart, Geoffrey B.; Bode, Sierra; Thieme, Jennifer; Winslow, Christopher J. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fisheries | | Boyd, C., C.S. Villasante, J. Brenner, and R. Enriquez | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fishery enhancement and coastal protection services provided by two restored Gulf of Mexico oyster reefs | Valuing Ecosystem Services- Methodological Issues and Case Studies | Kroeger, T. and G. Guannel | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fishes from Phuong Hoang cave, northern Vietnam, with description of a new species of loach (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) | Ichthyological Exploration Of Freshwaters | Kottelat, Maurice; Leisher, Craig | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fishes of the Fitzcarrald, Peruvian Amazon | | James Albert, Tiago Carvalho, Junior Chuctaya, Paulo Petry, Roberto Reis, Blanca Rengifo and Hernan Ortega | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fishing in the dark-local knowledge, night spearfishing and spawning aggregations in the Western Solomon Islands | Biological Conservation | Hamilton, R. J.; Giningele, M.; Aswani, S.; Ecochard, J. L. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fishing top predators indirectly affects condition and reproduction in a reef-fish community | Journal of Fish Biology | Walsh, S. M.; Hamilton, S. L.; Ruttenberg, B. I.; Donovan, M. K.; Sandin, S. A. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fitness consequences of choosy oviposition for a time-limited butterfly | Ecology | Doak, P; Kareiva, P; Kingsolver, J | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | For the majority of insects, a female's choice of oviposition site (s) greatly influences both the success of individual offspring and her own total fitness. Theory predicts that females most strongly limited by egg number will employ greater oviposition | | |
| Flood Effects on Road-Stream Crossing Infrastructure: Economic and Ecological Benefits of Stream Simulation Designs | Fisheries | Gillespie, Nathaniel; Unthank, Amy; Campbell, Lauren; Anderson, Paul; Gubernick, Robert; Weinhold, Mark; Cenderelli, Daniel; Austin, Brian; McKinley, Daniel; Wells, Susan; Rowan, Janice; Orvis, Curt; Hudy, Mark; Bowden, Alison; Singler, Amy; Fretz, Eileen | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Flooding requirements for biodiversity values along the Victorian floodplain of the Murray Valley | Victorian Naturalist | Fitzsimons, J.A., P. Peake, D. Frood, M. Mitchell, N. Withers, M. White and R. Webster | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Floodplain conservation in the Mississippi River Valley: combining spatial analysis, landowner outreach, and market assessment to enhance land protection for the Atchafalaya River Basin, Louisiana, USA | Restoration Ecology | Piazza, Bryan P.; Allen, Yvonne C.; Martin, Richard; Bergan, James F.; King, Katherine; Jacob, Rick | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Flora and Vegetation of the Mohawk Dunes, Arizona. | Sida, Contributions to Botany | Felger, R.S., D.S. Turner, and M.F. Wilson | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Floral visitation by the Argentine ant reduces bee visitation and plant seed set | Ecology | Hanna, Cause; Naughton, Ida; Boser, Christina; Alarcon, Ruben; Hung, Keng-Lou James; Holway, David | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Floristic study of sand prairie-scrub oak nature preserve, Mason County, Illinois | Castanea | McClain, William E.; Schwegman, John E.; Strole, Todd A.; Phillippe, Loy R.; Ebinger, John E. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | The 590 ha Sand Prairie-Scrub Oak Nature Preserve in Mason County, Illinois contains remnant dry sand prairies, sand savanna, sand forest, and successional fields. Purchased in 1969, the abandoned agricultural fields have been allowed to re-vegetate naturally. The vegetation of a mature dry sand prairie was compared with two successional<br>fields, one 60- and one 30-years-old. The mature dry sand prairie was dominated by Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem), Dichanthelium villosissimum (hairy panic grass),<br>Tephrosia virginiana (goatÍs-rue), Ambrosia psilostachya (western ragweed), and Opuntia humifusa (common pricklypear). Eragrostis trichodes (sand love grass) dominated the 60-year-old successional fields. The 30-year-old successional field was dominated by<br>Eragrostis trichodes, Strophostyles helvula (wild bean), and Monarda punctata (horsemint). A total of 393 vascular plant species were documented for the preserve. | agriculture, restoration | |
| Floristics and distribution of vernal pools on the Columbia Plateau of eastern Washington | Rhodora | Bjork, CR; Dunwiddie, PW | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Vernal pools are common on the Columbia Plateau of eastern Washington, where they occur on basalt bedrock within the channels scoured by the Pleistocene Missoula Floods. This is the first extensive floristic survey of these pools. Eighty-five percent of t | | |
| Flows for floodplain forests: A successful riparian restoration | BioScience | Rood, SB; Gourley, CR; Ammon, EM; Heki, LG; Klotz, JR; Morrison, ML; Mosley, D; Scoppettone, GG; Swanson, S; Wagner, PL | 2003 | 2017/12/14 | Throughout the 20th century, the Truckee River that flows from Lake Tahoe into the Nevada desert was progressively dammed and dewatered, which led to the collapse of its aquatic and riparian ecosystems. The federal designation of the endemic cui- | | |
| Focal areas for measuring the human well-being impacts of a conservation initiative | Sustainability | Leisher, C., Samberg, L.H., Van Buekering, P., and M. Sanjayan | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Focal species and landscape naturalness corridor models offer complementary approaches for connectivity conservation planning | LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY | Krosby, Meade; Breckheimer, Ian; Pierce, D. John; Singleton, Peter H.; Hall, Sonia A.; Halupka, Karl C.; Gaines, William L.; Long, Robert A.; McRae, Brad H.; Cosentino, Brian L.; Schuett-Hames, Joanne P. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Focal species and landscape ñnaturalnessî corridor models offer complementary approaches for connectivity conservation planning | Landscape Ecology | Krosby, M., I. Breckheimer, D. J. Pierce, P. H. Singleton, S.A. Hall, K.C. Halupka, W.L. Gaines, R.A. Long, B.H. McRae, B.L. Cosentino, and J.P. Schuett-Hames | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Focal species, community representation, and physical proxies as conservation strategies: a case study in the Amphibolite Mountains, North Carolina, USA | Conservation Biology | Kintsch, JA; Urban, DL | 2002 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation organizations are increasingly employing representative-based conservation strategies to overcome the limits of a species-by-species approach and to expand the focus of conservation to include overall biodiversity and ecosystem proc | | |
| Focus on Hawaiian biodiversity and ecoregions | | Gon, S. M., III; Olson, D. | 1999 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Food habits of a small Florida black bear population in an endangered ecosystem | URSUS | Murphy, Sean M.; Ulrey, Wade A.; Guthrie, Joseph M.; Maehr, David S.; Abrahamson, Warren G.; Maehr, Sutton C.; Cox, John J. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Food web interactions along seagrass-coral reef boundaries: an experimental test of the impacts of piscivore reduction on cross-habitat energy exchange using the marine protected areas of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary | Marine Ecology Progress Series | Valentine, J. F., K.L. Heck Jr., D. Blackmon, M.E. Goecker, J. Christian, R. Kroutil, K.D. Kirsch, B.J. Peterson, M.W. Beck, M. A. Vanderklift | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Food web interactions along seagrass-coral reef boundaries: effects of piscivore reductions on cross-habitat energy exchange | Marine Ecology Progress Series | Valentine, J. F., Heck Jr, K. L., Blackmon, D., Goecker, M. E., Christian, J., Kroutil, R. M., ... & Vanderklift, M. A. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Forecasting relative impacts of land use on anadromous fish habitat to guide conservation planning | Ecological Applications | Lohse, Kathleen A.; Newburn, David A.; Opperman, Jeff J.; Merenlender, Adina M. | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | Land use change can adversely affect water quality and freshwater ecosystems, yet our ability to predict how systems will respond to different land uses, particularly rural-residential development, is limited by data availability and our understanding of | | |
| Forest and Woodland Systems | | Shvidenko, A., C.V. Barber, R. Persson, P. Gonzalez, R. Hassan, P. Lakyda, I. McCallum, S. Nilsson, J. Pulhin, B. van Rosenburg, and B. Scholes | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | The paradigm of sustainable forest management has been widely embraced at national and international policy levels, but it has not yet been implemented to the point where it is appreciably mitigating the negative trends affecting the world's forests. SFM | | |
| Forest edges negatively affect golden-cheeked warbler nest survival | Condor | Peak, Rebecca G. | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Abstract. I used an information-theoretic approach to determine support for hypotheses concerning the effects of edge and temporal factors on Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia) nest survival on Fort Hood Military Reservation, Texas, d | | |
| Forest Invasibility in Communities in Southeastern New York | Biological Invasions | Howard, T.G., J. Gurevitch, L. Hyatt, M. Carreiro, and M. Lerdau | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | While biological invasions have been the subject of considerable attention both historically and recently, the factors controlling the susceptibility of communities to plant invasions remain controversial. We surveyed 44 sites in southeastern New | | |
| Forest Regeneration from Pasture in the Dry Tropics of Panama: Effects of Cattle, Exotic Grass, and Forested Riparia | Restoration Ecology | Heather P. Griscom, Bronson W. Griscom, and Mark S. Ashton | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | | agriculture, ranching | |
| Forest restoration in a changing world: complexity and adaptation examples from the Great Lakes region of North America | | Cornett, M. and M. White | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Forest restoration in a mixed-ownership landscape under climate change | Ecological Applications | Ravenscroft, Catherine; Scheller, Robert M.; Mladenoff, David J.; White, Mark A. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Forest structure and species composition along a successional gradient of Lowland Atlantic Forest in Southern Brazil | Biota Neotropica | Marques, Marcia C. M.; Zwiener, Victor P.; Ramos, Fernando M.; Borgo, Marilia; Marques, Renato | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Forging new models of natural resource governance | FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT | Bixler, R. Patrick; McKinney, Matthew; Scarlett, Lynn | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| FORMS AND ACCUMULATION OF SOIL P IN NATURAL AND RECENTLY RESTORED PEATLANDS„UPPER KLAMATH LAKE, OREGON, USA | Wetlands | Sean A. Graham, Christopher B. Craft, Paul V. McCormick, and Allison Aldous | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Forty years of seagrass population stability and resilience in an urbanizing estuary | JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY | Shelton, Andrew O.; Francis, Tessa B.; Feist, Blake E.; Williams, Gregory D.; Lindquist, Adam; Levin, Philip S. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Forums Increase Public Support for Everglades Restoration | Ecological Restoration | Geselbracht, L. | 2001 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fostering constructive debate: a reply to Chappell et al. | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Fischer, Joern; Brosi, Berry; Daily, Gretchen C.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Goldman, Rebecca; Goldstein, Joshua; Lindenmayer, David B.; Manning, Adrian D.; Mooney, Harold A.; Pejchar, Liba; Ranganathan, Jai; Tallis, Heather | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | Chappell et al. raise two points:(1) that yields from organic agriculture are not necessarily lower than those from industrial agriculture, and (2) that land-use intensification, even if it did increase food production, will not necessarily benefit those | | |
| Foundation Papers in Landscape Ecology | | Wiens, J | 2007 | 2017/12/14 | Landscape ecology focuses on spatial heterogeneity, or the idea that where things are and where they are in relation to other things can have important consequences for a wide range of phenomena. Landscape ecology integrates humans with natural ecosystems | | |
| Fractured Genetic Connectivity Threatens a Southern California Puma (Puma concolor) Population | PLoS ONE | Ernest, Holly B.; Vickers, T. Winston; Morrison, Scott A.; Buchalski, Michael R.; Boyce, Walter M. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fragmentation and flow regulation of the world's large river systems | Science | Nilsson, C; Reidy, CA; Dynesius, M; Revenga, C | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | A global overview of dam-based impacts on large river systems shows that over half (172 out of 292) are affected by dams, including the eight most biogeographically diverse. Dam-impacted catchments experience higher irrigation pressure and about | | |
| Framing the private land conservation conversation: Strategic framing of the benefits of conservation participation could increase landholder engagement | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY | Kusmanoff, Alexander M.; Hardy, Mathew J.; Fidler, Fiona; Maffey, Georgina; Raymond, Christopher; Reed, M. S.; Fitzsimons, James A.; Bekessy, Sarah A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | How conservation messages are framed will impact the success of our efforts to engage people in conservation action. This is highly relevant in the private land conservation (PLC) sector given the low participation rates of landholders. Using a case study of PLC schemes targeted at Australian landholders, we present the first systematic analysis of communication strategies used by organisations and government departments delivering those schemes to engage the public. We develop a novel approach for analysing the framing of conservation messages that codes the stated benefits of schemes according to value orientation. We categorised the benefits as flowing to either the landholder, to society, or to the environment, corresponding to the egoistic, altruistic and biospheric value orientations that have been shown to influence human behaviour. We find that messages are biased towards environmental benefits. Surprisingly, this is the case even for market-based schemes that have the explicit objective of appealing to production-focussed landholders and those who are not already involved in conservation. The risk is that PLC schemes framed in this way will fail to engage more egoistically oriented landholders and are only likely to appeal to those likely to already be conservation-minded. By understanding the frame in which PLC benefits are communicated, we can begin to understand the types of people who may be engaged by these messages, and who may not be. Results suggest that the framing of the communications for many schemes could be broadened to appeal to a more diverse group (and thus ultimately to a larger group) of landholders. | | |
| Freshwater conservation potential of protected areas in the Tennessee and Cumberland River Basins, USA | AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS | Thieme, Michele L.; Sindorf, N.; Higgins, J.; Abell, R.; Takats, J. A.; Naidoo, R.; Barnett, A. | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | The ability of existing protected areas (PAs) to conserve freshwater species and ecosystems has been little investigated. In this study the freshwater conservation potential of PAs was evaluated based on their geospatial attributes and spatial relationship to threats. Specifically, the following questions were addressed: (a) to what extent, if any, do PA drainage network location and size affect the potential of PAs to conserve freshwater species and habitats within them?; (b) how are the factors that limit or promote conservation potential distributed in relation to PAs across a region?; and (c) what are the broader implications for how PAs can be designed and managed to contribute to freshwater conservation around the world? Eight factors that affect freshwater conservation potential for 297 PAs within the Tennessee and Cumberland River Basins (US) were analysed. Four of these attributes (connectivity, impervious surface area, agricultural land cover, and upstream storage) showed enough variation across PAs such that the effect of PA size, drainage network position, and their interaction on those attributes, was able to be modelled. The results support the hypothesis that PA drainage network location and size affect freshwater conservation potential of PAs. Both have a statistically significant effect on each of the four conservation potential attributes, either as a main effect, or through an interaction, although the direction of these relationships is not always intuitive. Of the factors that limit or promote conservation potential, PAs appear to be most often affected by land conversion to agriculture and a loss of connectivity. This study underscores the importance of PA managers understanding key internal and external threats so that they can take mitigating or minimizing action, and the need to define PA locations and boundaries within a larger basin context. | | |
| Freshwater ecoregions of the world: A new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation | BioScience | Abell, Robin; Thieme, Michele L.; Revenga, Carmen; Bryer, Mark; Kottelat, Maurice; Bogutskaya, Nina; Coad, Brian; Mandrak, Nick; Balderas, Salvador Contreras; Bussing, William; Stiassny, Melanie L. J.; Skelton, Paul; Allen, Gerald R.; Unmack, Peter; Nasek | 2008 | 2017/12/14 | We present a new map depicting the first global biogeographic regionalization of Earth's freshwater systems. This map of freshwater ecoregions is based on the distributions and compositions of freshwater fish species and incorporates major ecolog | | |
| Freshwater mussel (Unionidae: Bivalvia) distributions and densities in French Creek, Pennsylvania | Northeastern Naturalist | Smith, T.A. and D. Crabtree | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Freshwater Mussel Population Status And Habitat Quality In The Clinch River, Virginia And Tennessee, Usa: A Featured Collection | Journal of the American Water Resources Association | Zipper, Carl E.; Beaty, Braven; Johnson, Gregory C.; Jones, Jess W.; Krstolic, Jennifer Lynn; Ostby, Brett J. K.; Wolfe, William J.; Donovan, Patricia | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| From Danggali to Riverland: experiences from the Bookmark Biosphere Reserve, South Australia | | Mackenzie, Duncan; Fitzsimons, James | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| From model outputs to conservation action: Prioritizing locations for implementing agricultural best management practices in a Midwestern watershed | Journal of Soil and Water Conservation | Legge, J. T.; Doran, P. J.; Herbert, M. E.; Asher, J.; O'Neil, G.; Mysorekar, S.; Sowa, S.; Hall, K. R. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| From mountains to sound: modelling the sensitivity of Dungeness crab and Pacific oyster to landsea interactions in Hood Canal, WA | Ices Journal Of Marine Science | Toft, J. E.; Burke, J. L.; Carey, M. P.; Kim, C. K.; Marsik, M.; Sutherland, D. A.; Arkema, K. K.; Guerry, A. D.; Levin, P. S.; Minello, T. J.; Plummer, M.; Ruckelshaus, M. H.; Townsend, H. M. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Frugivorous birds and seed dispersal in disturbed and old growth montane oak forests in Costa Rica | Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Oak Forests | Wilms, J.J.A.M. & M. Kappelle | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fumarole-supported island of biodiversity within a hyperarid, high-elevation landscape on Socompa Volcano, Puna de Atacama, Andes | Applied and Environmental Microbiology | Costello, E. K., S. R. P. Halloy, S. C. Reed, P. Sowell, and S. K. Schmidt | 2009 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Functional attributes of two subtropical shrubs and implications for the distribution and management of endangered bird habitat | JOURNAL OF PLANT ECOLOGY | Fleming, Genie M.; Wunderle, Joseph M., Jr.; Ewert, David N.; O'Brien, Joseph J.; Helmer, Eileen H. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Functional equivalence of constructed and natural intertidal eastern oyster reef habitats in a northern Gulf of Mexico estuary | MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES | Dillon, Kevin S.; Peterson, Mark S.; May, Christopher A. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Functional traits in agriculture: agrobiodiversity and ecosystem services | TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION | Wood, Stephen A.; Karp, Daniel S.; DeClerck, Fabrice; Kremen, Claire; Naeem, Shahid; Palm, Cheryl A. | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fungal endophytes directly increase the competitive effects of an invasive forb | Ecology | Aschehoug, Erik T.; Metlen, Kerry L.; Callaway, Ragan M.; Newcombe, George | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Future land-use related water demand in California | ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS | Wilson, Tamara S.; Sleeter, Benjamin M.; Cameron, D. Richard | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Fuzzy Models to Inform Social and Environmental Indicator Selection for Conservation Impact Monitoring | Conservation Letters - a journal of the Society for Conservation Biology | Edward T. Game, Leah L. Bremer, Alejandro Calvache, Pedro H. Moreno, Amalia Vargas, Baudelino Rivera, Lina M. Rodriguez | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Conservation projects increasingly aim to deliver both environmental and social benefits. To monitor the success of these projects, it is important to pick indicators for which there is a reasonable expectation of change as a result of the project, and which resonate with project stakeholders. Results chains are widely used in conservation to describe the hypothesized pathways of causal linkages between conservation interventions and desired outcomes. We illustrate how, with limited additional information, results chains can be turned into fuzzy models of social-ecological systems, and how these models can be used to explore the predicted social and environmental impacts of conservation actions. These predictions can then be compared with the interests of stakeholders in order to identify good indicators of project success. We illustrate this approach by using it to select indicators for a water fund, an increasingly popular and multiobjective conservation strategy. | Agroforestry; Cauca Valley; Colombia;ecosystem services; fuzzy cognitive maps;mental models; results chains; riparianrestoration; theory of change; water funds | |
| Gauging state-level and user group views of oyster reef restoration activities in the northern Gulf of Mexico | Ocean and Coastal Management | La Peyre, Megan K.; Nix, Ashby; Laborde, Luke; Piazza, Bryan P. | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Generating actionable data for evidence-based conservation: The global center of marine biodiversity as a case study | BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION | Fox, Helen E.; Barnes, Megan D.; Ahmadia, Gabby N.; Kao, Grace; Glew, Louise; Haisfield, Kelly; Hidayat, Nur Ismu; Huffard, Christine L.; Katz, Laure; Mangubhai, Sangeeta; Purwanto | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Genetic and maternal determinants of effective dispersal: The effect of sire genotype and size at birth in side-blotched lizards | American Naturalist | Sinervo, Barry; Calsbeek, Ryan; Comendant, Tosha; Both, Christiaan; Adamopoulou, Chloe; Clobert, Jean | 2006 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Genetic diversity and reproductive biology in Warea carteri: implications for conservation of a narrowly endemic Florida scrub annual | American Journal of Botany | Evans, M.E.K., R. Dolan, E.S. Menges, and D.R. Gordon. | 2000 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Genetic evaluation of a proposed introduction: the case of the greater prairie chicken and the extinct heath hen | Molecular Ecology | Palkovacs, EP; Oppenheimer, AJ; Gladyshev, E; Toepfer, JE; Amato, G; Chase, T; Caccone, A | 2004 | 2017/12/14 | Population introduction is an important tool for ecosystem restoration. However, before introductions should be conducted, it is important to evaluate the genetic, phenotypic and ecological suitability of possible replacement populations. Careful | | |
| Genetic structuring in the freshwater mussel Anodonta corresponds with major hydrologic basins in the western United States | Molecular Ecology | Mock, Karen E.; Box, Jayne C. Brim; Chong, Jer Pin; Howard, Jeanette K.; Nez, Donna A.; Wolf, David; Gardner, Richard S. | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Genetic variation and gene flow within and between three timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) populations from eastern New York and western Massachusetts. | American Zoologist | Gerum, SE; Thomas, M; Sadighi, K; Reinert, HK; Bushar, LM | 1999 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Genetic variation in past and current landscapes: Conservation implications based on six endemic Florida scrub plants | International Journal of Ecology | Menges, E. S., R. W. Dolan, R. Pickert, R. Yahr, and D. R. Gordon | 2010 | 2017/12/14 | | | Article ID 503759 |
| Genetic-Structure In A Wintering Population Of American Coots | Wilson Bulletin | Mcalpine, S; Rhodes, Oe; Mccreedy, Cd; Brisbin, Il | 1994 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Genomic patterns in Acropora cervicornis show extensive population structure and variable genetic diversity | ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION | Drury, Crawford; Schopmeyer, Stephanie; Goergen, Elizabeth; Bartels, Erich; Nedimyer, Ken; Johnson, Meaghan; Maxwell, Kerry; Galvan, Victor; Manfrino, Carrie; Lirman, Diego | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Geoengineering research | Issues In Science And Technology | Robock, Alan; Saniayan, M.; Parthasarathy, Shobita; Maccracken, Michael | 2011 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Geographic selection bias of occurrence data influences transferability of invasive Hydrilla verticillata distribution models | Ecology and Evolution | Barnes, Matthew A.; Jerde, Christopher L.; Wittmann, Marion E.; Chadderton, W. Lindsay; Ding, Jianqing; Zhang, Jialiang; Purcell, Matthew; Budhathoki, Milan; Lodge, David M. | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Geologic and Geomorphic Controls on the Occurrence of Fens in the Oregon Cascades and Implications for Vulnerability and Conservation | WETLANDS | Aldous, Allison R.; Gannett, Marshall W.; Keith, Mackenzie; O'Connor, Jim | 2015 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Geomorphology within the interdisciplinary science of environmental flows | Geomorphology | Meitzen, Kimberly M.; Doyle, Martin W.; Thoms, Martin C.; Burns, Catherine E. | 2013 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Geospatial indicators of emerging water stress: An application to Africa | Ambio | Vorosmarty, CJ; Douglas, EM; Green, PA; Revenga, C | 2005 | 2017/12/14 | This study demonstrates the use of globally available Earth system science data sets for water assessment in otherwise information-poor regions of the world. Geospatial analysis at 8 km resolution shows that 64% of Africans rely on water resource | | |
| Getting the most connectivity per conservation dollar | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Torrubia, Sara; McRae, Brad H.; Lawler, Joshua J.; Hall, Sonia A.; Halabisky, Meghan; Langdon, Jesse; Case, Michael | 2014 | 2017/12/14 | | | |
| Getting to scale with environmental flow assessment: the watershed flow evaluation tool | River Research and Applications | J. S. Sanderson, N. Rowan, T. Wilding, B. P. Bledsoe, W. J. Miller, N. L. Poff | 2012 | 2017/12/14 | Growing water demand across the world is increasing the stress on river ecosystems, causing concern for both biodiversity and people. River-specific environmental flow assessments cannot keep pace with the rate and geographic extent of water development. Society needs methods to assess ecological impacts of flow management at broad scales so that appropriate regional management can be implemented. To meet this need in Colorado, USA, we developed a Watershed Flow Evaluation Tool (WFET) to estimate flow-related ecological risk at a regional scale. The WFET entails four steps: (i) modelling natural and developed daily streamflows; (ii) analysing the resulting flow time series; (iii) describing relationships between river attributes and flow metrics (flow_ecology relationships); and (iv) mapping of flow-related risk for trout, native warm-water species and riparian plant communities. We developed this tool in two watersheds with differing geomorphic settings and data availability. In one of the two watersheds, the WFET was successfully implemented to assess ecological risk across the 3400-km2 watershed, providing consistent watershed-wide information on flow-related risk. In the other watershed, active channel change and limited data precluded a successful application. In Colorado, the WFET will be used to evaluate the risk of impacts on river ecosystems under future climate change and water development scenarios (e.g. for energy development or municipal water supply). As water continues to be developed for people, the WFET and similar methods will provide a cost-effective means to evaluate and balance ecosystem needs at large scales. | | |
| gflow: software for modelling circuit theory-based connectivity at any scale | Methods in Ecology and Evolution | Leonard, Paul B.; Duffy, Edward B.; Baldwin, Robert F.; McRae, Brad H.; Shah, Viral B.; Mohapatra, Tanmay K. | 2017 | 2017/12/14 | Increasing habitat connectivity is important for mitigating the effects of climate change, landscape fragmentation and habitat loss for biodiversity conservation. However, modelling connectivity at the relevant scales over which these threats occur has been limited by computational requirements.
Here, we introduce the open‐source software gflow, which massively parallelizes the computation of circuit theory‐based connectivity. The software is developed for high‐performance computing, but scales to consumer‐grade desktop computers running modern Linux or Mac OS X operating systems.
We report high computational efficiency representing a 173× speedup over existing software using high‐performance computing and a 8·4× speedup using a desktop computer while drastically reducing memory requirements.
gflow allows large‐extent and high‐resolution connectivity problems to be calculated over many iterations and at multiple scales. We envision gflow being immediately useful for large‐landscape efforts, including climate‐driven animal range shifts, multitaxa connectivity, and for the many developing use‐cases of circuit theory‐based connectivity. | circuit theory; gene flow; landscape connectivity; landscape ecology | |
| Glenn is just testing out the system on the first day of log-in. | Testing of Tests | CECILIA KANG and ADAM GOLDMAN | 2016 | 2017/12/14 | linking to a random article that is publically avaialble as a test - will delete after successful posting | | |
| Oak habitat recovery on California's largest islands: Scenarios for the role of corvid seed dispersal | Journal of Applied Ecology | Pesendorfer, Mario B.; Baker, Christopher M.; Stringer, Martin; McDonald-Madden, Eve; Bode, Michael; McEachern, A. Kathryn; Morrison, Scott A.; Sillett, T. Scott | 2017 | 2018/12/10 | Seed dispersal by birds is central to the passive restoration of many tree communities. Reintroduction of extinct seed dispersers can therefore restore degraded forests and woodlands. To test this, we constructed a spatially explicit simulation model, parameterized with field data, to consider the effect of different seed dispersal scenarios on the extent of oak populations. We applied the model to two islands in California's Channel Islands National Park (USA), one of which has lost a key seed disperser.
We used an ensemble modelling approach to simulate island scrub oak (Quercus pacifica) demography. The model was developed and trained to recreate known population changes over a 20‐year period on 250‐km2 Santa Cruz Island, and incorporated acorn dispersal by island scrub‐jays (Aphelocoma insularis), deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and gravity, as well as seed predation. We applied the trained model to 215‐km2 Santa Rosa Island to examine how reintroducing island scrub‐jays would affect the rate and pattern of oak population expansion. Oak habitat on Santa Rosa Island has been greatly reduced from its historical extent due to past grazing by introduced ungulates, the last of which were removed by 2011.
Our simulation model predicts that a seed dispersal scenario including island scrub‐jays would increase the extent of the island scrub oak population on Santa Rosa Island by 281% over 100 years, and by 544% over 200 years. Scenarios without jays would result in little expansion. Simulated long‐distance seed dispersal by jays also facilitates establishment of discontinuous patches of oaks, and increases their elevational distribution.
Synthesis and applications. Scenario planning provides powerful decision support for conservation managers. We used ensemble modelling of plant demographic and seed dispersal processes to investigate whether the reintroduction of seed dispersers could provide cost‐effective means of achieving broader ecosystem restoration goals on California's second‐largest island. The simulation model, extensively parameterized with field data, suggests that re‐establishing the mutualism with seed‐hoarding jays would accelerate the expansion of island scrub oak, which could benefit myriad species of conservation concern. | Aphelocoma insularis; corvidae; habitat restoration; Quercus pacifica; scatter-hoarding; scenari planning; seed dispersal mutualism; simulation modelling | |
| Foraging traits modulate stingless bee community disassembly under forest loss | Journal of Animal Ecology | Lichtenberg, Elinor M.; Mendenhall, Chase D.; Brosi, Berry | 2017 | 2018/12/10 | Anthropogenic land use change is an important driver of impacts to biological communities and the ecosystem services they provide. Pollination is one ecosystem service that may be threatened by community disassembly. Relatively little is known about changes in bee community composition in the tropics, where pollination limitation is most severe and land use change is rapid. Understanding how anthropogenic changes alter community composition and functioning has been hampered by high variability in responses of individual species. Trait‐based approaches, however, are emerging as a potential method for understanding responses of ecologically similar species to global change.
We studied how communities of tropical, eusocial stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) disassemble when forest is lost. These bees are vital tropical pollinators that exhibit high trait diversity, but are under considerable threat from human activities.
We compared functional traits of stingless bee species found in pastures surrounded by differing amounts of forest in an extensively deforested landscape in southern Costa Rica.
Our results suggest that foraging traits modulate competitive interactions that underlie community disassembly patterns. In contrast to both theoretical predictions and temperate bee communities, we found that stingless bee species with the widest diet breadths were less likely to persist in sites with less forest. These wide‐diet‐breadth species also tend to be solitary foragers, and are competitively subordinate to group‐foraging stingless bee species. Thus, displacement by dominant, group‐foraging species may make subordinate species more dependent on the larger or more diversified resource pool that natural habitats offer. We also found that traits that may reduce reliance on trees—nesting in the ground or inside nests of other species—correlated with persistence in highly deforested landscapes.
The functional trait perspective we employed enabled capturing community processes in analyses and suggests that land use change may disassemble bee communities via different mechanisms in temperate and tropical areas. Our results further suggest that community processes, such as competition, can be important regulators of community disassembly under land use change. A better understanding of community disassembly processes is critical for conserving and restoring pollinator communities and the ecosystem services and functions they provide. | biodiversity; community disassembly; fourth-corner problem; functional traits; land use change; Meliponini; pollination; stingless bees | |
| Improving private land conservation with outcome‐based biodiversity payments | Journal of Applied Ecology | McDonald, Jane A.; Helmstedt, Kate J.; Bode, Michael; Coutts, Shaun; McDonald-Madden, Eve; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2017 | 2018/12/10 | Payments to private landholders for providing biodiversity land can improve conservation outside protected areas. Input‐based payments are widely used despite evidence they are often ineffective at improving biodiversity outcomes. Meanwhile, little has been done to assess how to use outcome‐based payments to maximize biodiversity, despite growing academic interest. We compare different outcome‐based allocation methods to assess which returns the greatest benefits for biodiversity.
We predicted the likely landholder actions in response to outcome‐based payments. We incorporated strategic interactions between landholders under four different funding allocation methods: the commonly applied “set‐price” allocation method; capacity‐based payments; proportional payment; and payment for change. We compared biodiversity outcomes (percentage change in abundance of a species of conservation interest), return on investment and cost‐effectiveness of each method.
The set‐price allocation method, despite its common usage, is the least cost‐effective method that we test. Regardless of cost, it only results in better biodiversity outcomes than other methods under a very narrow range of conditions (high initial target species abundance and low profitability).
The profitability of the property, and to a lesser degree initial population size, will influence which allocation method will perform best. Most perform well when the initial population of the species of conservation interest is very small and profitability negligible. Only one method—based on change in population—performs well across all scenarios. This method outperforms the others particularly when the property has a higher profitability and low initial numbers of animals.
Policy implications. Pursuing conservation on private land using outcome‐based payments for biodiversity can result in varied levels of success depending on the allocation methods used to support payment decisions. Allocation method choice should be based on a transparent analysis that incorporates both the dynamics of the ecological system and interactions between individual landholders. This analysis can guide adoption of funding allocation methods that greatly increase biodiversity outcomes. | allocation; biodiversity; conservation; funding; game theory; incentive scheme; landholders; outcome-based payments; paymenet policy; private land | |
| Evaluating management strategies to optimise coral reef ecosystem services | Journal of Applied Ecology | Weijerman, Mariska; Gove, Jamison M.; Williams, Ivor D.; Walsh, William J.; Minton, Dwayne; Polovina, Jeffrey J. | 2018 | 2018/12/10 | Earlier declines in marine resources, combined with current fishing pressures and devastating coral mortality in 2015, have resulted in a degraded coral reef ecosystem state at Puakō in West Hawaiʹi. Changes to resource management are needed to facilitate recovery of ecosystem functions and services.
We developed a customised ecosystem model to evaluate the performance of alternative management scenarios at Puakō in the provisioning of ecosystem services to human users (marine tourists, recreational fishers) and enhancing the reef's ability to recover from pressures (resilience).
Outcomes of the continuation of current management plus five alternative management scenarios were compared under both high and low coral‐bleaching related mortality over a 15‐year time span.
Current management is not adequate to prevent further declines in marine resources. Fishing effort is already above the multispecies sustainable yield, and, at its current level, will likely lead to a shift to algal‐dominated reefs and greater abundance of undesirable fish species. Scenarios banning all gears other than line fishing, or prohibiting take of herbivorous fishes, were most effective at enhancing reef structure and resilience, dive tourism, and the recreational fishery. Allowing only line fishing generated the most balanced trade‐off between stakeholders, with positive gains in both ecosystem resilience and dive tourism, while only moderately decreasing fishery value within the area.
Synthesis and applications. Our customised ecosystem model projects the impacts of multiple, simultaneous pressures on a reef ecosystem. Trade‐offs of alternative approaches identified by local managers were quantified based on indicators for different ecosystem services (e.g. ecosystem resilience, recreation, food). This approach informs managers of potential conflicts among stakeholders and provides guidance on approaches that better balance conservation objectives and stakeholders’ interests. Our results indicate that a combination of reducing land‐based pollution and allowing only line fishing generated the most balanced trade‐off between stakeholders and will enhance reef recovery from the detrimental effects of coral bleaching events that are expected over the next 15 years. | coral reef; decision-support tool; Ecopath with Ecosim; ecosystem services; ecosystem-based management; integrated ecosystem assessment; marine resources; socio-ecological trade-offs | |
| Impacts of plant diversity on arthropod communities and plant-herbivore network architecture | Ecosphere | Welti, Ellen; Helzer, Chris; Joern, Anthony | 2017 | 2018/11/09 | At the local scale, insect herbivore diversity is often limited by plant diversity, but little is known about how the network structure of plant and herbivore interactions changes across local plant diversity gradients. Ascertaining plant–herbivore interaction structure at the ecological community level is important for predicting responses of herbivores to plant species loss. We sampled arthropods and plants across three years, beginning in the fourth year of an experimental prairie restoration containing three treatment levels of sown plant diversity. Plots initially planted with higher plant diversity had higher arthropod species richness. Sown diversity treatments strongly affected plant–herbivore interaction structure: The increased sown diversity treatment decreased plant–herbivore connectance, increased average herbivore diet generalism, and increased herbivore robustness to plant species loss. Treatments diverged over time with the last year of sampling showing the greatest difference between treatments in plant and arthropod species richness, and plant–herbivore network structural properties. Network structural properties of the high sown diversity treatment were the least variable temporally. However, divergence of plant and arthropod between diversity treatments was not found in traditional ordinations of community taxonomic composition. While previous comparisons of plant–herbivore interaction networks across ecological gradients treated network size (biodiversity) as a confounding factor, we demonstrate that plant diversity can directly shape network structure, and higher plant diversity maintains less temporally variable ecological networks of herbivores and their host plants. | ecological network; food web; generality; herbivory; modularity; plant diversity; plant-herbivore; robustness | |
| Opportunities for saving and reallocating agricultural water to alleviate water scarcity | Water Policy | Richter, Brian D.; Brown, James D.; DiBenedetto, Rachel; Gorsky, Adrianna; Keenan, Emily; Madray, Chantal; Morris, Martha; Rowell, Devin; Ryu, Susan | 2017 | 2018/11/09 | As water scarcity worsens globally, there is growing interest in finding ways to reduce water consumption, and for reallocating water savings to other uses including environmental restoration. Because irrigated agriculture is responsible for more than 90% of all consumptive water use in water-scarce regions, much attention is being focused on opportunities to save water on irrigated farms. At the same time, many recent journal articles have expressed concern that claims of water-saving potential in irrigation systems lack technical credibility, or are at least exaggerated, due to failures to properly account for key elements of water budgets such as return flows. Critics have also asserted that opportunities for reallocating irrigation savings to other uses are limited because any freed-up water is taken up by other farmers. A comprehensive literature and internet survey was undertaken to identify well-documented studies of water-saving strategies in irrigated agriculture, as well as a review of case studies in which water savings have been successfully transferred to other uses. Our findings suggest that there is in fact considerable potential to reduce consumptive water use in irrigation systems when proper consideration is given to water budget accounting, and those savings can be beneficially reallocated to other purposes. | environmental flow; irrigated agriculture; irrigation efficiency; water markets; water reallocation; water scarcity | |
| The Compounding Consequences of Climate Change and Wildfire for a High Elevation Wildflower (Saxifraga austromontana) | Journal of Biogeography | Bloom, Trevor D.S.; Flower, Aquila; Medler, Michael; DeChaine, Eric G. | 2018 | 2018/11/09 | Aim
High‐elevation plants are disproportionally affected by climate change. As temperatures rise, the amount of available alpine habitat in the Rocky Mountains will decrease resulting in potential local extinctions of plant species. In addition to the direct effects of climate‐driven habitat loss, alpine plants must also respond to indirect effects, such as changes in disturbance regimes. One notable shift is the increase of wildfire frequency in regions where fire was previously rare or absent, including the alpine. We hypothesized that direct climatic changes compounded with increased wildfire frequency will reduce the future suitable habitat of high‐elevation plants more than if climate was considered alone.
Location
Rocky Mountain Floristic Region, western North America.
Taxon
Saxifraga austromontana (Saxifragaceae), a wildflower endemic to high elevations of the Rocky Mountain Floristic Region.
Methods
Our approach integrated historical herbarium records, field surveys, remote sensing, species distribution models, historic wildfire data, and predictive models.
Results
Our results indicate wildfire has significantly reduced the abundance and increased the likelihood of extirpation for S. austromontana. Increased fire frequency compounded with direct climatic changes will likely reduce the range of the species by approximately 43% by 2050 compared to 38% due to climate alone, under a moderate CO2 emissions scenario. The influence of wildfire varies regionally. For instance, the Middle Rockies will likely lose 74% of its suitable habitat of which 16% may be lost due to fire, while other regions, such as the northern range, will be less negatively affected by direct and indirect effects.
Main Conclusions
Our evidence that increased wildfire frequency will compound the impacts of climate change on alpine taxa in North America led to the development of a new, general hypothesis on the fundamental interaction between direct and indirect effects of climate change on species range reductions. | alpine; climate change; Rocky Mountain Floristic Region; Saxifraga austromontana; species distribution model; wildfire | |
| Effects of Climate Variability and Accelerated Forest Thinning on Watershed-Scale Runoff in Southwestern USA Ponderosa Pine Forests | PLOS ONE | Robles, Marcos D.; Marshall, Robert M.; O'Donnell, Frances; Smith, Edward B.; Haney, Jeanmarie A.; Gori, David F. | 2014 | 2018/11/06 | The recent mortality of up to 20% of forests and woodlands in the southwestern United States, along with declining stream flows and projected future water shortages, heightens the need to understand how management practices can enhance forest resilience and functioning under unprecedented scales of drought and wildfire. To address this challenge, a combination of mechanical thinning and fire treatments are planned for 238,000 hectares (588,000 acres) of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests across central Arizona, USA. Mechanical thinning can increase runoff at fine scales, as well as reduce fire risk and tree water stress during drought, but the effects of this practice have not been studied at scales commensurate with recent forest disturbances or under a highly variable climate. Modifying a historical runoff model, we constructed scenarios to estimate increases in runoff from thinning ponderosa pine at the landscape and watershed scales based on driving variables: pace, extent and intensity of forest treatments and variability in winter precipitation. We found that runoff on thinned forests was about 20% greater than unthinned forests, regardless of whether treatments occurred in a drought or pluvial period. The magnitude of this increase is similar to observed declines in snowpack for the region, suggesting that accelerated thinning may lessen runoff losses due to warming effects. Gains in runoff were temporary (six years after treatment) and modest when compared to mean annual runoff from the study watersheds (0–3%). Nonetheless gains observed during drought periods could play a role in augmenting river flows on a seasonal basis, improving conditions for water-dependent natural resources, as well as benefit water supplies for downstream communities. Results of this study and others suggest that accelerated forest thinning at large scales could improve the water balance and resilience of forests and sustain the ecosystem services they provide. | forests; pines; forest ecology; wildfires; drought; surface water; winter; water resources | |
| Leopards provide public health benefits in Mumbai, India | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Braczkowski, Alexander R.; O'Bryan, Christopher; Stringer, Martin J.; Watson, James E.M.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Beyer, Hawthorne L. | 2018 | 2018/11/05 | Populations of large carnivores are often suppressed in human‐dominated landscapes because they can kill or injure people and domestic animals. However, carnivores can also provide beneficial services to human societies, even in urban environments. We examined the services provided by leopards (Panthera pardus) to the residents of Mumbai, India, one of the world's largest cities. We suggest that by preying on stray dogs, leopards reduce the number of people bitten by dogs, the risk of rabies transmission, and the costs associated with dog sterilization and management. Under one set of assumptions, the presence of leopards in this highly urbanized area could save up to 90 human lives per year. A further indirect benefit of leopard presence may be an increase in local abundance of other wildlife species that would otherwise be predated by dogs. The effective conservation of carnivores in human‐dominated landscapes involves difficult trade‐offs between human safety and conservation concerns. Quantitative assessments of how large carnivores negatively and positively affect urban ecosystems are critical, along with improved education of local communities about large carnivores and their impacts. | | |
| Purchase, protect, resell, repeat: an effective process for conserving biodiversity on private land? | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Hardy, Mathew J.; Fitzsimmons, James A.; Bekessy, Sarah A.; Gordon, Ascelin | 2018 | 2018/11/05 | Global conservation efforts are increasingly focused on expanding the amount of permanently protected private land, with the aim of preserving biodiversity. These efforts are often constrained by financial resources, particularly where land acquisition is expensive, or where landowners are reluctant to enter into conservation agreements. Purchase–protect–resale (PPR) programs are used by conservation organizations in a number of countries to facilitate the purchase, resale, and protection of private land. We conducted the first systematic review of the literature on PPR and collated information on its use around the world. In total, we found that funds exceeding US$384 million were available for PPR, and over 684,000 ha have been protected to date. We identify the unique attributes of this approach and the challenges of its implementation, and discuss its potential for protecting land unsuitable for other conservation approaches. Our analysis highlights the importance of selecting appropriate properties, and we suggest that insights from the economics literature could help to improve the effectiveness of PPR programs. | | |
| Assessing and Prioritizing Barriers to Aquatic Connectivity in the Eastern United States | Journal of the American Water Resources Association | Martin, Erik H. | 2018 | 2018/11/29 | There are tens of thousands of dams and millions of road‐stream crossings in the eastern United States (U.S.) which can prevent fish and other aquatic organisms from accessing key habitats. There is growing momentum in the eastern U.S., and throughout the country, to remove dams which no longer serve their intended purpose, provide improved fish passage facilities at those dams that cannot feasibly be removed, and upgrade road‐stream crossings to benefit aquatic organism passage (AOP). However, these projects are expensive and given the extensive scope of the problem and the limited resources available to address it, it is imperative to be strategic in deciding which barriers are removed or upgraded. The Nature Conservancy, in conjunction with several partners, has conducted a suite of analyses which assess and prioritize barriers to AOP for the potential ecological gains that could be realized if they were removed or upgraded. The results of these analyses have been used both proactively and reactively by managers throughout the eastern U.S. to identify potential connectivity restoration projects, support funding requests, and help inform funding allocation decisions by providing a common evaluation system for the many thousands of potential projects. In contrast to more prescriptive barrier removal optimizations, their flexibility of use provides managers with a practical framework for planning aquatic connectivity restoration while remaining open to the element of opportunity. | aquatic organism passage; fish passage; dams; spatial prioritization; anadromous fish | |
| Better late than never: a synthesis of strategic land retirement and restoration in California | Ecosphere - An ESA Open Access Journal | Lortie, Christopher J.; Filazzola, A.; Kelsey, R.; Hart, Abigail K.; Butterfield, H.S. | 2018 | 2018/11/28 | Strategic retirement and restoration of agricultural lands is a critical conservation opportunity globally. The objective of this synthesis was to examine whether ecological habitat assessments, endangered species historical occurrence data, and restoration research can be used to develop evidence‐based strategy for retiring and restoring agricultural lands. The San Joaquin Desert (SJD) of California is a prominent example because it experienced an extensive conversion to agriculture. Now, new groundwater regulations will lead to retirement on large areas of agricultural lands over the next 20 yr. This presents an opportunity to not only restore some of these lands but also explore the challenges associated with balancing direct human needs with other ecosystem‐level functions. California is thus an ideal case study for globally rethinking context‐specific, single‐case study solutions. We used a systematic review and synthesis to address the following three main questions for habitat recovery of endangered species in the SJD. (1) What are the habitat requirements for key endangered animal species in the region? (2) Is there historical evidence to support an assessment of suitable habitats for these species? (3) What restoration techniques apply to these species? Using the Web of Science and other resources, we reviewed over 1000 independent studies on this topic, refined the evidence, and selected a total of 266 relevant publications. Habitat requirements for each species were described, but there was a critical need to examine quantitative thresholds for these factors to better evaluate habitat suitability of retired lands. There was sufficient evidence of historical vegetation to model suitable habitats and design the physical restoration of retired lands. Direct interventions associated with restoration strategies have been infrequently tested. Sparse and diverse evidence associated with direct experimental manipulations is not uncommon in applied ecology, and synthesis is an excellent tool for highlighting these gaps for future research to examine. This review suggests that retired agricultural land is a viable asset for threatened and endangered species, but to effectively advance restoration research and management, direct tests of restoration techniques and an assessment of relative costs for interventions are needed for a given region. | agriculture; arid; desert; endangered species; fallowing; PRISMA; restoration; retired lands; San Joaquin Desert; semi-arid; synthesis; systematic review | |
| Coastal wetlands are the best marine carbon sink for climate mitigation | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Sutton-Grier, Ariana; Howard, Jennifer | 2018 | 2018/11/28 | | | |
| Conserving Species in a Fragmented World: The Arising Researcher | Bulletin - Ecological Society of America | Kennedy, Christina M. | 2018 | 2018/11/28 | | | |
| Large-Scale Expansion of Marine Protected Area Networks: Lessons from Australia | PARKS | Fitzsimons, James A.; Wescott, Geoff | 2018 | 2018/11/26 | Australia was one of the first countries to declare a marine protected area (MPA) in 1879, but it was not until the 1960s and 1970s, in efforts to protect the Great Barrier Reef, that marine protection was considered in a concerted way. The more recent development of MPA networks (or systems) by governments in state, territory and national (Commonwealth) jurisdictional waters has again placed Australia in the global spotlight in MPA development. We assembled the experiences of MPA representatives from government agencies, non-government organisations, academia and industry (in the form of commissioned written book chapters) to describe various aspects of MPAs in Australia, from the history, successes and challenges in creating jurisdictional networks, to the science, economics and legal aspects of Australian MPA networks, to different sectoral perspectives. Key themes are discussed and include: 1) Marine protected areas are always contested (at first), 2) Jurisdiction-wide network declaration versus single MPA declarations, each have pros and cons, 3) For federal systems of government, coordination between the jurisdictions is important, 4) Fishery reserves as the first MPAs ‘muddy the waters’ for the objectives of modern MPAs, 5) A multitude of categories and zones and uses has also confused the MPA concept, 6) Multi-use versus no take: proving the benefits and the need for clear targets for each type, 7) Acknowledging the gap between pure science and realpolitik in the placement of MPAs, 8) Involvement of Indigenous communities in MPAs has been slower than for terrestrial protected areas but improving. The recent and substantial changes to the Australian Government’s historic 2012 declaration of a network of MPAs across its exclusive economic zone are also discussed. | marine protected areas; marine parks; protected area networks; zoning; marine conservation; land use allocation | |
| Guidelines for privately protected areas | | Mitchell, Brent; Stolton, Sue; Bezaury-Creel, Juan; Bingham, Heather C.; Cumming, Tracey L.; Dudley, Nigel; Fitzsimons, James A.; Malleret-King, Delphine; Redford, Kent H.; Solano, Pedro; Groves, Craig | 2018 | 2018/11/26 | These guidelines address planning and management of privately protected areas (or PPAs) and the guidance is aimed principally at practitioners and policy makers, who are or may be involved with PPAs. Guidance is given on all aspects of PPA establishment, management and reporting, and information is provided on principles and best practices, with examples drawn from many different parts of the world. The aim of these guidelines is to shape the application of IUCN policy and principles towards enhanced effectiveness and conservation outcomes, focused on PPA managers and administrators. Not all the guidance will necessarily apply in all social, political and economic contexts. However, learning from best practices around the world and considering how these can be incorporated at site or national level may improve the likelihood of success in private conservation and suggest how conditions might be improved to favour PPAs and thus capitalise on the opportunities they present. | protected areas; privately protected areas; conservation; conservation policy; governance | |
| Goliath catfish spawning in the far western Amazon confirmed by the distribution of mature adults, drifting larvae and migrating juveniles | Scientific Reports | Barthem, Ronaldo B.; Goulding, Michael; Leite, Rosseval G.; Canas, Carlos; Forsberg, Bruce; Venticinque, Eduardo; Petry, Paulo; Ribeiro, Mauro L. de B.; Chuctaya, Junior; Mercado, Armando | 2017 | 2018/11/20 | We mapped the inferred long-distance migrations of four species of Amazonian goliath catfishes (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii, B. platynemum, B. juruense and B. vaillantii) based on the presence of individuals with mature gonads and conducted statistical analysis of the expected long-distance downstream migrations of their larvae and juveniles. By linking the distribution of larval, juvenile and mature adult size classes across the Amazon, the results showed: (i) that the main spawning regions of these goliath catfish species are in the western Amazon; (ii) at least three species—B. rousseauxii, B. platynemum, and B. juruense—spawn partially or mainly as far upstream as the Andes; (iii) the main spawning area of B. rousseauxii is in or near the Andes; and (iv) the life history migration distances of B. rousseauxii are the longest strictly freshwater fish migrations in the world. These results provide an empirical baseline for tagging experiments, life histories extrapolated from otolith microchemistry interpretations and other methods to establish goliath catfish migratory routes, their seasonal timing and possible return (homing) to western headwater tributaries where they were born. | conservation biology; freshwater ecology | |
| Global state and potential scope of investments in watershed services for large cities | Nature Communications | Romulo, Chelsie L.; Posner, Stephen; Cousins, Stella; Hoyle Fair, Jenn; Bennett, Drew E.; Huber-Stearns, Heidi; Richards, Ryan C.; McDonald, Robert I. | 2018 | 2018/11/20 | Investments in watershed services (IWS) programs, in which downstream water users pay upstream watershed service suppliers for actions that protect drinking water, are increasing in number and scope. IWS programs represent over $170 million of investment in over 4.3 million ha of watersheds, providing water to over 230 million people. It is not yet fully clear what factors contribute to the establishment and sustainability of IWS. We conducted a representative global analysis of 416 of the world’s largest cities, including 59 (14%) with IWS programs. Using random forest ensemble learning methods, we evaluated the relative importance of social and ecological factors as predictors of IWS presence. IWS programs are more likely present in source watersheds with more agricultural land and less protected area than otherwise similar watersheds. Our results suggest potential to expand IWS as a strategy for drinking water protection and also contribute to decisions regarding suitable program locations. | environmental economics; environmental impact; sustainability; water resources | |
| Comprehensiveness of conservation of useful wild plants: An operational indicator for biodiversity and sustainable development targets | Ecological Indicators | Khoury, Colin K.; Amariles, Daniel; Stivens Soto, Jonatan; Diaz, Maria Victoria; Sotelo, Steven; Sosa, Chrystian C.; Ramirez-Villegas, Julian; Achicanoy, Harold A.; Velasquez-Tibata, Jorge; Guarino, Luigi; Navarro-Racines, Carlos; Castaneda-Alvarez, Nora P.; Dempewolf, Hannes; Wiersema, John H.; Jarvis, Andy | 2018 | 2018/11/20 | Plants are essential sources of food, medicine, shelter, fuel, feed, and forage, and provide a wide range of additional ecosystem and cultural services to humanity. In recognition of the tremendous value of useful plants and of the increasing threats to their persistence, international agreements including the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Sustainable Development Goals, and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture have created ambitious conservation targets which must be measured through quantitative indicators so as to facilitate the development and implementation of strategies aimed at safeguarding their genetic diversity. Gaps in the current list of functioning indicators for these targets suggest that the development of effective measurements of the state of conservation of the genetic diversity within useful plants is a major challenge. Here we present a gap analysis indicator methodology that provides a pragmatic estimate of the comprehensiveness of conservation of the genetic diversity within useful wild plants, both ex situ and in situ. The methodology compares the geographic and ecological variation evident from analyses of the ‘site of collection’ of samples of plant taxa that are safeguarded in genebanks and other living plant repositories, as well as the variation evident in the proportion of species’ ranges inhabiting protected areas, against the full range of geographic and ecological variation in their native distributions. The methodology enables a prioritization of species for immediate conservation action, and, when measured periodically, can quantify progress toward comprehensive conservation of these plants at global, regional, and national scales, including determining when that goal has been reached. Assessing almost 7000 taxa with the “Comprehensiveness of conservation of useful wild plants” indicator, we find that they are currently highly under-conserved, with less than three out of every 100 taxa assessed as sufficiently conserved or of low priority for further conservation action (overall global indicator = 2.78). Indicator results at the national and regional scales as well as by species use type varied, although virtually all countries, regions, and use categories were found to require further conservation action, particularly with regard to ex situ conservation. The results as well as input data and method code are available for indicator reporting and for conservation prioritization setting. | aichi biodiversity targets; biodiversity indicators; crop wild relatives; ex situ conservation; In situ conservation; sustainable development goals | |
| Reviews and syntheses: Carbon use efficiency from organisms to ecosystems – definitions, theories, and empirical evidence | Biogeosciences | Manzoni, Stefano; Capek, Petr; Porada, Philipp; Thurner, Martin; Winterdahl, Mattias; Beer, Christian; Bruchert, Volker; Frouz, Jan; Herrmann, Anke M.; Lindahl, Bjorn D.; Lyon, Steve W.; Santruckova, Hana; Vico, Giulia; Way, Danielle | 2018 | 2018/10/09 | The cycling of carbon (C) between the Earth surface and the atmosphere is controlled by biological and abiotic processes that regulate C storage in biogeochemical compartments and release to the atmosphere. This partitioning is quantified using various forms of C-use efficiency (CUE) – the ratio of C remaining in a system to C entering that system. Biological CUE is the fraction of C taken up allocated to biosynthesis. In soils and sediments, C storage depends also on abiotic processes, so the term C-storage efficiency (CSE) can be used. Here we first review and reconcile CUE and CSE definitions proposed for autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms and communities, food webs, whole ecosystems and watersheds, and soils and sediments using a common mathematical framework. Second, we identify general CUE patterns; for example, the actual CUE increases with improving growth conditions, and apparent CUE decreases with increasing turnover. We then synthesize >5000CUE estimates showing that CUE decreases with increasing biological and ecological organization – from unicellular to multicellular organisms and from individuals to ecosystems. We conclude that CUE is an emergent property of coupled biological–abiotic systems, and it should be regarded as a flexible and scale-dependent index of the capacity of a given system to effectively retain C. | | |
| LANDFIRE in the Appalachians | Proceedings: Wildland Fire in the Appalachians: Discussions Among Managers and Scientists | Smith, James L.; Swaty, Randy; Blankenship, Kori; Hagen, Sarah; Patton, Jeannie | 2014 | 2018/10/05 | Many challenges face fire managers and scientists in the Appalachian Mountains because of the region’s diverse topography and limited research supporting prescribed burning. This conference was designed to promote communication among managers, researchers, and other interested parties. These proceedings contain 30 papers and abstracts that describe ongoing research, successful technology transfer, and management tools for planning prescribed fires. Five categories of papers include ecology of plants and plant communities, wildlife ecology, fire history and fire effects, tools for forest management, and manager-scientist success stories. | fire; wildfire; spatial data; land management; biophysical settings; BpS; vegetation mapping; vegetation models; fuels; United States; Existing Vegetation Type; EVT; modeling; Pisgah/Nantahala; ecological systems; natural disturbance; burn; fire regime | |
| Sustaining wetlands to mitigate disasters and protect people | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Endter-Wada, Joanna; Kettenring, Karin M.; Sutton-Grier, Ariana E. | 2018 | 2018/10/03 | | | |
| Moving from reactive to proactive development planning to conserve Indigenous community and biodiversity values | Environmental Impact Assessment Review | Heiner, Michael; Hinchley, David; Fitzsimons, James; Weisenberger, Frank; Bergmann, Wayne; McMahon, Tina; Milgin, Joseph; Nardea, Linda; Oakleaf, James; Parriman, Damien; Poelina, Anne; Watson, Harry; Watson, Kimberley; Kiesecker, Joseph | 2018 | 2018/10/03 | There is increased awareness of the need to balance multiple societal values in land use and development planning. Best practice has promoted the use of landscape-level conservation planning and application of the ‘mitigation hierarchy’, which focuses on avoiding, minimizing or compensating for impacts of development projects. However, environmental impact assessments (EIA) typically focus in a reactive way on single project footprints with an emphasis on environmental values and specifically biodiversity. This separation may miss opportunities to jointly plan for and manage impacts to both environmental and social values. Integrated approaches may have particular benefit in northern Australia, where Indigenous people have native title to as much as 60% of the land area and cultural values are closely linked with natural values. Here, we present a novel framework for integrating biodiversity and cultural values to facilitate use in EIA processes, using the Nyikina Mangala Native Title Determination Area in the Kimberley, Western Australia, as a case study. We demonstrate 1) how social and cultural values can be organized and analyzed spatially to support mitigation planning, 2) how social, cultural, and biodiversity values may reinforce each other to deliver better conservation outcomes and minimize conflict, and 3) how this information, in the hands of Indigenous communities, provides capacity to proactively assess development proposals and negotiate mitigation measures to conserve social, cultural, and biodiversity values following the mitigation hierarchy. Based on values defined through a Healthy Country Planning process, we developed spatial datasets to represent cultural/heritage sites, freshwater features, common native animals and plants represented by biophysical habitat types, and legally-protected threatened and migratory species represented by potential habitat models. Both cultural/heritage sites and threatened species habitat show a strong thematic and spatial link with freshwater features, particularly the Fitzroy River wetlands. We outline some of the challenges and opportunities of this process and its implications for the Northern Australia development agenda. | mitigation hierarchy; conservation planning; healthy country planning; environmental impact assessment; social impact assessment; cultural impact assessment; cultural ecosystem services; native title; indigenous land rights | |
| An attainable global vision for conservation and human well‐being | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Tallis, Heather M.; Hawthorne, Peter L.; Polasky, Stephen; Reid, Joseph; Beck, Michael W.; Brauman, Kate; Bielicki, Jeffrey M.; Binder, Seth; Burgess, Matthew G.; Cassidy, Emily; Clark, Adam; Fargione, Joseph; Game, Edward T.; Gerber, James; Isbell, Forest; Kiesecker, Joseph; McDonald, Robert; Metian, Marc; Molnar, Jennifer L.; Mueller, Nathan D.; O'Connell, Christine; Ovando, Daniel; Troell, Max; Boucher, Timothy M.; McPeek, Brian | 2018 | 2018/10/17 | A hopeful vision of the future is a world in which both people and nature thrive, but there is little evidence to support the feasibility of such a vision. We used a global, spatially explicit, systems modeling approach to explore the possibility of meeting the demands of increased populations and economic growth in 2050 while simultaneously advancing multiple conservation goals. Our results demonstrate that if, instead of “business as usual” practices, the world changes how and where food and energy are produced, this could help to meet projected increases in food (54%) and energy (56%) demand while achieving habitat protection (>50% of natural habitat remains unconverted in most biomes globally; 17% area of each ecoregion protected in each country), reducing atmospheric greenhouse‐gas emissions consistent with the Paris Climate Agreement (≤1.6°C warming by 2100), ending overfishing, and reducing water stress and particulate air pollution. Achieving this hopeful vision for people and nature is attainable with existing technology and consumption patterns. However, success will require major shifts in production methods and an ability to overcome substantial economic, social, and political challenges. | | |
| Leveraging a Participatory Process for Restoration Return on Investment: The Nature Conservancy's Floodplain Investment Tool | Journal of the American Water Resources Association | Lyon, Steve W.; Cunha, Luciana; DiBlasio, Michelle; Creveling, Ellen | 2018 | 2018/10/15 | In this study, we develop the Floodplain Investment Tool (FPIT) to help stakeholders prioritize conservation efforts to maximize return on investments (e.g., ensure the most “bang for the buck”). We applied the FPIT for the 177 mi2 (458 km2) Paulins Kill watershed located in northwestern New Jersey, as a case study focusing on nutrient loading. The resultant FPIT reflected independently assessed habitat and ecosystem impairment scores across the watershed. Nutrient load (both total phosphorus [TP] and total nitrogen [TN]) estimates made with the FPIT were in relative agreement across scales with a more robust modeling approach and allowed for development of several application scenarios. For example, we estimated a well‐targeted budget of $2 million could reduce annual nutrient load to be approximately 530 lbs (240 kg) of TP and 5,835 lbs (2,647 kg) of TN for the watershed. Where the clear value for the FPIT can be seen is in the process by which it was pilot‐tested for application and stakeholder voices were integrated into its development. This allows for a level of transparency not available from more top‐down approaches where stakeholders are involved only at the end of the development process. | floodplain; restoration; conservation; nutrient load; participatory process; stakeholder engagement | |
| Water Supply and Habitat Resiliency for a Future Los Angeles River: Site-Specific Natural Enhancement Opportunities Informed by River Flow and Watershed-Wide Action | | Cohen, Brian; Ganguly, Shona; Parker, Sophie; Randall, John; Sourial, Jill; Weatherly, Lara | 2016 | 2019/01/09 | As a basic principle of ecological systems, a watershed’s hydrology determines the flow characteristics of its river system. These flows define what the biological characteristics of that river will be, which in turn determine what kinds of habitat enhancement projects will succeed at various locations along a river. This study of the Los Angeles River included one full year of multi-taxa biological surveys, a historical ecology investigation of the Elysian Valley, and a review of historic and existing hydrological and hydraulic conditions. Based on these analyses, the report provides recommendations for habitat enhancement projects along the Los Angeles River. | | |
| Testing a Remote Sensing-Based Interactive System for Monitoring Grazed Conservation Lands | Rangelands | Ford, Lawrence D.; Butterfield, H. Scott; Van Hoorn, Pete A.; Allen, Kasey B.; Inlander, Ethan; Schloss, Carrie; Schuetzenmeister, Falk; Tsalyuk, Miriam | 2017 | 2019/01/09 | On the Ground
• Many public agencies and land trusts that manage grazing lands are interested in using remote sensing technologies to make their monitoring programs more efficient but lack the expertise to do so. In California annual grasslands, using remote sensing is especially challenging because the dominant vegetation is not detectable by standard technologies at a key time of year for monitoring.
• The Nature Conservancy of California (TNC) has developed RDMapper, an easy-to-use web-based tool that uses satellite-based productivity estimates, rainfall records, and compliance history to identify management units at risk of being below the required level of residual dry matter (RDM).
• TNC successfully used RDMapper in 2015 and 2016 to predict compliance across approximately 47,000 hectares of conservation easement grasslands, while reducing monitoring costs by 42%.
• We also applied RDMapper on six non-TNC properties (approximately 5,700 hectares) owned by two public agencies. We correctly predicted RDM compliance on 74% of the management units and found the method to be successful overall, with several challenges mainly relating to meeting RDMapper’s data requirements.
• Our study illuminated potential benefits, hurdles, and best practices for landowners interested in using RDMapper to increase monitoring efficiency, and made recommendations to improve it.
• Adding RDMapper to conventional monitoring toolkits could be game-changing for public lands management agencies that currently struggle to manage vast grasslands. | California annual grassland; RDMapper; residual dry matter; conservation easement; MODIS; decision-support tool | |
| Regional Prioritization for Forest Restoration across California's Sierra Nevada | | Kelsey, Rodd; Smith, Edward; Biswas, Tanushree; McColl, Chris; Wilson, Kristen; Cameron, Dick | 2017 | 2019/01/08 | This report provides a systematic regional-scale assessment of biodiversity, fire regime change, and fire risk to infrastructure of forested watersheds across the Sierra Nevada and prioritizes watersheds for forest restoration where the greatest risk reduction to biodiversity and human infrastructure can be achieved. For priority watersheds, this report also provides an assessment of how much fuels reduction has already occurred in recent years and how accessible watersheds are for proactive restoration. This analysis will inform efforts to increase the pace and scale of forest restoration by helping prioritize investments where a high return on restoration investment can be achieved in the region over the next 10-20 years, and accelerate restoration of this vulnerable ecosystem. | | |
| Quantifying Trade-Offs Among Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity, and Agricultural Returns in an Agriculturally Dominated Landscape Under Future Land‑Management Scenarios | San Francisco Estuary & Watershed Science | Underwood, Emma C.; Hutchinson, Rachel A.; Viers, Joshua H.; Kelsey, T. Rodd; Distler, Trisha; Marty, Jaymee | 2017 | 2019/01/08 | Change in land use in agriculturally dominated areas is often assumed to provide positive benefits for land-owners and financial agricultural returns at the expense of biodiversity and other ecosystem services. For an agriculturally dominated area in the Central Valley of California we quantify the trade-offs among ecosystem services, biodiversity, and the financial returns from agricultural lands. We do this by evaluating three different landscape management scenarios projected to 2050 compared to the current baseline: habitat restoration, urbanization, and enhanced agriculture. The restoration scenario benefited carbon storage services and increased landscape suitability for birds, and also decreased ecosystem disservices (nitrous oxide emissions, nitrogen leaching), although there was a trade-off in slightly lower financial agricultural returns. Under the urbanization scenario, carbon storage, suitability for birds, and agricultural returns were negatively affected. A scenario which enhanced agriculture, tailored to the needs of a key species of conservation concern (Swainson’s Hawk, Buteo swainsoni), presented the most potential for trade-offs. This scenario benefitted carbon storage and increased landscape suitability for the Swainson's Hawk as well as 15 other focal bird species. However, this scenario increased ecosystem disservices. These spatially explicit results, generated at a scale relevant to land management decision-makers in the Central Valley, provide valuable insight into managing for multiple benefits in the landscape and an approach for assessing future land-management decisions. | agricultural valuation; biodiversity; carbon; Central Valley; nitrogen; restoration; Swainson's Hawk (Buteo swainsoni); urbanization | |
| Patterns and magnitude of flow alteration in California, USA | Freshwater Biology | Zimmerman, Julie K. H.; Carlisle, Daren M.; May, Jason T.; Klausmeyer, Kirk R.; Grantham, Theodore E.; Brown, Larry R.; Howard, Jeanette K. | 2017 | 2019/01/08 | Quantifying the natural flow regime is essential for management of water resources and conservation of aquatic ecosystems. Understanding the degree to which anthropogenic activities have altered flows is critical for developing effective conservation strategies. Assessing flow alteration requires estimates of flows expected in the absence of human influence and under current land use and water management.
There are several techniques to predict flows in streams and rivers; however, none have been applied to make predictions of natural flow conditions over large regions and time periods. We utilised machine learning statistical models to predict natural monthly flows (natural streamflows without the influence of water management or anthropogenic land use) in California from 1950 to 2015, using time‐dependent and fixed watershed variables from reference stream gages. These models were then used to make estimates of mean, maximum and minimum monthly flows in all streams in the state.
We compared observed flows measured at 540 stream gages across the state with expected natural flows at the same locations, to quantify the type, frequency and magnitude of flow alteration over the past 20 years (1996–2015). A gage was considered altered if an observed flow metric (monthly mean, annual maximum, annual minimum) fell outside the 80% prediction interval of the modelled flow estimate.
We found that 95% of the 540 stream gages in California had at least 1 month of altered flows over the past 20 years, and 11% of gages were frequently altered (over two‐thirds of the months recorded had evidence of altered flows). The type of alteration varied across the state with flows being either depleted, inflated or a mix of both at different times of the year. Most altered gages (68%) exhibited both depletion and inflation in monthly flows over the time period. Inflation of monthly mean flows was most prevalent during the summer months, while depletion of monthly flows was evident throughout the year.
Type, frequency and magnitude of flow alteration varied by region. Flow depletion was present at >80% of gages in the North Coast and Central Coast, flow inflation was measured at >80% of gages in the South Coast and San Francisco Bay and both depletion and inflation were evident at >80% of gages in the Sacramento River and San Joaquin and Tulare regions. Annual maximum flows were consistently depleted and annual minimum flows were commonly inflated in the Sierra Nevada and Central Valley (Sacramento River and San Joaquin and Tulare regions). This is the first study to comprehensively assess flow alteration at stream gages across California. Understanding the patterns and degree of alteration can aid in prioritising streams for environmental flow assessment and developing conservation strategies for native freshwater biota. | environmental flows; flow modelling; hydrology; reference gages; streamflow metrics | |
| Partnerships in Fisheries Management | | Wilson, J.; McGonigal, H.; Dempsey, T.; Gleason, M.; Rienecke, S. | 2017 | 2019/01/08 | Fisheries management in California is a complex, resource intensive process that is limited by funding and staff capacity. In this report, Conservancy scientists and colleagues identify ways in which non-governmental organizations and individuals, including fishermen, can engage in aspects of management. The report suggests that additional capacity from outside the government can improve conservation and management outcomes by improving the flow of information, achieving more responsive decision-making, and securing buy-in from multiple groups for effective measures. | | |
| Managing diversions in unregulated streams using a modified percent‐of‐flow approach | Freshwater Biology | Mierau, Darren W.; Trush, William J.; Rossi, Gabriel J.; Carah, Jennifer K.; Clifford, Matthew O.; Howard, Jeanette K. | 2017 | 2019/01/07 | In Mediterranean‐type river systems, naturally low seasonal stream flows are often overexploited, which has implications for managing flows for environmental as well as human needs.
Traditional approaches to instream flow management are not well suited to unregulated systems with strong seasonal patterns of water availability and many water diverters, and are challenging to implement in such systems. They often do not protect the full range of variability in the annual hydrograph, require extensive site‐specific data, expensive modelling or both.
In contrast, holistic flow management strategies, such as percent‐of‐flow (POF) strategies are designed to protect multiple ecological processes and preserve inter‐annual flow variability. However, POF approaches typically require real‐time streamflow gauging, and often lack a robust metric relating a diversion rate to ecological processes in the stream.
To address these challenges, we present a modified percent‐of‐flow (MPOF) diversion approach where diversions are allocated from a streamflow baseline which is derived from a regional relationship between a conservative streamflow‐exceedance and date. The streamflow baseline remains the same from year to year, and is independent of water‐year type. This approach protects inter‐annual flow variability and provides a predictable daily allowable volume of diversion at any diversion point—supporting efficient water management planning.
The allowable diversion rate in the MPOF approach is based not on a fixed percentage of the ambient streamflow, but rather on a maximum allowable percentage change in riffle crest thalweg depth, an ecologically meaningful, common hydraulic measurement.
In this paper, we demonstrate that the MPOF approach is a holistic approach well suited to manage diversions in unregulated streams typical of California's Mediterranean‐type coastal drainages. | environmental flows; hydroecology; instream flows; Mediterranean rivers; water division | |
| Introduction to this Special Issue on the Flora and Vegetation of the Islands of the Californias | Fremontia: Journal of the California Native Plant Society | Knapp, John J.; Randall, John M. | 2017 | 2019/01/07 | | | |
| Identification of potentially suitable habitat for strategic land retirement and restoration in the San Joaquin Desert | | Butterfield, H. Scott; Kelsey, Rodd; Hart, Abigail; Biswas, Tanushree; Kramer, Mark; Cameron, Dick; Crane, Laura; Brand, Erica | 2017 | 2019/01/07 | California's Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) established a framework for sustainable, local groundwater management. SGMA requires groundwater-dependent regions to halt overdraft and bring basins into balanced levels of pumping and recharge. As a result, agricultural land retirement is on the rise in the San Joaquin Valley, California’s largest agricultural region and home to the state's highest concentration of threatened and endangered species. In this assessment, The Nature Conservancy introduces the concept of strategic land retirement and restoration, an approach which seeks to help recover San Joaquin Valley threatened and endangered species by restoring agricultural land that is suitable as habitat and under threat of retirement. The authors identify 2.5 million acres of current agricultural lands that have high potential for restoration, 14% of which was fallowed at least once during the most recent drought. | | |
| Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act: Guidance for Preparing Groundwater Sustainability Plans | | Rohde, M. M.; Matsumoto, S.; Howard, J.; Liu, S.; Riege, L.; Remson, E.J. | 2018 | 2019/01/07 | California's Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) of 2014 is landmark legislation that empowers local agencies, known as groundwater sustainability agencies, to sustainably manage groundwater resources for social, economic and environmental benefits. SGMA also includes specific requirements to identify and consider impacts to groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDEs). Recognizing the data and resource challenges surrounding these requirements, The Nature Conservancy developed this science-based guidance document to help agencies, consultants, and stakeholders efficiently incorporate GDEs into groundwater sustainability plans. | | |
| Ecosystem management and land conservation can substantially contribute to California's climate mitigation goals | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Cameron, D. Richard; Marvin, David C.; Remucal, Jonathan M.; Passero, Michelle C. | 2017 | 2019/01/07 | Modeling efforts focused on future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy and other sectors in California have shown varying capacities to meet the emissions reduction targets established by the state. These efforts have not included potential reductions from changes in ecosystem management, restoration, and conservation. We examine the scale of contributions from selected activities in natural and agricultural lands and assess the degree to which these actions could help the state achieve its 2030 and 2050 climate mitigation goals under alternative implementation scenarios. By 2030, an Ambitious implementation scenario could contribute as much as 147 MMTCO2e or 17.4% of the cumulative reductions needed to meet the state's 2030 goal, greater than the individual projected contributions of four other economic sectors, including those from the industrial and agricultural sectors. On an annual basis, the Ambitious scenario could result in reductions as high as 17.9 MMTCO2e⋅y-1 or 13.4% of the state's 2030 reduction goal. Most reductions come from changes in forest management (61% of 2050 projected cumulative reductions under the Ambitious scenario), followed by reforestation (14%), avoided conversion (11%), compost amendments to grasslands (9%), and wetland and grassland restoration (5%). Implementation of a range of land-based emissions reduction activities can materially contribute to one of the most ambitious mitigation targets globally. This study provides a flexible, dynamic framework for estimating the reductions achievable through land conservation, ecological restoration, and changes in management regimes. | land use change; avoided conversion; carbon sequestration; natural lands; agriculture | |
| The sound of a tropical forest | Science | Burivalova, Zuzana; Game, Edward T.; Butler, Rhett A. | 2019 | 2019/01/04 | Conservation areas around the world aim to help conserve animal biodiversity, but it is often difficult to measure conservation success without detailed on-the-ground surveys. High-resolution satellite imagery can be used to verify whether or not deforestation has occurred in areas dedicated for conservation (1). Such remote sensing analyses can reveal forest loss and, in some cases, severe forest degradation, such as through fragmentation and intensive selective logging, especially if it includes the construction of roads or camps. However, conservation benefit is determined not only by forest loss but also by the level of degradation in those forests left standing. Bioacoustics—specifically the recording and analysis of entire soundscapes—is an emerging tool with great promise for effectively monitoring animal biodiversity in tropical forests under various conservation schemes (2, 3). | | |
| Ecological Values of the Amargosa River in California | | Parker, Sophie S.; Moore, Jim; Warren, Leonard | 2018 | 2019/01/04 | The 185 mile-long Amargosa River, one of only two rivers with perennial flow in the California portion of the Mojave Desert, is fed by an ancient groundwater aquifer. The river provides habitat for hundreds of organisms, including a unique suite of rare, endemic, and imperiled species. In 2009, Congress designated a 26.3-mile stretch of the Amargosa in California as a Wild and Scenic River. This report provides current information about the plants and animals found in this part of the Amargosa River, and describes their dependence on this unique, groundwater-dependent ecosystem. | | |
| Assessment of Wildlife Crossing Sites for the Interstate 15 and Highway 101 Freeways in Southern California | | Riley, Seth P. D.; Smith, Trish; Vickers, T. Winston | 2018 | 2019/01/04 | Freeways are barriers to wildlife passage and gene exchange. In Southern California, mountain lion movement has been severely restricted due to this infrastructure. As a result, the mountain lions in the Santa Ana and Santa Monica Mountains have become severely inbred, threatening their long-term health and viability. Additional wildlife crossings are needed to improve connectivity across the region. This assessment uses landscape characteristics and wildlife data to evaluate and prioritize possible locations and concepts for wildlife crossings along two major freeways that bisect regional wildlife movement, Interstate 15 at the Riversided-San Diego County border and U.S. 101 in northern Los Angeles County. By combining expert opinion and connectivity science, the authors aim to bridge the gap between science and conservation practice. | | |
| Amargosa River Expert BioBlitz 2017 Final Report | | Parker, Sophie S.; Cohen, Brian S.; Fraga, Naomi; Brown, Brian; Cole, Jeffrey; Chatfield-Taylor, Will; Guadalupe, Kevin; Pauly, Gregory B.; Cooper, Daniel; Ordenana, Miguel | 2017 | 2019/01/04 | In 2017, The Nature Conservancy co-organized an “Expert BioBlitz” to explore a 26-mile stretch of the Wild and Scenic Amargosa River, located in the heart of the Mojave Desert. The event was designed be a rapid-response, high return-on-investment method for the collection of high-quality field survey data in an area that had not been broadly surveyed since 1972. The Expert BioBlitz, documented in this report, involved 36 individuals skilled in the identification of plants, animals, and conservation issues. The group documented 376 species in 48 hours, including rare species that had not been previously found along the river. | | |
| Adaptive comanagement to achieve climate‐ready fisheries | Conservation Letters | Wilson, Jono R.; Lomonico, Serena; Bradley, Darcy; Sievanen, Leila; Dempsey, Tom; Bell, Michael; McAfee, Skyli; Costello, Christopher; Szuwalski, Cody; McGonigal, Huff; Fitzgerald, Sean; Gleason, Mary | 2018 | 2019/01/04 | Climate‐related impacts to marine ecosystems threaten the biological, social, and economic resilience of the U.S. fishing industry. Changes in ocean conditions and variability in fisheries productivity have stimulated an effort to integrate climate information into fisheries science and management processes to inform more responsive decision‐making. However, institutional, capacity, and budget constraints within U.S. federal and state fisheries management agencies may hinder the potential to deliver climate‐ready strategies for many fisheries. We examine whether adaptive comanagement as a governance approach can enhance capacity and advance climate‐ready fisheries objectives. Adaptive comanagement may improve the quality of science and decision‐making needed to prepare for and respond to impacts of climate change in fisheries by taking advantage of skills, technology, and funding often not optimally utilized under the current governance system. We focus on the potential to improve information flows as a means to achieve climate‐ready fisheries via adaptive comanagement, but suggest that a greater level of partnership in the management process may be possible in the future after a period of formal experimentation and learning. | adaptive comanagement; climate change; experimentation; fisheries management | |
| A freshwater conservation blueprint for California: prioritizing watersheds for freshwater biodiversity | Freshwater Science | Howard, Jeanette K.; Fesenmyer, Kurt A.; Grantham, Theodore E.; Viers, Joshua H.; Ode, Peter R.; Moyle, Peter B.; Kupferburg, Sarah J.; Furnish, Joseph L.; Rehn, Andrew; Slusark, Joseph; Mazor, Raphael D.; Santos, Nicholas R.; Peek, Ryan A.; Wright, Amber N. | 2018 | 2019/01/04 | Conservation scientists have adapted conservation planning principles designed for protection of habitats ranging from terrestrial to freshwater ecosystems. We applied current approaches in conservation planning to prioritize California watersheds for management of biodiversity. For all watersheds, we compiled data on the presence/absence of herpetofauna and fishes; observations of freshwater-dependent mammals, selected invertebrates, and plants; maps of freshwater habitat types; measures of habitat condition and vulnerability; and current management status. We analyzed species-distribution data to identify areas of high freshwater conservation value that optimized representation of target taxa on the landscape and leveraged existing protected areas. The resulting priority network encompasses 34% of the area of California and includes ≥10% of the geographic range for all target taxa. High-value watersheds supported nontarget freshwater taxa and habitats, and focusing on target taxa may provide broad conservation value. Most of the priority conservation network occurs on public lands (69% by area), and 46% overlaps with protected areas already managed for biodiversity. A significant proportion of the network area is on private land and underscores the value of programs that incentivize landowners to manage freshwater species and habitats. The priority conservation areas encompass more freshwater habitats/ha than existing protected areas. Land use (agriculture and urbanization), altered fire regimes, nonnative fish communities, and flow impairment are the most important threats to freshwater habitat in the priority network, whereas factors associated with changing climate are the key drivers of habitat vulnerability. Our study is a guide to a comprehensive approach to freshwater conservation currently lacking in California. Conservation resources are often limited, so prioritization tools are valuable assets to land and water managers. | conservation planning; freshwater biodiversity; protected areas; Zonation software; California | |
| Functional attributes of ungulate migration: landscape features facilitate movement and access to forage | Ecological Applications | Monteith, Kevin L.; Hayes, Matthew M.; Kauffman, Matthew J.; Copeland, Holly E.; Sawyer, Hall | 2018 | 2019/01/04 | Long‐distance migration by terrestrial mammals is a phenomenon critical to the persistence of populations, but such migrations are declining globally because of over‐harvest, habitat loss, and movement barriers. Increasingly, there is a need to improve existing routes, mitigate route segments affected by anthropogenic disturbance, and in some instances, determine whether alternative routes are available. Using a hypothesis‐driven approach, we identified landscape features associated with the primary functional attributes, stopovers and movement corridors, of spring migratory routes for mule deer in two study areas using resource selection functions. Patterns of selection for landscape attributes of movement corridors and stopovers mostly were similar; however, landscape features associated with movement corridors aligned better with areas that facilitated movement, whereas selection of stopovers was consistent with sites offering early access to spring forage. For movement corridors, deer selected for dry sites, low elevation, and low anthropogenic disturbance. For stopovers, deer selected for dry sites, with consistently early green‐up across years, south‐southwesterly aspects, low elevation, and low anthropogenic disturbance. Stopovers and movement corridors of a migratory route presumably promote different functions, but for a terrestrial migrant, patterns of habitat selection indicate that the same general habitat attributes may facilitate both movement and foraging in spring. Our findings emphasize the roles of topographical wetness, vegetation phenology, and anthropogenic disturbance in shaping use of the landscape during migration for this large herbivore. Avoiding human disturbance and tracking ephemeral forage resources appear to be a consistent pattern during migration, which reinforces the notion that movement during migration has a nutritional underpinning and disturbance potentially alters the net benefits of migration. | anthropogenic disturbance; connectivity; habitat selection; mule deer; Odocoileus hemionus; stopover; Wyoming | |
| Incorporating Co-Benefits and Environmental Data into Corporate Decision-Making | American Journal of Agriculture Economics | Guertin, France; Polzin, Thomas; Rogers, Martha; Witt, Betsy | 2019 | 2019/01/29 | This case study deals with The Dow Chemical Company’s (Dow) and the City of Midland, Michigan’s decisions on how to restore two adjacent pieces of property. Dow aimed to restore a greenbelt area with historical issues, and the City of Midland aimed to restore a brownfield property that bordered Dow’s greenbelt area. Dow has a stated goal to apply a “business-decision process that values nature” and to deliver $1 billion in “value through projects that are good for business and good for ecosystems.” The City of Midland has developed a 20-year Master Plan that includes goals for Midland to connect and maintain open spaces. In line with these goals, Dow and the City of Midland wanted to restore the greenbelt area and brownfield property by enhancing habitat and ecosystem services in a way that was also beneficial to Dow’s bottom line and the residents of Midland, respectively. This case study presents three alternative restoration designs along with detailed financial cost and environmental data for each design. Students perform a cost-benefit analysis, highlighting potential differences between how costs are calculated in a public setting relative to a private setting. In addition, students assess how the inclusion of important non-financial environmental data may be used to inform decision making. | corporate social responsibility; sustainability; ecosystem services; cost-benefit analysis | |
| From ash pond to Riverside Wetlands: Making the business case for engineered natural technologies | Science of the Total Environment | Guertin, France; Halsey, Kevin; Polzin, Thomas; Rogers, Martha; Witt, Betsy | 2018 | 2019/01/29 | The 2015 announcement of The Dow Chemical Company's (Dow) Valuing Nature Goal, which aims to identify $1 billion in business value from projects that are better for nature, gives nature a spot at the project design table. To support this goal, Dow and The Nature Conservancy have extended their long-standing collaboration and are now working to develop a defensible methodology to support the implementation of the goal. This paper reviews the nature valuation methodology framework developed by the Collaboration in support of the goal. The nature valuation methodology is a three-step process that engages Dow project managers at multiple stages in the project design and capital allocation processes. The three-step process identifies projects that may have a large impact on nature and then promotes the use of ecosystem service tools, such as the Ecosystem Services Identification and Inventory Tool, to enhance the project design so that it better supports ecosystem health. After reviewing the nature valuation methodology, we describe the results from a case study of redevelopment plans for a 23-acre site adjacent to Dow's Michigan Operations plant along the Tittabawassee River. | natural infrastructure; ecosystem service valuation; corporate sustainability | |
| Using ricelands to provide temporary shorebird habitat during migration | Ecological Applications | Golet, Gregory H.; Low, Candace; Avery, Simon; Andrews, Katie; McColl, Christopher J.; Laney, Rheyna; Reynolds, Mark D. | 2018 | 2018/01/29 | To help mitigate large wetland losses in California, The Nature Conservancy launched a dynamic conservation incentive program to create temporary wetland habitats in harvested and fallow rice fields for shorebirds migrating along the Pacific Flyway. Farmers were invited to participate in a reverse auction bidding process and winning bids were selected based on their cost and potential to provide high quality shorebird habitat. This was done in 2014 and 2015, for separate enrollment periods that overlapped with spring and fall migration, both before and after the traditional post‐harvest flooding period. To assess the success of the program, we monitored shorebird use of fields that were enrolled (treatments), and others that were subject to typical rice farm management (controls). To put these observations in context, we used satellites to simultaneously monitor the extent of shallow‐water habitat across the ~215,000 ha of ricelands in the area. Results showed that providing habitat during migration, when it is typically unavailable in rice fields, yielded the largest average shorebird densities ever reported for agriculture in the region. Treatment fields had significantly greater shorebird density, richness and diversity than control fields in both spring and fall (especially September–early October, and late March–early April), but in fall the difference was greater. Shorebird responses to habitat provisioning, and regional habitat conditions, were variable from year to year, and highly dynamic within a given season. Overall, shorebirds densities were found to be negatively related to the total amount of flooded habitat in the rice landscape. Factors that affected habitat availability included allocation schedules of water deliveries from reservoirs, and rainfall patterns, both of which were influenced by drought. Collectively, these results suggest that appropriately managed agricultural lands have great potential to provide high value habitat for shorebirds during times of habitat deficit, including migration, and that fall may be a particularly impactful time to create additional habitat. Migratory species face great challenges due to the climate change, conversion of historical stopover sites, and other factors, but dynamic conservation programs offer promise that, at least in certain instances, their needs can still be met. | BirdReturns; bootstrapping; dynamic conservation; farmland; flooding; habitat deficit; landowner incentive; migration; payment for services; reverse auction; rice; waterbirds; agriculture | |
| Recreation economics to inform migratory species conservation: Case study of the northern pintail | Journal of Environmental Management | Mattsson, Brady J.; Dubovsky, James A.; Thogmartin, Wayne E.; Bagstad, Kenneth J.; Goldstein, Joshua H.; Loomis, John B.; Diffendorfer, James E.; Semmens, Darius J.; Wiederholt, Ruscena; López-Hoffman, Laura | 2018 | 2018/01/26 | Quantification of the economic value provided by migratory species can aid in targeting management efforts and funding to locations yielding the greatest benefits to society and species conservation. Here we illustrate a key step in this process by estimating hunting and birding values of the northern pintail (Anas acuta) within primary breeding and wintering habitats used during the species’ annual migratory cycle in North America. We used published information on user expenditures and net economic values (consumer surplus) for recreational viewing and hunting to determine the economic value of pintail-based recreation in three primary breeding areas and two primary wintering areas. Summed expenditures and consumer surplus for northern pintail viewing were annually valued at $70M, and annual sport hunting totaled $31M (2014 USD). Expenditures for viewing ($42M) were more than twice as high than those for hunting ($18M). Estimates of consumer surplus, defined as the amount consumers are willing to pay above their current expenditures, were $15M greater for viewing ($28M) than for hunting ($13M). We discovered substantial annual consumer surplus ($41M) available for pintail conservation from birders and hunters. We also found spatial differences in economic value among the primary regions used by pintails, with viewing generally valued more in breeding regions than in wintering regions and the reverse being true for hunting. The economic value of pintail-based recreation in the Western wintering region ($26M) exceeded that in any other region by at least a factor of three. Our approach of developing regionally explicit economic values can be extended to other taxonomic groups, and is particularly suitable for migratory game birds because of the availability of large amounts of data. When combined with habitat-linked population models, regionally explicit values could inform development of more effective conservation finance and policy mechanisms to enhance environmental management and societal benefits across the geographically dispersed areas used by migratory species. | birding; migratory species conservation; North America; Northern pintail; recreation economics; waterfowl hunting | |
| Quantifying ecosystem service flows at multiple scales across the range of a long-distance migratory species | Ecosystem Services | Semmens, Darius J.; Diffendorfer, Jay E.; Bagstad, Kenneth J.; Wiederholt, Ruscena; Oberhauser, Karen; Ries, Leslie; Semmens, Brice X.; Goldstein, Joshua; Loomis, John; Thogmartin, Wayne E.; Mattsson, Brady J; López-Hoffman, Laura | 2018 | 2018/01/26 | Migratory species provide ecosystem goods and services throughout their annual cycles, often over long distances. Designing effective conservation solutions for migratory species requires knowledge of both species ecology and the socioeconomic context of their migrations. We present a framework built around the concept that migratory species act as carriers, delivering benefit flows to people throughout their annual cycle that are supported by the network of ecosystems upon which the species depend. We apply this framework to the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) migration of eastern North America by calculating their spatial subsidies. Spatial subsidies are the net ecosystem service flows throughout a species’ range and a quantitative measure of the spatial mismatch between the locations where people receive most benefits and the locations of habitats that most support the species. Results indicate cultural benefits provided by monarchs in the U.S. and Canada are subsidized by migration and overwintering habitat in Mexico. At a finer scale, throughout the monarch range, habitat in rural landscapes subsidizes urban residents. Understanding the spatial distribution of benefits derived from and ecological support provided to monarchs and other migratory species offers a promising means of understanding the costs and benefits associated with conservation across jurisdictional borders. | biodiversity conservation; political ecology; social-ecological systems; spatial subsidies; telecouplying; Monarch butterfly | |
| Connectivity and systemic resilience of the Great Barrier Reef | PLOS Biology | Hock, Karlo; Wolff, Nicholas H.; Ortiz, Juan C.; Condie, Scott A.; Anthony, Kenneth R. N.; Blackwell, Paul G.; Mumby, Peter J. | 2017 | 2018/01/26 | Australia’s iconic Great Barrier Reef (GBR) continues to suffer from repeated impacts of cyclones, coral bleaching, and outbreaks of the coral-eating crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), losing much of its coral cover in the process. This raises the question of the ecosystem’s systemic resilience and its ability to rebound after large-scale population loss. Here, we reveal that around 100 reefs of the GBR, or around 3%, have the ideal properties to facilitate recovery of disturbed areas, thereby imparting a level of systemic resilience and aiding its continued recovery. These reefs (1) are highly connected by ocean currents to the wider reef network, (2) have a relatively low risk of exposure to disturbances so that they are likely to provide replenishment when other reefs are depleted, and (3) have an ability to promote recovery of desirable species but are unlikely to either experience or spread COTS outbreaks. The great replenishment potential of these ‘robust source reefs’, which may supply 47% of the ecosystem in a single dispersal event, emerges from the interaction between oceanographic conditions and geographic location, a process that is likely to be repeated in other reef systems. Such natural resilience of reef systems will become increasingly important as the frequency of disturbances accelerates under climate change. | coral reefs; larvae; bleaching; thermal stresses; reefs; starfish; oceanography; marine ecosystems | |
| Approaches for Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Gulf of Mexico After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Interim Report | | Mayer, Larry A.; Boufadel, Michel C.; Brenner, Jorge; Carney, Robert S.; Cooper, Cortis K.; Deming, Jody W.; Die, David J.; Eagle, Josh; Geraci, Joseph R.; Knuth, Barbara A.; Lee, Kenneth; Morris, James T.; Polasky, Stephen; Rabalais, Nancy N.; Stahl, Jr., Ralph G.; Yoskowitz, David W. | 2012 | 2019/01/23 | On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon platform drilling the Macondo well in Mississippi Canyon Block 252 (DWH) exploded, killing 11 workers and injuring another 17. The DWH oil spill resulted in nearly 5 million barrels (approximately 200 million gallons) of crude oil spilling into the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The full impacts of the spill on the GoM and the people who live and work there are unknown but expected to be considerable, and will be expressed over years to decades. In the short term, up to 80,000 square miles of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) were closed to fishing, resulting in loss of food, jobs and recreation. | | |
| Migratory Species in the Gulf of Mexico Large Marine Ecosystem: Pathways, Threats & Conservation | | Brenner, Jorge; Voight, Carly; Mehlman, David | 2016 | 2019/01/23 | | | |
| Migratory species in the Gulf of Mexico large marine ecosystem: Executive Summary | | Brenner, Jorge; Voight, Carly; Mehlman, David | 2016 | 2019/01/23 | | | |
| Soil Ecosystem Services: An Overview | | Baer, Sara G.; Birge, Hannah E. | 2018 | 2019/01/22 | | | |
| Ecological resilience indicators for five northern Gulf of Mexico ecosystems | | Goodin, Kathleen L.; Faber-Langendoen; Brenner, Jorge; Allen, Scott T.; Day, Richard H.; Congdon, Victoria M.; Shepard, Christine; Cummings, Katherine E.; Stagg, Camille L.; Gabler, Christopher A.; Dunton, Kenneth H.; Ruzicka, R. Rob; Semon-Lunz, Kate; Reed, Dave; Wirt Ames, Katherine; Love, Matthew | 2018 | 2019/01/22 | | | |
| Gulf of Mexico tuna migrations | | Brenner, Jorge; McNulty, Valerie | 2018 | 2019/01/22 | | | |
| Evaluating the Benefits of Green Infrastructure for Coastal Areas: Location, Location, Location | Coastal Management | Ruckelshaus, Mary H.; Guannel, Gregory; Arkema, Katherine; Verutes, Gregory; Griffin, Robert; Guerry, Anne; Silver, Jess; Faries, Joe; Brenner, Jorge; Rosenthal, Amy | 2016 | 2019/01/22 | Coastal protection of communities and property using “green infrastructure” approaches is gaining popularity as the science and practice improve. Guidance is limited for decision makers interested in taking action to protect shorelines. Here, we offer practical guidance for decision makers interested in moving beyond generalities for coastal protection strategies. We present three case examples from the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and in Belize, each posing different questions, and thus using different approaches, to evaluate whether green infrastructure strategies could be useful. For basic questions about where habitat-based approaches are likely to add value, index-based models are useful in identifying priority areas for habitat protection or restoration. Process-based models are best used to examine strategies where the interest is in the likely magnitude of value from gray and green infrastructure approaches. Process-based models in coastal Texas demonstrate that marsh habitats are spatially variable in their ability to reduce the height and costs of levees necessary to protect property from storms and sea-level rise. Such spatial variation in the value of green infrastructure can be readily incorporated in a variety of decisions, allowing action now, before more science and lessons from applications emerge. | coastal management; coastal protection; ecosystem services; restoration | |
| Science, policy, and data-driven decisions in a data vacuum | Ecology Law Quarterly | Kelly, Ryan P.; Levin, Phillip S.; Lee, Kai N. | 2017 | 2018/01/18 | Environmental regulation invariably requires making decisions in the face of scientific uncertainty. However, making decisions in the near-absence of evidence—essentially, the most extreme uncertainty—is a special case because it most plainly exposes the defaults and preferences of those making the decisions, and because it may inspire creative ways of reducing the probability of error. Here, we relate the case of an Endangered Species Act listing of several rockfish species in Puget Sound, Washington, which illustrates a set of decisions the National Marine Fisheries Service made in the absence of critical information about those populations. Subsequent scientific effort and technological advances have been powerful tests of the listing decision, and have suggested different outcomes for each of the three species under evaluation. We discuss this case in the context of agency discretion and internal incentives to make or defer decisions. We then highlight the roles of technological change and institutional learning as they intersect with these incentives, and suggest structural means of enabling this kind of effective data use by administrative agencies more generally. | | |
| Looking Forward: interconnectedness in the Anthropocene ocean | | Levin, P.S., Poe M.R. | 2017 | 2018/01/18 | | | |
| Preface | | Levin, P.S., Poe M.R. | 2017 | 2018/01/18 | | | |
| Conservation for the Anthropocene Ocean: Interdisciplinary Science in Support of Nature and People (book) | | Levin, Phillip; Poe, Melissa | 2017 | 2018/01/18 | | | |
| Evaluating indicators of human well-being for ecosystem-based management | Ecosystem Health and Sustainability | Breslow, Sara Jo; Allen, Margaret; Holstein, Danielle; Sojka, Brit; Barnea, Raz; Basurto, Xavier; Carothers, Courtney; Charnley, Susan; Coulthard, Sarah; Dolšak, Nives; Donatuto, Jamie; García-Quijano, Carlos; Hicks, Christina C.; Levine, Arielle; Mascia, Michael B.; Norman, Karma; Poe, Melissa; Satterfield, Terre; St. Martin, Kevin; Levin, Phillip S. | 2018 | 2018/01/18 | Introduction:
Interrelated social and ecological challenges demand an understanding of how environmental change and management decisions affect human well-being. This paper out-lines a framework for measuring human well-being for ecosystem-based management (EBM). We present a prototype that can be adapted and developed for various scales and contexts. Scientists and managers use indicators to assess status and trends in integrated ecosystem
assessments (IEAs). To improve the social science rigor and success of EBM, we developed a systematic and transparent approach for evaluating indicators of human well-being for an IEA.
Methods:
Our process is based on a comprehensive conceptualization of human well-being, a scalable analysis of management priorities, and a set of indicator screening criteria tailored
to the needs of EBM. We tested our approach by evaluating more than 2000 existing social indicators related to ocean and coastal management of the US West Coast. We focused on two foundational attributes of human well-being: resource access and self-determination.
Outcomes and Discussion:
Our results suggest that existing indicators and data are limited in their ability to reflect linkages between environmental change and human well-being, and extremely limited in their ability to assess social equity and justice. We reveal a critical need for new social indicators tailored to answer environmental questions and new data that are disaggregated by social variables to measure equity. In both, we stress the importance of collaborating with the people whose well-being is to be assessed.
Conclusion:
Our framework is designed to encourage governments and communities to carefully assess the complex tradeoffs inherent in environmental decision-making. | human well-being, indicators, ecosystem-based management, integrated ecosystem assessment, resource access, self-determination | |
| Integrating Expert Perceptions into Food Web Conservation and Management | Conservation Letters | Stier, Adrian C.; Samhouri, Jameal F.; Gray, Steven; Martone, Rebecca G.; Mach, Megan E.; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Kappel, Carrie V.; Scarborough, Courtney; Levin, Phillip S. | 2017 | 2018/01/18 | Decision‐makers often rely on expert knowledge, especially in complex and data‐poor social‐ecological systems (SESs). However, expert knowledge and perceptions of SES structure and function vary; therefore, understanding how these perceptions differ is critical to building knowledge and developing sustainability solutions. Here, we quantify how scientific, local, and traditional knowledge experts vary in their perceptions of food webs centered on Pacific herring—a valuable ecological, economic, and cultural resource in Haida Gwaii, BC, Canada. Expert perceptions of the herring food web varied markedly in structure, and a simulated herring recovery with each of these unique mental models demonstrated wide variability in the perceived importance of herring to the surrounding food web. Using this general approach to determine the logical consequences of expert perceptions of SES structure in the context of potential future management actions, decision‐makers can work explicitly toward filling knowledge gaps while embracing a diversity of perspectives. | mental model; fuzzy logic cognitive maps; decision-making; Haida Gwaii; herring; ecosystem-based management; food web | |
| Empiricism and Modeling for Marine Fisheries: Advancing an Interdisciplinary Science | Ecosystems | Essington, Timothy E.; Ciannelli, Lorenzo; Heppell, Selina S.; Levin, Phillip S.; McClanahan, Timothy R.; Micheli, Fiorenza; Plagânyi, Éva E.; van Putten, Ingrid E. | 2017 | 2018/01/18 | Marine fisheries science is a broad field that is fundamentally concerned with sustainability across ecological, economic, and social dimensions. Ensuring the delivery of food, security, equity, and well-being while sustaining ecosystems in the face of rapid change is, by far, the main challenge facing marine fisheries. A tighter integration of modeling and empiricism is needed to confront this challenge. In particular, improved incorporation of empirically grounded and realistic representation of human behaviors into models will greatly enhance our ability to predict likely outcomes under alternative adaptive strategies. Challenges to this integration certainly exist, but many of these can be overcome via improved professional training that reduces cultural rifts between empiricists and modelers and between natural and social sciences, ideally ending the presumption that there is a divide between empiricism and modeling. | marine fisheries, modeling, interdisciplinarity, global change, sustainabiity, empiricism | |
| Rapid and direct recoveries of predators and prey through synchronized ecosystem management | Nature Ecology and Evolution | Samhouri, Jameal F.; Stier, Adrian C.; Hennessey, Shannon M.; Novak, Mark; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Levin, Phillip S. | 2017 | 2018/01/18 | One of the twenty-first century’s greatest environmental challenges is to recover and restore species, habitats and ecosystems. The decision about how to initiate restoration is best-informed by an understanding of the linkages between ecosystem components and, given these linkages, an appreciation of the consequences of choosing to recover one ecosystem component before another. However, it remains difficult to predict how the sequence of species’ recoveries within food webs influences the speed and trajectory of restoration, and what that means for human well-being. Here, we develop theory to consider the ecological and social implications of synchronous versus sequential (species-by-species) recovery in the context of exploited food webs. A dynamical systems model demonstrates that synchronous recovery of predators and prey is almost always more efficient than sequential recovery. Compared with sequential recovery, synchronous recovery can be twice as fast and produce transient fluctuations of much lower amplitude. A predator-first strategy is particularly slow because it counterproductively suppresses prey recovery. An analysis of real-world predator–prey recoveries shows that synchronous and sequential recoveries are similarly common, suggesting that current practices are not ideal. We highlight policy tools that can facilitate swift and steady recovery of ecosystem structure, function and associated services. | conservation biology; restoration ecology | |
| Evaluating the best available social science for natural resource management decision-making | Environmental Science & Policy | Charnley, Susan; Carothers, Courtney; Satterfield, Terre; Levine, Arielle; Poe, Melissa R.; Norman, Karma; Donatuto, Jamie; Breslow, Sara Jo; Mascia, Michael B.; Levin, Phillip S.; Basurto, Xavier; Hicks, Christina C.; García-Quijano, Carlos; St. Martin, Kevin | 2017 | 2018/01/18 | Increasing recognition of the human dimensions of natural resource management issues, and of social and ecological sustainability and resilience as being inter-related, highlights the importance of applying social science to natural resource management decision-making. Moreover, a number of laws and regulations require natural resource management agencies to consider the “best available science” (BAS) when making decisions, including social science. Yet rarely do these laws and regulations define or identify standards for BAS, and those who have tried to fill the gap have done so from the standpoint of best available natural science. This paper proposes evaluative criteria for best available social science (BASS), explaining why a broader set of criteria than those used for natural science is needed. Although the natural and social sciences share many of the same evaluative criteria for BAS, they also exhibit some differences, especially where qualitative social science is concerned. Thus we argue that the evaluative criteria for BAS should expand to include those associated with diverse social science disciplines, particularly the qualitative social sciences. We provide one example from the USA of how a federal agency − the U.S. Forest Service − has attempted to incorporate BASS in responding to its BAS mandate associated with the national forest planning process, drawing on different types of scientific information and in light of these criteria. Greater attention to including BASS in natural resource management decision-making can contribute to better, more equitable, and more defensible management decisions and policies. | best available science; qualitative social science; environmental management; U.S. Forest Service | |
| Inclusion of ecological, economic, social, and institutional considerations when setting targets and limits for multispecies fisheries | ICES Journal of Marine Science | Rindorf, Anna; Dichmont, Catherine M.; Thorson, James; Charles, Anthony; Clausen, Lotte Worsøe; Degnbol, Poul; Garcia, Dorleta; Hintzen, Niels T.; Kempf, Alexander; Levin, Phillip; Mace, Pamela; Maravelias, Christos; Minto, Coilín; Mumford, John; Pascoe, Sean; Prellezo, Raul; Punt, André E.; Reid, David G.; Röckmann, Christine; Stephenson, Robert L.; Thebaud, Olivier; Tserpes, George Voss, Rüdiger | 2017 | 2018/01/18 | Targets and limits for long-term management are used in fisheries advice to operationalize the way management reflects societal priorities on ecological, economic, social and institutional aspects. This study reflects on the available published literature as well as new research presented at the international ICES/Myfish symposium on targets and limits for long term fisheries management. We examine the inclusion of ecological, economic, social and institutional objectives in fisheries management, with the aim of progressing towards including all four objectives when setting management targets or limits, or both, for multispecies fisheries. The topics covered include ecological, economic, social and governance objectives in fisheries management, consistent approaches to management, uncertainty and variability, and fisheries governance. We end by identifying ten ways to more effectively include multiple objectives in setting targets and limits in ecosystem based fisheries management. | ecosystem-based fisheries management; multiple objectives; reference points; sustainability; variability | |
| Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management for Social–Ecological Systems: Renewing the Focus in the United States with Next Generation Fishery Ecosystem Plans | Conservation Letters | Marshall, Kristin N.; Levin, Phillip S.; Essington, Timothy E.; Koehn, Laura E.; Anderson, Lee G.; Bundy, Alida; Carothers, Courtney; Coleman, Felicia; Gerber, Leah R.; Grabowski, Jonathan H.; Houde, Edward; Jensen, Olaf P.; Möllmann, Christian; Rose, Kenneth; Sanchirico, James N.; Smith, Anthony D.M. | 2018 | 2018/01/18 | Resource managers and policy makers have long recognized the importance of considering fisheries in the context of ecosystems; yet, movement towards widespread Ecosystem‐based Fisheries Management (EBFM) has been slow. A conceptual reframing of fisheries management is occurring globally, which envisions fisheries as systems with interacting biophysical and human subsystems. This broader view, along with a process for decision making, can facilitate implementation of EBFM. A pathway to achieve these broadened objectives of EBFM in the United States is a Fishery Ecosystem Plan (FEP). The first generation of FEPs was conceived in the late 1990s as voluntary guidance documents that Regional Fishery Management Councils could adopt to develop and guide their ecosystem‐based fisheries management decisions, but few of these FEPs took concrete steps to implement EBFM. Here, we emphasize the need for a new generation of FEPs that provide practical mechanisms for putting EBFM into practice in the United States. We argue that next‐generation FEPs can balance environmental, economic, and social objectives—the triple bottom line—to improve long‐term planning for fishery systems. | | |
| Vegetation, Wildlife, and Livestock Responses to Planned Grazing Management in an African Pastoral Landscape | Land Degradation & Development | Odadi, Wilfred O.; Fargione, Joe; Rubenstein, Daniel I. | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | Rangelands are vital for wildlife conservation and socio‐economic well‐being, but many face widespread degradation because in part of poor grazing management practices. Planned grazing management, typically involving time‐controlled rotational livestock grazing, is widely touted as a tool for promoting sustainable rangelands. However, real‐world assessments of its efficacy have been lacking in communal pastoral landscapes globally, and especially in Africa. We performed landscape‐scale assessment of the effects of planned grazing on selected vegetation, wildlife, and cattle attributes across wide‐ranging communally managed pastoral rangelands in northern Kenya. We found that planned grazing enhanced vegetation condition through a 17% increase in normalized difference vegetation index, 45–234% increases in herbaceous vegetation foliar cover, species richness and diversity, and a 70% reduction in plant basal gap. In addition, planned grazing increased the presence (44%) and species richness (53%) of wild ungulates and improved cattle weight gain (>71%) during dry periods when cattle were in relatively poor condition. These changes occurred relatively rapidly (within 5 years) and despite grazing incursion incidents and higher livestock stocking rates in planned grazing areas. These results demonstrate, for the first time in Africa, the positive effects of planned grazing implementation in communal pastoral rangelands. These improvements can have broad implications for biodiversity conservation and pastoral livelihoods. | grazing management; pastoral livelihoods; biodiversity conservation; rangeland productivity;livestock production; agriculture | |
| Natural climate solutions | PNAS | Griscom, Bronson W.; Adams, Justin; Ellis, Peter W.; Houghton, Richard A.; Lomax, Guy; Miteva, Daniela A.; Schlesinger, William H.; Shoch, David; Siikamaki, Juha V.; Smith, Pete; Woodbury, Peter; Zganjar, Chris; Blackman, Allen; Campari, Joao; Conant, Richard T.; Delgado, Christopher; Elias, Patricia; Gopalakrishna, Trisha; Hamsik, Marisa R.; Herrero, Mario; Kiesecker, Joseph; Landis, Emily; Laestadius, Lars; Leavitt, Sara M.; Minnemeyer, Susan; Polasky, Stephen; Potapov, Peter; Putz, Francis E.; Sanderman, Jonathan; Silvius, Marcel; Wollenberg, Eva; Fargione, Joseph | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | Better stewardship of land is needed to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement goal of holding warming to below 2 °C; however, confusion persists about the specific set of land stewardship options available and their mitigation potential. To address this, we identify and quantify “natural climate solutions” (NCS): 20 conservation, restoration, and improved land management actions that increase carbon storage and/or avoid greenhouse gas emissions across global forests, wetlands, grasslands, and agricultural lands. We find that the maximum potential of NCS—when constrained by food security, fiber security, and biodiversity conservation—is 23.8 petagrams of CO2 equivalent (PgCO2e) y−1 (95% CI 20.3–37.4). This is ≥30% higher than prior estimates, which did not include the full range of options and safeguards considered here. About half of this maximum (11.3 PgCO2e y−1) represents cost-effective climate mitigation, assuming the social cost of CO2 pollution is ≥100 USD MgCO2e−1 by 2030. Natural climate solutions can provide 37% of cost-effective CO2 mitigation needed through 2030 for a >66% chance of holding warming to below 2 °C. One-third of this cost-effective NCS mitigation can be delivered at or below 10 USD MgCO2−1. Most NCS actions—if effectively implemented—also offer water filtration, flood buffering, soil health, biodiversity habitat, and enhanced climate resilience. Work remains to better constrain uncertainty of NCS mitigation estimates. Nevertheless, existing knowledge reported here provides a robust basis for immediate global action to improve ecosystem stewardship as a major solution to climate change. | climate mitigation; forests; agriculture; wetlands; ecosystems | |
| Evaluating a Seed Technology for Sagebrush Restoration Across an Elevation Gradient: Support for Bet Hedging | Rangeland Ecology & Management | K.W.Davies, C.S.Boyd, M.D.Madsen, J.Kerby, A.Hulet | 2018 | 2018/01/15 | | | |
| Emerging seed enhancement technologies for overcoming barriers to restoration | Restoration Ecology | Matthew D. Madsen, Kirk W. Davies, Chad S. Boyd, Jay D. Kerby, Tony J. Svejcar | 2016 | 2018/01/15 | | | |
| Increasing the resilience of human and natural communities to coastal hazards: supporting decisions in New York and Connecticut | | Michael W. Beck, Ben Gilmer, Zach Ferdaña, George T. Raber, Christine C. Shepard, Imen Meliane, Jeffrey D. Stone, Adam W. Whelchel, Mark Hoover, Sarah Newkirk | 2013 | 2018/01/15 | | | |
| Incorporating climate change into ecosystem service assessments and decisions: a review | Global Change Biology | Runting, R.K., Bryan, B.A., Dee, L.E., Maseyk, F.J.F., Mandle, L., Hamel, P., Wilson, K.A., Yetka, K., Possingham, H.P. & Rhodes, J.R. | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | | | |
| Prescribed burning impacts avian diversity and disadvantages woodland-specialist birds unless long-unburnt habitat is retained | Biological Conservation | Prowse, Thomas A.A.; Collard, Stuart J.; Blackwood, Alice; O’Connor, Patrick J.; Delean, Steven; Barnes, Megan; Cassey, Phillip; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | Prescribed burning is a commonly adopted fire-management strategy that attempts to protect human life and assets by removing accumulated, flammable biomass. Heterogeneous burning patterns are often favoured in an attempt to balance fuel-reduction and biodiversity goals under the ‘pyrodiversity begets biodiversity’ paradigm. Using comprehensive spatiotemporal monitoring data, we quantified the impacts of fire on bird assemblages in the peri-urban temperate woodlands of the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia, where the frequency of prescribed burning is increasing. After accounting for regional trends and site effects, sites burnt 20 years previously accommodated 15% fewer birds than unburnt sites, while sites burnt in the preceding year had 22% fewer birds. Fire also modified bird assemblages, favouring generalists and ground-feeding species. Of 60 species considered, 37% were both declining and negatively impacted by recent burning, while burning reinforced increasing trends in 30% of species, particularly large, common birds (e.g., magpies, ravens, wattlebirds). Simulations of avian alpha-, beta- and gamma-diversity under different fire-management scenarios predicted higher avian diversity for scenarios that retained unburnt woodlands relative to those that managed all sites. Relative to a no-fire scenario, for example, burning sites once every 10 years was simulated to reduce the abundance of woodland generalists by 7% and woodland specialists by 10%, while retaining some long-unburnt woodland ameliorated these effects. There is a trade-off between fuel-reduction burning and conservation goals; to maximise avian diversity and avert the replacement of woodland bird species with generalists, fire-management planning should preserve long-unburnt woodland habitat. | fire management; woodland birds; pyrodiversity; intermediate disturbance; hypothesis; bushfire risk; development planning | |
| An Evaluation of Marine Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas in the Context of Spatial Conservation Prioritization | Conservation Letters | McGowan, Jennifer; Smith, Robert J.; Di Marco, Moreno; Clarke, Rohan H.; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) are sites identified as globally important for bird species conservation. Marine IBAs are one of the few comprehensive multi‐species datasets available for the marine environment, and their use in conservation planning will likely increase as countries race to protect 10% of their territorial waters by 2020. We tested 15 planning scenarios for Australia's Exclusive Economic Zone to guide best practice on integrating marine IBAs into spatial conservation prioritization. We found prioritizations based solely on habitat protection failed to protect IBAs, and prioritizations based solely on IBAs similarly failed to meet basic levels of habitat representation. Further, treating all marine IBAs as irreplaceable sites produced the most inefficient plans in terms of ecological representativeness and protection equality. Our analyses suggest that marine spatial planners who wish to use IBAs treat them like any other conservation feature by assigning them a specific protection target. | conservation; IBAs; MPAs; protection equality; representation; seabirds; spatial prioritization | |
| Integrating research using animal-borne telemetry with the needs of conservation management | Journal of Applied Ecology | McGowan, Jennifer; Beger, Maria; Lewison, Rebecca L.; Harcourt, Rob; Campbell, Hamish; Priest, Mark; Dwyer, Ross G.; Lin, Hsien-Yung; Lentini, Pia; Dudgeon, Christine; McMahon, Clive; Watts, Matt; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | 1) Animal‐borne telemetry has revolutionized our ability to study animal movement, species physiology, demography and social structures, changing environments and the threats that animals are experiencing. While there will always be a need for basic ecological research and discovery, the current conservation crisis demands we look more pragmatically at the data required to make informed management decisions.
2) Here, we define a framework that distinguishes how research using animal telemetry devices can influence conservation. We then discuss two critical questions which aim to directly connect telemetry‐derived data to applied conservation decision‐making: (i) Would my choice of action change if I had more data? (ii) Is the expected gain worth the money and time required to collect more data?
3) Policy implications. To answer questions about integrating telemetry‐derived data with applied conservation, we suggest the use of value of information analysis to quantitatively assess the return‐on‐investment of animal telemetry‐derived data for conservation decision‐making. | movement ecology; adaptive management; conservation science; demography; telemetry; threat mitigation; value of information | |
| Prioritization of Marine Turtle Management Projects: A Protocol that Accounts for Threats to Different Life History Stages. | Conservation Letters | Klein, Carissa J.; Beher, Jutta; Chaloupka, Milani; Hamann, Mark; Limpus, Colin; Possingham, Hugh P. | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | Project prioritization protocols are an important tool for allocating conservation resources efficiently, and have been applied to a range of species and ecosystems. Current approaches are inadequate when applied to species with distinct threats impacting different and/or multiple life history stages, such as sea turtles. We develop a model that integrates the benefit of any management project on a population by way of its expected population growth rate, including projects targeting different and/or multiple life history stages. To illustrate its utility, we prioritize projects for investment relevant to Australia's eastern population of Flatback turtle (Natator depressus). We rely upon expert‐elicitation to estimate individual benefit parameters, feasibility, and cost, and calculate the cost‐effectiveness of each project. The most cost‐effective project was not the most feasible, cheapest, or most beneficial. Our approach will help managers make efficient decisions that account for the full range of threats operating on a population. | conservation; cost-effectiveness; Flatback turtle; Great Barrier Reef; land-sea planning; life history; marine turtles; prioritization; return on investment | |
| Costs are key when reintroducing threatened species to multiple release sites | Animal Conservation | Helmstedt, K.J.; Possingham, H.P. | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | Threatened species with reduced and fragmented habitats can be reintroduced into their historical ranges to establish new populations. Multiple sites might be an option for reintroductions; therefore, managers must determine when to open sites (e.g. establish infrastructure and improve conditions), release individuals into those sites, and eventually cease releases. Careful planning of this schedule, incorporating the cost of actions, is imperative at the outset of a program. To address this challenge, we consider a reintroduction plan under different cost scenarios for three potential reintroduction sites. In particular, we investigate the implications of having either no ongoing site‐management cost, a financial ongoing site‐management cost, or a demographic cost of continuous releases. We couple population and management models to find a schedule that maximizes total abundance over time of bridled nail‐tail wallaby Onychogalea fraenata (released in fixed numbers each breeding season from a stable source population) using stochastic dynamic programming. We find that the type of ongoing cost influences the structure of the optimal schedule. If active release sites cost nothing to maintain, there is no incentive to cease releases. In that case, the optimal schedule is to open sites sequentially, then release individuals to the smallest active population for the entire length of the program. A financial cost for managing active sites alters this result; once all sites are open and have populations of a critical threshold size, sites should be closed sequentially. A higher mortality rate (demographic cost) at active compared to inactive sites completely changes the structure of the optimal strategy. Instead of opening all sites in the first few management stages, only one site should be active any time to reduce the demographic impact of releases. Our general results provide a guide for planning future reintroduction programs and illustrate the importance of categorizing and understanding ongoing costs for reintroduction planning. | | |
| Marine Protected Area Planning in a Changing Climate | | Jonathan T. Phinney, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Joanie Kleypas, William Skirving and Al Strong | 2006 | 2018/01/15 | | | Washington, DC |
| Increasing Forest Resilience with Fire | Northwest Woodlands | Craig Bienz | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | | | |
| Floodplain Connectivity: Connecting Water and Land, Connecting People | Water Resources IMPACT | Craig Bienz | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | | | |
| If you remember anything from this book, remember this... | | Brian Silliman and Stephanie Wear | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | | | |
| Corporations valuing nature: It's not all about the win-wins | | Jennifer L. Molnar | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | | | |
| Conservation in the real world: Pragmatism does not equal surrender | | Joseph M. Kiesecker, Kei Sochi, Jeff Evans, Michael Heiner, Christina M. Kennedy, and James R. Oakleaf | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | | | |
| Science communication is receiving a lot of attention, but we are not getting much better at it | | Yuta J. Masuda and Tim Scharks | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | | | |
| When "sustainable" fishing isn't | | Kristin N. Marshall and Phillip S. Levin | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | | | |
| Global agricultural expansion - The sky isn't falling (yet) | | Fisher, Jonathan R.B. | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | This novel text assembles some of the most intriguing voices in modern conservation biology. Collectively they highlight many of the most challenging questions being asked in conservation science today, each of which will benefit from new experiments, new data, and new analyses. The book's principal aim is to inspire readers to tackle these uncomfortable issues head-on. A second goal is to be reflective and consider how the field has reacted to challenges to orthodoxy, and to what extent have or can these challenges advance conservation science. Furthermore, several chapters discuss how to guard against confirmation bias. The overall goal is that this book will lead to greater conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity by harnessing the engine of constructive scientific scepticism in service of better results. | agriculture | |
| Maintaining experiences of nature as a city grows | Ecology and Society | Sushinsky, J. R., J. R. Rhodes, D. F. Shanahan, H. P. Possingham, and R. A. Fuller | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | | | |
| Tax Shifting and Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation on Private Lands | Conservation Letters | Schuster, R., Law, E.A., Rodewald, A.D., Martin, T.G., Wilson, K.A., Watts, M., Possingham, H.P. & Arcese, P. | 2017 | 2018/01/15 | | | |
| raptr: Representative and adequate prioritization toolkit in R | Methods in Ecology and Evolution | Hanson, Jeffrey O.; Rhodes, Jonathan R.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Fuller, Richard A. | 2017 | 2018/01/14 | An underlying aim in conservation planning is to maximize the long‐term persistence of biodiversity. To fulfil this aim, the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain biodiversity must be preserved. One way to conserve such processes at the feature level (e.g. species, ecosystem) is to preserve a sample of the feature (e.g. individuals, areas) that is representative of the intrinsic or extrinsic physical attributes that underpin the process of interest. For example, by conserving a sample of populations with local adaptations—physical attributes associated with adaptation—that is representative of the range of adaptations found in the species, protected areas can maintain adaptive processes by ensuring these adaptations are not lost. Despite this, current reserve selection methods overwhelmingly focus on securing an adequate amount of area or habitat for each feature. Little attention has been directed towards capturing a representative sample of the variation within each feature.
To address this issue, we developed the raptr R package to help guide reserve selection. Users set “amount targets”—similar to conventional methods—to ensure that solutions secure a sufficient proportion of area or habitat for each feature. Additionally, users set “space targets” to secure a representative sample of variation in ecologically or evolutionarily relevant attributes (e.g. environmental or genetic variation). We demonstrate the functionality of this package, using simulations and two case studies. In these studies, we generated solutions using amount targets—similar to conventional methods—and compared them with solutions generated using amount and space targets.
Our results demonstrate that markedly different solutions emerge when targeting a representative sample of each feature. We show that using these targets is important for features that have multimodal distributions in the process‐related attributes (e.g. species with multimodal niches). We also found that solutions could conserve a far more representative sample with only a slight increase in reserve system size.
The raptr R package provides a toolkit for making prioritizations that secure an adequate and representative sample of variation within each feature. By using solutions that secure a representative sample of each feature, prioritizations may have a greater chance of achieving long‐term biodiversity persistence. | biodiversity; conservation; mixed integer linear programming; optimization; protected areas | |
| Operationalizing Network Theory for Ecosystem Service Assessments | Trends in Ecology & Evolution | Dee, L.E., Allesina, S., Bonn, A., Eklöf, A., Gaines, S.D., Hines, J., Jacob, U., McDonald-Madden, E., Possingham, H., Schröter, M. & Thompson, R.M. | 2017 | 2018/01/14 | | | |
| An expanding footprint | Nature Energy | Joseph Fargione | 2017 | 2018/01/14 | | | |
| Geography of Risk | | Oakleaf J., Kennedy C.M., Baruch-Mordo S., Kiesecker J.M | 2017 | 2018/01/14 | | | Washington, DC |
| Planning for Offshore Oil | | Eduardo KleinJuan José CardenasRoger MartínezJuan Carlos GonzálezJuan PapadakisKei SochiJoseph M. Kiesecker | 2017 | 2018/01/14 | | | Washington, DC |
| Win-Win for Wind and Wildlife | | Kiesecker J.M., Evans J.S., Sochi K., Fargione J., Naugle D., Doherty K. | 2017 | 2018/01/14 | | | |
| Biofuels Expansion and Environmental Quality in Brazil | Energy Sprawl Solutions | Kennedy, Christina M.; Hawthorne, Peter L.; Sochi, Kei; Miteva, Daniela A.; Baumgarten, Leandro; Uhlhorn, Elizabeth M.; Kiesecker, Joseph M. | 2017 | 2018/01/14 | Rising energy demands, volatile oil prices, and concerns about climate change have led countries to look for alternatives to fossil fuels. Biofuels, or fuels produced from organic matter, have been embraced as a promising alternative to oil, because in principle they can lower carbon emissions, enhance domestic energy security, and revitalize rural economies. More than sixty countries have biofuel targets or mandates, which have led global production to grow from 16 to 120 billion liters over the last decade. | renewable energy production; biodiversity conservation; energy security; biodiversity protection; energy sectors; agriculture | |
| Exploring the concept of agroecological food systems in a city-region context | Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems | Vaarst, M., Escudero, A.G., Chappell, M.J., Brinkley, C., Nijbroek, R., Arraes, N.A.M., Andreasen, L., Gattinger, A., Almeida, G.F.D., Bossio, D. & Halberg, N. | 2017 | 2018/01/14 | Based on urgent needs for food security compounded by a changing climate which impacts and is impacted by agricultural land-use and food distribution practices, we explore the processes of action in implementing agroecological food systems. We identified the following characteristics for an agroecological food system: 1. Minimizing use of external inputs, 2. Extent of internal resource recycling, 3. Resilience, 4. Multifunctionality, 5. Building on complexity and incorporating greater systems integration, 6. Contextuality, 7. Equity and, 8. Nourishment. We focus on the city-region food systems context, concluding with practical drivers for realizing more agroecological food systems in city-region contexts. Agroecological food systems are widely diverse, shaped by context, and achieved through multi-actor planning in rural, peri-urban and urban areas. Application of agroecological food systems in rural–urban contexts emphasize the necessity of diversification, zoning rural–urban landscapes, planning for seasonality in a food systems context, and producing at scale. Rural–urban food systems are a relevant and challenging entry point that provides opportunities for learning how food systems can be shaped for significant positive change. Social organization, community building, common learning, and knowledge creation are crucial for agroecological contextualized food systems, as are the supports from appropriate governing and institutional structures. | city-region, equity, governance, nourishment, resilience, resource efficiency; agriculture | |
| Solar Energy Development and Regional Conservation Planning | | Cameron D.R., Crane L., Parker S.S., Randall J.M. | 2017 | 2018/01/14 | | | Washington, DC |
| Prioritizing Riparian Conservation: A Methodology Developed for the Santa Clara River, California | Ecological Restoration | Sophie S. Parker, Lily N. Verdone, E.J. Remson, Brian S. Cohen | 2016 | 2018/01/14 | conservation nodes, fragmentation, landscape, stream restoration | | |
| Water competition between cities and agriculture driven by climate change and urban growth | Nature Sustainability | Flörke, Martina; Schneider, Christof; McDonald, Robert I. | 2018 | 2018/01/14 | Urban water demand will increase by 80% by 2050, while climate change will alter the timing and distribution of water. Here we quantify the magnitude of these twin challenges to urban water security, combining a dataset of urban water sources of 482 of the world’s largest cities with estimates of future water demand, based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)’s Fifth Assessment scenarios, and predictions of future water availability, using the WaterGAP3 modelling framework. We project an urban surface-water deficit of 1,386–6,764 million m³. More than 27% of cities studied, containing 233 million people, will have water demands that exceed surface-water availability. An additional 19% of cities, which are dependent on surface-water transfers, have a high potential for conflict between the urban and agricultural sectors, since both sectors cannot obtain their estimated future water demands. In 80% of these high-conflict watersheds, improvements in agricultural water-use efficiency could free up enough water for urban use. Investments in improving agricultural water use could thus serve as an important global change adaptation strategy. | Climate-change impacts; hydrology; agriculture | |
| A century of changing flows: Forest management changed flow magnitudes and warming advanced the timing of flow in a southwestern US river | PLOS ONE | Robles, M.D., D.S. Turner, and J.A. Haney | 2017 | 2018/01/14 | | | |
| Distribution of Phrynosoma ditmarsi Stejneger, 1906, with notes on habitat and morphology. | Mesoamerican Herpetology | Turner D.S., T.R. Van Devender, H. Silva-Kurumiya, N. León Del Castillo, C. Hedgcock, C. Roll, M. Wilson, and F.I. Ochoa-Gutierrez. | 2017 | 2018/01/14 | | | |
| test | A Test Journal | | 2017 | 2018/01/12 | | | |
| test | Acooljournal | test | 2017 | 2018/01/10 | | | |
| test | | test | | 2018/01/10 | | | |